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This paper aims to examine the correlates of age at first marriage and the consequences of late marriage. Data for this paper were drawn from the 2014 Malaysian Population and Family Survey. Simple cross-tabulation and multiple classification analysis were used for the analysis. Age at marriage of women varied across socio-economic groups. Among the ethnic groups, the Other Bumiputera entered marriage earliest, followed by the Malays, Indians and Chinese. Age at marriage was positively associated with urbanisation, educational level, and women’s autonomy in marriage. The assumption of modern norms and ideas, and escalating cost of marriage are important determinants of marriage postponement. Late marriage has a direct impact on demographic outcomes, resulting in ultra-low fertility for some groups of the population. Marriage postponement has positive socio-economic outcomes for individuals. However, postponing marriage beyond the prime reproductive age may result in some reproductive health problems.

Background: Fertility stalls have been observed in numerous African and Middle Eastern countries. From the late 1990s until 2011 the fertility transition in Jordan was stalled, with the total fertility rate (TFR) well above replacement level. Objective: This paper demonstrates a resumption of fertility decline in Jordan since 2012 and investigates the background and proximate determinants behind the decline. Methods: Fertility trends among Jordanians are analyzed using the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey (JLMPS) 2010 and 2016 waves and the Jordan Population and Family Health Survey (JPFHS) 2002 to 2017/2018 rounds. We estimate age-specific and total fertility rates over time and conduct a proximate-determinants decomposition. We also examine the evolution of fertility by age, education, and parity, testing for meaningful changes over time in a multivariate framework. Results: Fertility among Jordanians declined from a TFR of 3.8 in 2009/2010 to 3.3 in JLMPS 2016 and 2.6 in JPFHS 2017/2018. Vital statistics data are more consistent with the JLMPS estimate. Declines in fertility occurred across age groups and education levels and have parity-specific components. The proximate-determinants decomposition does not identify a clear driver of resumed fertility decline. Age at marriage increased steadily but slowly over time, yet contraceptive use among currently married women declined over time. The ideal number of children decreased less than observed fertility. Contribution: This paper discusses one of the first cases of a country in the Middle East and North Africa coming out of a fertility stall. It is an important contribution to understanding future demographic trajectories in the region.

China’s “one-child policy” that had been in force between 1980 and 2016 evolved over time and differed widely between regions. Local policies in many regions also targeted the timing and spacing of childbearing by setting the minimum age at marriage, first birth and second birth and defining minimum interval between births. Our study uses data from the 120 Counties Population Dynamics Monitoring System to reconstruct fertility level and timing in nine counties in Shandong province, which experienced frequent changes in birth and marriage policies. We reconstruct detailed indicators of fertility by birth order in 1986–2016, when policies on marriage and fertility timing became strictly enforced since 1989 and subsequently relaxed (especially in 2002) and abandoned (in 2013). Our analysis reveals that birth timing policies have fuelled drastic changes in fertility level, timing and spacing in the province. In the early 1990s period fertility rates plummeted to extreme low levels, with the provincial average total fertility rate falling below 1 in 1992–1995. Second births rates fell especially sharply. The age schedule of childbearing shifted to later ages and births became strongly concentrated just above the minimum policy age at first and second birth, resulting in a bimodal distribution of fertility with peaks at ages 25 and 32. Conversely, the abandonment of the province-level policy on the minimum age at marriage and first birth and less strict enforcement of the policy on the minimum age at second birth contributed to a recovery of period fertility rates in the 2000s and a shift to earlier timing of first and second births. It also led to a shorter second birth interval and a re-emergence of a regular age schedule of fertility with a single peak around age 28.

Fertility in India has been steadily declining. It almost reached the replacement level in 2015 to 2016 and evidence shows that proximate determinants has a direct influence on fertility. The study aims at calculating the proximate determinants of fertility in India for the period from 2005 to 06 and 2015 to 16 as well as determine the most significant proximate determinant of fertility in India. It also examines the rural – urban fertility differentials for the year 2015 to 2016. The proximate determinants of fertility for few selected states in India has been calculated from 2015 to 2016. The study of the proximate determinants can help expanding clinical and community based contraceptive distribution, promoting breastfeeding, increasing age at marriage and reduce unintended pregnancies. The study is based on data obtained from National Family and Health Survey Round 3 and National Family and Health Survey Round 4. Bivariate analysis had been done to analyze the distribution of currently married women at age of 15 to 49 by biological and behavioral characteristics as well as decomposition analysis had been used to find the contribution of each indices. It is revealed from the study that an increase in use of contraception has led to decline in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) over the decade. The knowledge of contraception is almost universal in India. Even after a slight decline in proportion married, there had been a considerably high contribution of the proportion married towards increasing Total Fertility Rate (TFR). It is evident from the decomposition that only the increase in use of contraception has a positive impact on declining fertility.

