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This paper attempts to explain Compensation of bank depositor In Iraq. It relies on the regulation no 33 of 2016 in its definition of a company which must be established in accordance with that regulation. Accordingly, there is an Iraqi judicial company named Iraqi Deposit Insurance Company (IDIC). With its autonomous entity as well as own capital, the company manages to achieve the purposes of its establishment. It has a net worth of 100,000,000,000 Iraqi Dinars which facilitates its ability to invest from its financing sources. The main motive for the establishment of this company was to instill confidence in people and to stabilize the country as the academics have advised. In conclusion, taking advantages from many other countries, we recommend that an act be enacted by the Iraqi legislature to strengthen bank deposit guarantee.

A project on the use of distributed registry technology to improve funding for start-ups in Japan has been considered. The project is based on the application of distributed registry technology, smart contracts, a big database of start-ups credit risk (in Japan CRDS), a local investment fund, a unified marketing and trading platform. The model of investor behavior (taking into account risk and profitability) has made it possible to show, that with growing investor confidence (individuals and households) and a certain level of profitability of startups, investing in startups will be more preferable, than a bank deposit. The features of the project have been highlighted and a conclusion has been made, that under certain conditions, the adduced scheme for financing start-ups can be used in Russia, for example, by the Industry Development Fund.

Актуальность данного исследования связана с совершенствованием организации депозитных операций и депозитной̆ политики на примере банка, сегодня уделено огромное внимание таким аспектам в финансовой деятельности, в современных реалиях банки интенсивно развиваются и могут предоставлять потребителям достаточно большой список оказываемых услуг на всей территории страны., The relevance of this study is associated with the improvement of the organization of deposit operations and deposit policy on the example of a bank, today great attention is paid to such aspects in financial activities, in modern realities banks are developing intensively and can provide consumers with a fairly large list of services provided throughout the country

We examine the interest rate sensitivity of both deposits and credits at Islamic and conventional banks in Turkey. We find that the bank lending channel is especially operative for Islamic banks. Impulse responses for conventional and Islamic banks reveal that Islamic bank depositors’ sensitivity to policy rate changes is substantially larger than that of conventional bank depositors. Next to heavily dependence on deposit funding, we consider that inertia in Islamic bank deposit rates impedes these banks to keep those depositors who consider the opportunity cost of monetary policy rates is unbearable. On the lending side, we obtain similar results, implying that tight monetary policy leads to a larger contraction in Islamic bank credits. This finding is a reflection of the favourable attitude of Islamic banks towards small and medium†sized enterprise (SME) financing. When similar relationships are analysed for currency and inflation shocks, we again find larger responses for Islamic banks showing the cyclical nature of SME credits.

We find that the movement of urban house prices in the U.S. has become more synchronized since the early 2000s. The elevated comovement is substantial, widespread, occurring for the majority of city-pairs, and continued even after the housing market turned to bust in 2007. We investigate whether and to what extent the comovement increase can be explained by banking integration following deregulations in the banking industry. Utilizing novel measures of city-level banking integration based on bank deposit data, we find that an increase in banking integration leads to an increase in the comovement of urban house prices. City-pairs that are more connected through national banking system had experienced a greater increase in comovement, after controlling for a variety of explanatory variables. Our findings can be interpreted as spillover effect, rather than substitution effect, of banking integration at work.

This paper investigates whether stocks outperform risk-free assets in the US and China in terms of buy-and-hold returns over different horizons. We find that stock returns underperform the one-month bank deposit rate in the Chinese market, consistent with the finding of Bessembinder (2018) that the returns to the majority of common stocks are less than one-month Treasuries. The paper explores the important role of positive skewness in the distribution of individual stock returns, attributable to skewness in monthly returns. These results further emphasize the importance of portfolio diversification in the Chinese market.

This article describes the state of household finance management in Poland. The analysis consists of three basic elements of household finance, such as income and expenditure of Polish households, savings and investments of Polish households, and Polish households debt. The presented data represent the time period from 2004 to 2013. The data came from reports of National Central Bank in Poland and Central Statistical Office in Poland. Based on the presented data, it can be said that the situation of Polish household has improved during the analyzed period. Moreover, Polish household characterized risk aversion decision by saving their money mostly in the form of bank deposit or cash.

Each of us during their working life should create a reserve of funds needed to ensure a secure and carefree old age in the future. The last 20 years, with independence, the citizens of the countries of the former USSR did accumulation of funds in various ways, but in most cases this led not to their growth, but mainly to the loss, while in the leading foreign countries, nationals of their savings not only ensure a decent life in old age, but made a huge contribution to the prosperity of their country in General. What is the accumulation? As we understand this concept, and as I see it abroad? The answers to these and many other questions do not lie only in their understanding, but in the psychological aspects invested in person at the time of its formation in the early years of life.

This paper estimates the pass-through from market interest rates to deposit interest rates to investigate whether the Japanese bank deposit markets are geographically segmented. A unique feature of this paper is the use of monthly deposit interest rates posted by 106 regional banks from March 1999 to March 2010. Following the theoretical results from a simple banking activity model with Cournot competition, I estimate the long run pass-through of each regional bank utilizing the panel cointegration method. The empirical results of this paper show a significant negative correlation between regional market concentration and pass-through, which implies the existence of geographical market segmentation.

This paper provides insights into the level of financial inclusion after implementation of PMJDY at the district and village level, in terms of level of utilisation of Basic Savings Bank Deposit account, use of RuPay debit cards and incidence of zero balance in Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh. It also describes the functioning of Financial Literacy Centres (FLCs) and issues/challenges faced in the process of implementation of the Scheme. Overall, it may be said that PMJDY has served the purpose of financial inclusion to a great extent as it has ensured opening of bank accounts of all the households in the study area. However, concerted efforts are needed to address the issues relating to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in banks, Business Correspondents (BCs) and Financial Literacy Centers (FLCs) so that the tempo gained thus far is sustained and the goal of comprehensive financial inclusion is reached in near future.

Article history: Received July 28, 2013 Received in revised format 20 November 2013 Accepted 14 January 2014 Available online February 17 2014 This paper performs an investigation on the effects of seven variables including growth domestic product, financial deepening, inflation rate, dependency burden, the number of bank’s branches, inflation rates given/charged on bank deposit. The study has been performed on one of Iranian banks named Sina Bank over the period 2006-2011. The implementation of individual regression analysis has detected a positive and meaningful relationship between growth domestic product, financial deepening, inflation rate and the number of branches on one side and bank deposit on the other side. In addition, the study has confirmed a negative and meaningful relationship between two variables of dependency burden as well as interest charged on bank’s clients and bank deposit. However, the result of our survey does not indicate that there was any relationship between interest rate paid to customers and bank deposit. © 2014 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

We study the determinants of the growth of those non-deposit taking non-bank financial corporations (NBFCs) which are regarded by the Reserve Bank of India as being systemically important and have grown substantially in India over the past decade. We document that bank lending to NBFCs (i) forms a significant proportion of the NBFC liabilities; (ii) fluctuates in line with bank allocation to priority lending sectors; (iii) decreases as the banks expand in the rural areas relative to urban areas; but, (iv) is virtually non-existent for the largest state-owned bank, namely State Bank of India (SBI) and its affiliates which have significant rural branch network. Starting with the financial crisis of Fall 2008, bank lending to NBFCs experienced a permanent contraction shock related to the shift of term deposits toward SBI away from other banks. These bank-NBFC linkages are present primarily for, and affect the credit growth of, those NBFCs that do loans or asset financing but not the investment companies. Overall, the findings suggest that in contrast to the prevailing views of shadow banking in the Western economies, lending to NBFCs in India is viewed by banks as a substitute for direct lending in the non-urban areas of the Indian economy, but this substitution is constrained by distortions in bank deposit flows due to the perceived differential government support of different banking groups.

Why do people choose bank deposit contracts over a direct participation in asset markets? In their seminal paper, Diamond and Dybvig’s (1983) answer this question by claiming that bank deposit contracts can implement allocations that are welfare superior to asset markets equilibria. The present paper demonstrates that this claim is false whenever the asset market participants are highly rational.

The article proves the necessity to study the components of the system deposit management in a bank. It is defined methods and techniques to attract funds from deposit sources, which play a crucial role in the formation of resources and bank’s position on the deposit market.