Fertility gap is the difference between preferred and observed rates. Preferred fertility rates have a predictive value in forecasting the future course of fertility in any community. The present study aimed at detecting gap, if any, among mothers in Mosul, at the north of Iraq; and defining the underlying reasons behind their preference. Across-sectional design was adopted; during which 1302 mothers at child-bearing age who had at least two living children were interviewed during their attendance to one of the included primary health care centers. Gap between mean of preferred and observed age at marriage is 0.5 year (r=0.2, p=0.000). High parity was reported among 27.8% that was not correlated with maternal preference. Regarding birth interval, almost a year-gap was reported between observed and preferred interval (r=0.3, p=0.000). Social motivations were the main encouraging factor in preference of teenage marriage (94.0%) and short birth interval (67.8%); while economic reasons inspired 43.1% of mothers to prefer high parity. Health education about comprehensive family life is recommended for constructing health fertility behaviors within religious and social contexts.

espanolLa transicion demografica es un fenomeno global. Sin embargo, los estudios previos han demostrado la existencia de diferencias en su desarrollo entre areas proximas. El objetivo de este articulo es comparar el proceso de transicion en las comunidades rurales de tres islas de las Azores (Pico, Flores y Corvo) a partir del analisis de trayectorias de vida durante mas de doscientos cincuenta anos. A lo largo del estudio se han analizado diversas variables vinculadas a la nupcialidad, la fecundidad, la mortalidad y la movilidad. Nuestros resultados muestran diferencias previas a la transicion demografica y, en menor medida, en el proceso de transicion. La isla de Flores ha presentado historicamente una mayor fecundidad, fruto de una menor edad media de acceso al matrimonio. La isla de Pico presentaba mayor presion poblacional, lo que condujo a una menor fecundidad, e intervalos intergenesicos mayores. Durante la transicion demografica, la mortalidad infantil comenzo a caer en primer lugar en Flores, lo que incremento la presion poblacional. A partir de 1840, la movilidad internacional y el abandono de ninos sirvieron como mecanismos para reducir la presion poblacional. EnglishThe demographic transition is a global phenomenon. However, previous studies have demonstrated the existence of differences in its development between areas that are in close proximity. The aim of this article is to compare the process of demographic transition in the rural communities of three islands in the archipelago of the Azores (Pico, Flores and Corvo) using life course data for more than 250 years. Throughout the article several variables related to nuptiality, fertility, mortality and mobility have been analysed. Our results show clear differences between communities prior to the demographic transition and, to a lesser extent, during the demographic transition process. The island of Flores, for instance, has historically presented higher fertility because of a lower age at marriage. The island of Pico, on the other hand, had a lower fertility level, higher age at marriage and longer birth intervals. During the demographic transition, infant mortality first began to fall in Flores, therefore increasing population pressure. Since 1840, international migration and the abandonment of children served as mechanism to reduce the population pressure.

The link between age at marriage and first birth in explaining completed family size is not always direct, due to heterogeneity in circumstances, that compel individual women to marry or initiate childbearing at a particular age. We analyzed data for 1020 women aged 45-49 in 2014 of the 1965-1969 birth cohort from the 2013-14 ZDHS. We fitted a bivariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression to establish the effect of mother’s age at first marriage and at first birth on completed family size (CFS). Chi-square test of proportions measuring differences in proportions and relative risk ratios (RRR) with confident intervals at 95% are reported. Our results show that the average CFS was 6.7 (95% CI: 6.5 – 6.9) among women completing their reproductive span in 2014 with mean age at first marriage and birth being 18.3 years (95% CI: 18.0 – 18.5) and 18.9 years (95% CI: 18.7 – 19.1) respectively. Women marrying at younger ages and having their first birth at younger ages were more likely (RRR: 0.262; 95% CI:0.126-0.547 and RRR: 0.176; 95% CI:0.068-0.497 respectively) to have higher CFS than their compatriots that initiated both marriage and childbearing at or after age 22. Having no education, being a rural resident and having a medium household wealth all increased the risk of having higher CFS. Women that marry before age 19 have a higher likelihood of having 6 or more children by the end of their reproductive period. The study concludes that apart from a woman’s age at first marriage and first birth, a complex network of factors interact to determined CFS.