Article history: Received September 18, 2012 Received in revised format 21 December 2012 Accepted 21 December 2012 Available online December 22 2012 This paper investigates the relationship between different granting loans and bank deposits in some governmental banks in province of Semnan, Iran. For the proposed study of this paper, equipment of resources includes cash account, zero-interest account, short term investment and long term investment and these are considered as dependent variables. There are also seven types of granting loans devoted to customers, which are partnership loans, zero-interest loans, civic participation, contract quantity loans, future contract loans, rent-purchase loans and installment sales loans. The study considers the financial information of 171 governmental banks located in province of Semnan, Iran over the period 2006-2011. The results of our study indicate that five variables maintain positive impact on dependent variable. The highest impact belongs to Partnership loans (0.34), followed by Sales loans (0.24), contract quantity loans (0.21) and Zero-interest loans (0.16) and Future contract loans (0.14) come in the last position. The study also uses Freedman test to rank dependent factors and the results indicate that shortterm investment is number one priority followed by long term investment and the other two options including zero-interest and cash accounts are in lower priority. © 2013 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

This report aims to deepen the understanding of barriers to and incentives for the acceptance and use of electronic payments, from the perspective of micro, small and medium retailers (merchants). Developing and accelerating acceptance of electronic payments by these merchants is essential to expanding financial access. A basic transaction account for payments and deposits is considered an entry point to the formal financial system, and can act as a gateway for individuals to adopt other relevant financial services they need to smooth their consumption and manage income shocks. However, equipping individuals with only basic transaction accounts is not sufficient. The use case for payment services becomes increasingly effective as individuals gradually move to a cashless economy, where electronic payments are widely accepted for regular and frequent purchases. The report highlights important dimensions to consider in the efforts to expand electronic payments for merchants.

This program document presents the World Bank Group (WBG) FY17-22 Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Bulgaria. The timing of the new CPF follows the preparation of theSystematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) prepared in FY15, and informs the areas and objectives ofthe CPF in support of the WBG’s twin goals to reduce poverty and boost shared prosperity1 for the bottom forty percent of the population. The CPF proposes to focus WBG support in selective areas aligned with the SCD, in response to clear Government demand, supporting and complementing Bulgaria’s European Union agenda, and reflecting the WBG’s comparative advantage. In addition, the CPF applies two key principles for engagement, including: (i) realism, recognizing that the WBG plays a selective role and that it will contribute most effectively by being strategic and catalytic in supporting key elements of Bulgaria’s development agenda, and (ii) scalability, creating opportunities to engage in dialogue and analytical work that may create space for broader engagement in areas where there is potential for transformational impact, including IFC investments in private sector development. Government demand is focused primarily on the agenda to strengthen public institutions, notably in the financial and energy sectors. The WBG will complement that focus by investing its own resources to stay engaged in the inclusion agenda, which is critical to the WBG twin goals. CPF proposes to cover a six year period, with Progress Learning Reviews (PLRs) will facilitate a more proactive approach to monitoring results and ensure close alignment with the country-led strategy.

This paper examines whether changes in a particular country's sovereign ratings provided by Standard and Poor's and Moody's trigger a spillover effect on other countries. The analysis focuses on two sets of countries namely where there are trade links between the countries and where there are links between the financial markets of each country. The findings indicate that there are more significant results when the links in financial markets are analysed compared to trade links. Moreover, the results are dependent on which rating is under analysis, that is, Standard and Poor's Local Currency, Standard and Poor's Foreign Currency, Moody's Bank Deposit or Moody's bonds and notes. Finally, there does appear to be a contamination effect for both upgrades and downgrades among the countries.

We examine the sensitivities of aggregate balances of retail and institutional money market funds (MMFs) and their potential substitutes, bank deposits, to changes in short-term interest rates while controlling for calendar-time effects. We find that institutional MMF and time deposit cash flows are sensitive to recent changes in short-term interest rates. Institutional MMF investors appear to take advantage of arbitrage opportunities created by MMFs using the amortized cost technique. Retail MMF investors are much less responsive to changes in interest rates.

Recent theoretical contributions suggest that deposit interest rates should be higher in geographic areas characterized by greater in-migration and lower for depositors at banks with greater shares of existing (or so-called “locked-in”) depositors. These hypotheses are tested using a rich data set obtained for the Spanish banking industry. Results confirm that, all else equal, banks offer higher deposit rates in territories characterized by greater in-migration, and also that they tend to offer lower rates, the larger the number of their locked-in depositors. These findings confirm the existence of the trade-off between exploiting old customers and attracting new ones.

Under current market conditions, the problem of attracting available cash assets of natural and legal persons to bank deposits is one of the urgent tasks in the banking sector of the Russian Federation. Under circumstances of high competition and instability in financial markets, the issue of formation, implementation and objective assessment of deposit policy in commercial banks is becoming increasingly important. Reasonable deposit policy should take into account the selected priorities for further growth and improvement of quantitative and qualitative indicators of bank activity, its customers’ characteristics, and socio-economic conditions in the country. Deposit policy has a great impact on the liquidity and bank ability to meet payments. The authors studied the modern scientific idea to form and implement deposit policy of commercial banks in the process of flexible management of banking passives under the real state of the Russian financial market, and identified directions to improve formation and implementation of deposit policy in Russian commercial banks.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate use of efficiency analysis as a technique for investigating bank safely and soundness.Design/methodology/approachThree different data envelopment analysis (DEA) models were applied to set of data for the major New Zealand banks over a ten‐quarter period – a CCR model, a profit efficiency model and a non‐oriented slacks‐based approach.FindingsMost useful results are obtained using the slacks‐based approach.Research limitations/implicationsThe period covered by the study was from late 2005 until early 2008, prior to the global financial crisis having major impacts on the New Zealand banking sector.Practical implicationsThe study is of particular value in the New Zealand context where there has historically not been any bank deposit insurance, obliging depositors to make their own assessments of bank safety and soundness.Originality/valueThe paper makes a contribution to very small literature which uses efficiency analysis to explore bank safety and soundness. It also makes use of the slacks‐based DEA approach, which has not yet been widely used in the banking literature.

During the autumn of 2008 global financial turmoil spilled over into the British Isles offshore jurisdictions of Guernsey and the Isle of Man, resulting in the collapse of two local subsidiaries of Icelandic international banking groups. The losses experienced by depositors, damage to investor confidence in both jurisdictions as offshore banking centres and lack of a deposit protection scheme in Guernsey has thrown into sharp focus standards of investor protection in British offshore finance centres. Guernsey, Jersey's Channel Islands neighbour and offshore finance centre competitor, rapidly established its own deposit protection scheme, effectively leaving Jersey with little option but to follow suit. This article outlines the nature of the Jersey jurisdiction, the background to the emergence of its recently enacted deposit protection scheme and critically evaluates its key substantive features. It concludes that the Jersey structure is a rushed legislative reaction dominated by finance centre competitiv...

Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. Doing Business 2016 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. This regional profile presents the Doing Business indicators for economies in Southern African Development Community (SADC). It also shows the regional average, the best performance globally for each indicator and data for the following comparator regions: East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), European Union (EU), Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January–December 2014).

Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. Doing Business 2016 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. This regional profile presents the Doing Business indicators for economies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It also shows the regional average, the best performance globally for each indicator and data for the following comparator regions. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January–December 2014).

Most bank deposits contain an embedded option which permits the depositor to withdraw funds at will. Demand deposits generally allow costless withdrawal, while time deposits often require payment of an early withdrawal penalty. Managing the risk that depositors will exercise their withdrawal option is an important aspect of input pricing. This paper acknowledges the threat of deposit withdrawal and then solves for the optimal structure of bank deposit rates.

Myanmar has a mix of contributory and non-contributory programs providing some elements of social security but for a very small section of the population. The government is considering reformsto its pension and other social security schemes. Strengthening systems and ensuring fiscal sustainability should be a priority before implementing new provisions that may strain current delivery and financial management systems and to avoid crowding out other social spending. Should the proposed reforms be introduced, a very gradual transition is advisable. The reforms should aim to develop integrated, or at least harmonized, social security schemes for both public and private sector workers in the formal sector. It will also be critical to have a clear roadmap for long-term coverage expansion to a larger share of the population, particularly the poor and vulnerable.

This Technical Note was prepared in the context of a joint World Bank-IMF Financial Sector Assessment Program mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina during October-November 2014. Bosnia’s capital markets are currently small, but they have the potential to play a more important role in the country’s future.