The present study provides the demographic account of the Lamkang tribe of Manipur who suffered the bottleneck effect in 1840s and 1992. The objectives are: (i) to determine the age-sex composition of the Lamkang, (ii) to see the sex disparity among the Lamkang (iii) to examine the various biological and social factors that govern the fertility pattern among the Lamkang tribe of Manipur. The present study reveals that the Lamkang population is showing tendency towards fertility transition as evident from the population pyramid. This has shown the beginning of positive effects of education and employment on the reduction of fertility. Overall, males have a higher literacy and better occupation than their female counterparts. One-way analysis of variance reveals that the mean number of conceptions and mean number of live births show statistically significant differences with respect to women’s education and family type, which is also reaffirmed by correlation analysis indicating that factors such as family type and women’s education along with the other factors such as age at marriage, age at first conception, age at menarche show significant association with fertility.

SummaryMost studies examining the association between female education and fertility have reported an inverse association. However, little is known about the consistency of the relationship, or what level of education triggers an inverse association. This study examined the consistency of the association between female education and fertility across the north–south demographic divide in Nigeria. Data on women aged 40–49 were taken from the 2003, 2008 and 2013 Nigerian DHS data sets. The results showed that female education remained significantly and consistently inversely related to fertility in both the north and south of Nigeria. Women with secondary or higher level of education reported a lower number of children ever born (CEB) than those with primary or no education in both the north and south (ppp

This paper is based on a study that examined the influence of spousal and household characteristics on fertility of married women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It utilized data from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) from four countries between 2010 and 2015. Fertility was measured by the number of Children Ever Born (CEB). Descriptive and Poisson regression techniques were used for analysis. Results showed variation in the mean number of CEB across categories of spousal and household characteristics and across the countries. The Poisson regression analysis showed that while spousal age and age at marriage influenced fertility similarly across the countries, spousal educational attainment and household characteristics influenced fertility differently across the countries. The study concludes that, although some disparities exist in the way spousal and household characteristics influence fertility across sub-Saharan Africa, these characteristics cannot be overlooked in driving sustainable fertility transition in the region.

Fertility is one of the three principal components of population dynamics that determine the size, structure, and composition of the population in any country. Children ever born refer to the number of children born alive to the person up to a specified reference date. It includes children who have died since birth. This study aims to identify the socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing Children Ever Born (CEB) to the women of Somadi village development committee (VDC) of Palpa district of Nepal. This study is entirely based on primary data collected using convenience sampling through questionnaire methods. A representative sample of size 298 married women was taken for the study using proportionate sampling from the different ethnic groups. The result of the study shows that the factors age at marriage, occupation of husband and knowledge of contraceptive/family planning have statistically significant role for varying CEB among the women under study. The result of the study compels to recommend that various awareness programs should be conducted about the use of contraceptive/family planning and to stop practice of early marriage among the women to reduce the higher fertility. The factors ‘knowledge of contraceptive/family planning’, ‘occupation of husband’ and ‘age at marriage’ are seen to have very significant impact for explaining the children ever born (CEB) to the women of Somadi VDC of Palpa district of Nepal.

Fertility is one of the elements in population dynamics that makes a significant contribution towards changing population size and structure over time. In Ethiopia, for the last 10 years the total fertility rate (TFR) has declined slightly from 5.5 to 4.8 children in 2011. But, the TFR in urban areas has increased from 2.4 to 2.6 per 1000 live births. The Bongaarts model was applied to estimate the indices of the four main proximate determinants of fertility. Bongaarts defines the TFR of a population as a function of the total fecundity rate (TF), index of marriage (Cm), index of contraception (Cc), index of postpartum infecundability (Ci), and index of abortion (Ca); this can be written as TFR = Cm × Cc × Ci × Ca × TF. In 2005, the index of married women in urban areas was lower than rural, but it was unfortunately the same in urban and rural areas in 2011. For the last decade, the index of postpartum infecundability had a great fertility reduction effect compared with the contraception index and marriage index in rural Ethiopia. The lower the four indices of proximate determinants, the more fertility will be reduced. As such, the Ethiopian government, international non-governmental organizations and policy-makers must pay attention to increase the prevalence of contraceptive use and educate society to fight against child marriage. Permanent contraceptive use, such as female sterilization, should be promoted; moreover, legal organizations and the community must work together to raise the legal age of marriage to 18 years.

This thesis is a collection of studies on son preference in Pakistan. The studies analyze the prevalence and strength of son preference and its effects on women’s childbearing. The role son preference plays in determining women's participation in intra-household decisionmaking is examined as are its effect on birth spacing, probability of risky births and role of maternal age at marriage in modifying gender-specific reproduction and development outcomes. We find strong evidence for both the revealed and stated preference for male offspring. The probability of continuing childbearing also decreases with the number of sons born. Furthermore, we find that women with at least one son have more say in ‘routine’ household decisions but not in financial decisions. Female participation in decision-making grows significantly with the number of sons but only up to the third parity. We find that women with at least one son are more likely to delay succeeding births. We obtain strong evidence at parity 1. The impact seems to dissipate beyond the second parity. Moreover, we find that marriage at 18 or later positively influence women’s preference for family’s sex composition. However, whether or not a woman married early or late does little to modify the male gender bias prevalent in parental investment. In light of these findings, we suggest policy measures that could help improve gender equity in the country.; Ce mémoire regroupe différentes études sur la préférence pour les garçons au Pakistan. Celles-ci analysent la fréquence et l'étendue de la préférence pour les garçons et son effet sur la grossesse des femmes. Le rôle que la préférence pour les garçons joue sur la participation des femmes au niveau des décisions au sein du ménage est examiné, tout comme son effet sur l'espacement des naissances, la probabilité d'une naissance à risque, ou l'impact de l'âge auquel une femme se marie sur l'équilibre entre les sexes et le développement de l'enfant né. Nous trouvons qu'il existe une préférence réelle et déclarée pour la progéniture masculine au Pakistan. La probabilité de poursuivre les grossesses diminue avec le nombre de garçons nés. De plus, les femmes qui ont au moins un garcon ont plus d'influence sur les décisions quotidiennes du ménage mais pas sur les décisions financières. La participation des femmes sur les décisions à prendre au sein du ménage augmente avec le nombre de garçons mais seulement jusqu'à la troisième naissance. D'ailleurs, les femmes ayant au moins un garçon attendent plus longtemps avant d'avoir d'autres enfants. Ce constat est plus particulièrement vrai dans le cadre d'une première naissance et il est moins présent à partir de la deuxième naissance. En outre, le fait de se marier à 18 ans ou plus tard influence de façon positive la préférence des femmes sur la composition de sa famille. Pourtant, peu importe qu’une femme se marie avant ou après 18 ans, cela ne modifie pas le biais en faveur des garçons dans leur investissement parental. A partir de ces résultats, nous proposons des préconisations politiques afin de lutter contre les inégalités entre les sexes au Pakistan.

According to 2010 world population prospects (WPP), Bangladesh is passing second phase of fertility transition. The recent aggregate fertility level (TFR) of Bangladesh is 2.3 births per woman, which is very close to the replacement level. This transition raises questions about possible factor for fertility decline in Bangladesh as uses of family planning methods are almost stable since last decade. Using recent national level survey data and the Bongaarts framework of the proximate determinants of fertility, an attempt has been made in this study to identify the factors responsible for such notable decrease in fertility level of Bangladesh. The results demonstrate that contraception appears as the most prominent determinant in fertility reduction in Bangladesh; followed by lactational infecundability, marriage and induced abortion. High proportion of adolescent marriages in Bangladesh yields high value of the index of marriage which consequently influences fertility level and in particular, adolescent fertility. Simulation on proportion married at adolescent ages suggest policy implication for raising the current legal age at marriage will decrease the proportion married at adolescent ages which with the increased use of contraceptive prevalence rate would help to achieve demographic objective in Bangladesh.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 28(1): 27-34, June-2015