Historically, U.S. savings banks were owned by their customers, in particular by their depositors. In recent decades, however, many savings banks have demutualized, by converting from customer ownership to investor ownership. This paper provides an assessment of the effect on depositor welfare of such events. We first estimate a random coeffcients logit model of bank deposit account choice, using data on commercial and savings banks from 1994 to 2005. Having recovered depositors' preferences for bank attributes, we then measure the effect on depositor welfare of a simulated demutualization of all customer-owned savings banks. We find that, on average, depositors' welfare would increase. In particular, if demutualized savings banks offered a deposit rate in line with other investor-owned savings banks, each depositor would gain $1.14 annually, for a total of $22 million for each state and year. Our findings cast doubt on whether U.S. customer-owned savings banks are well serving their customers' interests, and offers a new explanation for observed U.S. savings bank demutualizations.

Is the present system of international payments an orderly one? And if not, why and what are the consequences? These are the questions asked in this chapter, which is devoted to the analysis of international transactions and their impact on financial crises. The inconsistency between the way money should be used in transnational payments and how payments are actually carried out between nations is not difficult to discern or detect: what should be a mere numerical means of payment becomes an asset that is exchanged against other assets. Yet money does not change its nature when it is used internationally, which is why transnational payments that do not comply with the vehicular nature of money are hopelessly pathological and the source of monetary disorder that feeds speculation and propels financial crises.

A new domestic political stalemate has developed while spillovers from the Syrian conflict further exacerbated. A mid-year lull in the security situation gave a temporary boost to consumer and investor sentiment. Lebanon’s current account deficit remains elevated, albeit lower than during the pre-crisis period. Lebanon’s fiscal position continues to deteriorate. Banque du Liban maintained an expansionary monetary stance to support the economy, while sustaining confidence in the Lebanese pound. Conservatism in financial regulations and private sector banking helped maintain a well-capitalized and resilient domestic banking sector, despite sluggish growth and downgrades by international rating agencies. The expanding political stalemate at home and regional spillovers pose significant downside risk to growth. The Lebanon economic monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Lebanon. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy on the outlook for Lebanon.

The FSAP mission to Moldova included an assessment of the financial crisis resolution framework, focusing on bank resolution arrangements. The FSAP did not include an assessment of crisis resolution arrangements in respect of insurance, Financial Market Infrastructure (FMI) or other types of financial institutions. However, many of the findings and recommendations made in this report in relation to bank crisis resolution are also likely to be pertinent to other parts of the financial sector. Accordingly, the authorities are encouraged to draw on this Technical Note to assist them in reviewing the crisis resolution framework applicable to insurance, FMI and other categories of financial institution. The assessment was undertaken having regard to the principles set out in the Financial Stability Board’s (FSB’s) key attributes of effective resolution regimes for financial institutions (key attributes). In undertaking this assessment, the mission reviewed relevant legislation applicable to bank crisis resolution, particularly the law on financial institutions and the Law on the National Bank of Moldova. It also reviewed the government decree establishing the NCFS and the MOU established for members of the NCFS.

This paper examines change in property-liability insurers' risk-taking around enactments of state guaranty fund laws. Our evidence suggests that the risk of insurers' asset portfolios increases following enactments. But this increase in risk is significant only for stock insurers. Our evidence of increased risk-taking following guaranty-fund adoptions suggests that the way these funds are organized creates counterproductive investment incentives, especially for stock companies. Because these laws were enacted by states over the period 1969–1981, our evidence on changes in risk-taking helps resolve statistical problems that have been troublesome for studies of bank deposit insurance.

This article utilizes a Statistical Cost Accounting Model and Mean Variance Model to estimate the cost and potential risk impact of government deposits for black-owned commercial banks. The main findings are that relative to other types of deposits on the balance sheet, government deposits are expensive, and that deposits received through the Minority Bank Deposit Program may have the effect of increasing risk in the asset portfolio.

Banks in many countries are governed by secrecy laws regarding the bank-customer relation-ship. Lately, many countries have been pressured to tighten secrecy laws to combat the abuse of bank secrecy by ill-gotten and criminal money. Switzerland has played a leading role in tightening secrecy conditions by passing new secrecy laws, closing loopholes in existing laws, and imposing restrictions on its traditionally independent banking industry. The theoretical monetary implications of changing secrecy conditions depend largely on banks' behavior regarding their deposit rate. This paper uses intervention time series analysis to test the monetary implications by investigating the effects of tightening secrecy laws on interest rates using Switzerland as a case study.