Background: Decision-making autonomy as a component of women’s status is a less studied indicator of fertility behaviour in Nigeria. Data and Methods: The study utilizes the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data to determine women’s characteristics associated with decision-making autonomy and examine the influence of decision-making autonomy on fertility behaviour among currently married women in Nigeria. Relationships between decision-making autonomy and fertility behaviour were examined using Poisson and Binary logistic regressions. Results : Results showed that, about 60% of currently married women were of low autonomy. Decision-making autonomy was associated with women’s age, age at marriage, level of education, religion, employment status, type of residence and household wealth status. The result further showed that women’s decision-making autonomy was significantly associated with lower number of living children and increased contraceptive use. Conclusion: The study concludes that women’s decision-making autonomy is an important predictor of fertility behaviour among currently married women in Nigeria.

Summary The study investigates the relationships of demographic indicators (fertility, mortality, marriage, education) with modern and traditional wealth in rural Senegal. Data were based on rural households interviewed in the 2011 DHS survey. An Absolute Wealth Index was computed from a list of 15 modern goods. A Traditional Wealth Index was computed from data on land and livestock per capita. Modern wealth was always associated with modern demographic behavior (lower fertility, lower mortality, higher age at marriage, higher level of education), whereas traditional wealth was not associated with fertility and mortality, and was negatively associated with marriage and education.

‘Age at marriage’ is not only a crucial but also a decisive variable in limiting family size and fertility level. There is an inverse correlation between age at marriage and fertility level. If age at marriage increases, fertility level would decline. In order to examine this relationship, the present study has collected data from households of Yerava tribe in Kodagu district of Karnataka. A sample of 10 tribal colonies was selected on the basis of a stratified sampling procedure. A total of 250 households were selected on the principle of randomness. A pre-tested schedule was used to collect data from an adult member of each household. The data have been used to examine the prevailing age at marriage and opinion about the marriageable age among the people of Yerava tribe. It has been found that a majority of them are aware of the legally prescribed minimum age for marriage. However, Yeravas prefer to marry their sons and daughters as they reach adulthood. It has been found that the legally prescribed minimum age at marriage predominantly prevails among Yeravas.

Fertility in sub-Saharan Africa has been the highest in the world for several decades. Its decline started much later than in other regions and the pace of fertility changes has also been slower overall. As of 2010, African women had on average around 5.5 children, more than twice the fertility levels in Asia and in Latin America. The slow and uncertain transitions in sub-Saharan Africa result from low social and economic developments, high mortality, preferences for large families, and limited investments in family planning programs. Overall, contraceptive use has increased slowly, and changes in age at marriage have also had limited impact on fertility declines, whereas the fertility-inhibiting effects of postpartum practices have eroded and contributed to slow transition or increasing fertility. Nevertheless, rapid changes in a few countries and low fertility among urban educated women in most countries demonstrate that low fertility can be attained with improvements in social and economic conditions and provision of family planning services.

There is longstanding debate about the contribution of family planning programs to fertility decline. Studying the staggered introduction of family planning across Malaysia during the 1960s and 1970s, we find modest responses in fertility behavior. Higher (but not lower) parity birth hazards declined by one-quarter—but imply only a 5 percent decline in the overall annual probability of birth. Age at marriage rose by 0.48 years, but birth spacing conditional on this did not otherwise change. Overall, Malaysia’s total fertility rate declined by about one quarter birth under family planning, explaining only about 10 percent of the national fertility decline between 1960 and 1988. Our findings are consistent with growing evidence that global fertility decline is predominantly due to underlying changes in the demand for children.