The Australian Government's guarantee of funds lodged with deposit-taking entities in Australia, and of security issues by Australian banks, has fostered support for smaller and less well-placed financial entities compared to the four major Australian banks. In applying in these settings there is a prospect of moral hazard in the benefited entities. With respect to the issue guarantee, there are grounds for expecting the prudential authorities to take steps to ensure that the funding support is not dissipated in fostering more risky asset portfolios.

This paper shows that the impact of market structure on bank deposit interest rates is complex. Both market size structure and multimarket bank presence have independent effects on rates. There is evidence that mid-size banks were more aggressive competitors than other banks, but that the effect of market structure on deposit rates has evolved over time, with mega-banks recently becoming more aggressive competitors. This may be related to the growth of mega-banks in many markets. These findings have implications for existing theories of deposit pricing and, by extension, antitrust policy in banking.

In the wake of the Bank of Commerce and Credit (BCC) debacle the Hong Kong Government, then under British rule, issued a Consultation Paper: Deposit Protection Scheme (Monetary Affairs Branch, Government Secretariat, February 1992). Despite expected objections from the major banks the Monetary Authority under the new SAR Government is revisiting the subject, and is expected to come up with a decision about introducing deposit insurance into Hong Kong before too long. This chapter is adapted from a contribution in Deposit Insurance: Issues and Evaluation, edited by Y.C. Jao and published by the Chartered Institute of Bankers-Hong Kong Centre, July 1992. The argument presented illustrates an important principle of public policy, namely, that the rational behavior of individuals must be fully considered in the design of policy.

This paper identifies the sources of conflicts between debtholders and stockholders in commercial banks, considering the potential influence of bank deposit insurance and regulations restricting bank capital ratios, merger activities, and dividend payments. We address the means by which debt covenants are used to reduce these costly conflicts by examining a period when change in capital regulations occurred. We advance a general Substitute Regulations Hypothesis: regulations that reduce the expected costs of bondholder-stockholder conflicts substitute for costly covenants. Our results support this hypothesis. We document variation in the choice of debt covenants, and hence debt structure, and relate that variation to bank regulations.

This paper complements previous studies by arguing that the low private savings ratio in Latin America can be associated with the limited confidence of households and businesses in domestic financial institutions. Previous studies have established a relationship between private savings and financial markets either by using a measure of `financial depth` or a measure of `borrowing constraints. ` This paper offers an alternative view by claiming that the private savings rate relates positively to the confidence of the private sector in the strength of the financial system and that the latter concept can be approximated by the ratio of corporate demand for bank liquid assets. Latin American countries have lower private savings rates than other developing and most industrial countries. They also display the highest corporate to household bank deposit ratios among the three groups of countries considered here. Further, the ratio of corporate to household deposit holdings is strongly correlated with other indicators of banking system fragility.

There is a wide range of financial assets in the UK which possess, in varying degrees, the characteristics of money. The three functions of money are that it is a unit of account, a store of value and a means of payment. While all financial assets generally considered to be money satisfy the first two criteria, the extent to which they can be used as a means of payment varies. Notes and coin can be used for payment for many, although certainly not all, goods; for larger transactions payment by cheque may be required by the seller. Credit cards have become an increasingly common means of payment, although as they eventually entail the use of some other form of payment (typically a cheque drawn on a bank or building society deposit) their use is not explicitly regarded as a form of money.

Yields on short-term prime-grade municipals vary through time in relation to after-corporate-tax yields on short-term U.S. Treasury securities. The pattern is not related to the default premium in municipal yields or to the historical ceiling on bank deposit rates (Regulation Q). However, there is a strong link to the default premium in corporate yields and to municipal holdings by large commercial banks. These findings suggest that taxable and tax-exempt markets are linked both by the capital-structure decisions of firms and by the tax-arbitrage activities of banks.

This paper expands on the observation that securitization with recourse offers a lender the protections of an uninsured bank deposit with an additional senior claim if the bank fails. The senior claim derives from the commitment of the revenues from a group of securitized assets that pay off the securitized lender first. Thus, securitization with recourse provides sequential claims for bank liability holders, which improves the allocation of risk sharing among them. Securitization with recourse may also improve the selection of loans granted by partially offsetting the moral hazard incentives toward risk-taking created by fixed-rate deposit insurance. Empirical results are given which are consistent with the theoretical model.