The main objective of this article is to study the age at marriage and their fertility (CEB) based on secondary data. The data were collected by M.A. Population Studies student Mr. Pramanand Chaudhary. He had selected the Tharu community of ward no.5,6 and 8 of Sundarpur VDC of Sarlahi district as a study area in 2006. This article tries to deal with age group, educational status, occupational status, types of family of respondents and their mean age at marriage. Similarly age at marriage educational status, occupational status of respondents and their mean children ever born (CEB) from the selected respondents. Household and respondents were selected with the help of purposive method where the prevalence of the female age at marriage in Tharu community was high. Collected data were analyzed on the basis of table, frequency distribution, percentage and simple statistics.Academic Voices, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2013, Pages 33-39 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v3i1.9982

This paper, presented in two separate parts, defines a select number of demographic markers for the population that comprised members of the Newgarden Meeting, County Carlow, Ireland and their descendants 1600–1900. These in turn were compared with those derived by Vann and Eversley (1992) for the Quaker population of Ireland at large with the objectives of identifying consistencies and/or evidence for regional variation within a genetic context. In part 1 the sources of data, their utility and approach to analysis were discussed and it was concluded that there were some constraints on their usage for analytical purposes. Part 1 also dealt with aspects of age at marriage, delayed marriage, occupation and marriage catchment analysis. Part 2 deals with family size, births including birth interval analysis, birth management, fertility and some aspects of age analysis. It was found, for example, that over time family sizes became smaller, marriages were delayed, lifespan gradually increased and families were ...

The main focus of this study is to draw attention to some demographic, socio-cultural and economic, and programmatic factors, which are affecting the desire for a child in rural area of Bangladesh. The study shows that about 40% of the rural women aged 10-49 years desired for a child. Applying logistic regression model with R2 and correct classification rate for checking the quality of fit on Bangladesh Demographic and health Survey (BDHS) 2004 data, the findings indicate that for achieving the replacement level fertility, the family planning program should be strengthened among the ever-married women under age 30 years. The probability of desire for an additional child is significantly higher in Chittagong and Sylhet divisions. It has also been clearly observed that desire for a child is higher among women having age at marriage 18+ years and also among women having higher education. Women having access to mass media especially TV have a statistically lower probability in desiring for a child than those without access. The probability of desire for an additional child is significantly lower for women who are involved to NGOs than that of the women who are not involved. Finally, the paper provides some suggestive policy measures so that the planners and implementers may take appropriate initiatives for achieving the replacement level fertility in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/rujs.v38i0.16550 Rajshahi University J. of Sci. 38, 75-86 (2010)

Saudi Arabia constitutes bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. Higher birth and lower death rate with higher levels of expectation of life characterizes Saudi Arabian demography. This attempt at appraising nuptiality and fertility is based on censuses. Marriage patterns are changing with higher age at marriage; increasing ever marriage and reducing adolescent marriage, divorces and polygamy. Fertility, was captured from children ever born, parity, and births during 12 months prior to 2004 census and sterility. The children ever born to Saudi Arabian ever married women were 3.8. Women of higher age had higher number of children ever born. Fertility levels remained higher but with a larger proportion of woman at zero parity even among those above 45 years - indication of sterility. Fertility transition was under way as a result of improved female education, value of children, higher age at marriage and reduced infant and child mortality rate. 2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Middle East Fertility Society.

In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the relationship between mean age at marriage, education and fertility among Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) migrant families of Ludhiana district....

Th is study assesses the contribution of socio-economic and demographic variables on children ever born (CEB) for wo men who have experienced do mestic vio lence and wo men who have not experienced do mestic v iolence by applying mu ltip le classification analysis (MCA). The shrinkage coefficient (λ ) is employed for goodness of fit of the model. For this, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007 data is used in this study. This study contains 10,146 currently married wo men out of 10,996 ever-married wo men. Findings reveal that respondent's education, age at marriage and wealth index has a negative significant effect on CEB and these are the first, second and third strongest influential factors for explaining the variab ility of CEB included all other variables for both wo men who have experienced domestic vio lence and wo men who have not experienced domestic violence. In this paper, it is recommended that respondent's age at marriage and educational qualification should be raised substantially for abating fertility and domestic vio lence against women in Bangladesh. Keywords Do mestic and Non-Do mestic Vio lence, Ch ildren Ever Bo rn (CEB), Socio-demographic Factors, Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA), Cross - validity predict ion power (CVPP), Shrin kage Coefficient and Bangladesh

This study assessed the dynamics of First Birth Interval (FBI) after marriage, its determinants as well as relationship between fertility and FBI among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. We right-censored FBI of women aged 15-49 years using 2013 Nigeria DHS data, used Kaplan Meier survival function to monitor the timings and Cox Proportional Hazard (CPH) and Generalized Gamma (GG) regression to model factors affecting FBI. The median FBI in Nigeria was 1.75 years and decreased with delayed age at marriage. Women with higher education have shorter FBI (TR=0.86(95% CI: 0.85-0.88)). Urban women were more likely to have earlier FBI (HR=1.28 95% CI: 1.24-1.32)). Fertility was significantly associated with FBI. The longer the FBI the lower the fertility level and vice versa except for women aged 15-19 years. Age at marriage, educational attainment, wealth status and residence were the main determinants of timing of first birth after marriage in Nigeria.

This study examines the determinants of adolescent sexual behavior and fertility in Nigeria, with a special focus on knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of adolescents aged 10-19 years old in Karu Local Government Authority (LGA), a peri-urban area near the capital city of Abuja. Using the last three waves of Demographic and Health Surveys (2003, 2008, 2013), focus group discussions, stakeholder interviews, and a specialized survey of 643 girls and boys aged 10-19 years old in Karu LGA, the study narrows in on key challenges to and opportunities for improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health outcomes. The national median age at sexual debut for adolescent girls and boys is between 15 and 16 years of age. This is closely emulated in Karu LGA with a median age of 14.8 years for girls and 15.3 years for boys. While data on pregnancies was limited in the Karu sample, DHS data show that for girls, sexual debut is closely associated with marriage or cohabitation, which in turn is a strong predictor of adolescent fertility. Poverty is another strong predictor, with the odds of becoming pregnant being twice as high for adolescents in the lower wealth quintiles compared to their counterparts in the richest quintile in the country. While adolescents’ knowledge of contraception has increased from under 10 percent to over 30 percent, use of health services among adolescents for SRH (and contraception) is limited due to factors such as fear of stigma, embarrassment, and poor access to services, something also emphasized in focus group discussions. Challenges for improving adolescent SRH outcomes relate to: (i) the paucity of data, especially on the 10-14 year olds; (ii) availability and access to youth-friendly services and the Family Life and HIV Education (FLHE); (iii) reaching out-of-school adolescents with SRH information; and (iv) addressing ambiguities and gaps in Federal law and customs on age at marriage, and generating support for the legal age at marriage of at least 18 years old. Addressing these barriers at the State and sub-regional levels is going to be critical in improving adolescent well-being.

Based on historical data pertaining to the Krummhörn population (eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Germany), we compared reproductive histories of mothers according to whether the maternal grandmother (MGM) or the paternal grandmother (PGM) or neither of them was resident in the parents' parish at the time of the mother's first birth. In contrast to effects of PGMs, we discovered conditional differences in the MGM's effects between landless people and wealthier, commercial farmers. Our data indicate that the presence of the MGM only lowers the woman's age at marriage (AAM) and her age at the birth of her first child (AFB) in the case of landless families. However, among commercial farmers, who can generally be characterized by a lower AAM and AFB, we found opposite tendencies for the MGM's effect leading to a relatively small delay in AAM and AFB. Moreover, we also analyzed differences in the completed fertility (i.e., children ever born: CEB). Results indicate that landless families in general do have fewer CEB compared with commercial farmers except for those families in which the MGM has been present. Emphasizing that the adaptiveness of investment decisions should depend on the interaction of genetic, lineage-specific (intrinsic) and ecologically imposed (extrinsic) constraints, we conclude that kin strategies consequently address different fitness components under different conditions.

The Indian subcontinent can be divided into four geographical divisions. In this paper, we characterize three of the four divisions; the Northern Plains, the Deccan Plateau, and the Northern Mountains or the Himalayan as regions with dissimilar climatic and physical resources. It is argued that human adaptations to these variations would be varied by differences in social organization of production and consumption resulting in differences in fertility differences across the three divisions. We found significant differences in the median age at motherhood as well as in the total family size. The effects of the three selected fertility determinants, age at marriage, years of woman's education, and level of child loss on family size also varied significantly across the three divisions. There is considerable homogeneity with respect to fertility levels within the zones considered in this study.

The aim of this study is to analyze the model of fertility based on reconstructed individual histories of families in the Lutheran Parish of Trzebosz in the borderland between Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) and Silesia in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. In total, 656 pieces of information on deliveries by 132 women were reconstructed. Fertility was assessed on the basis of the length of protogenetic and intergenetic intervals. Partial fertility rates by age of women and the relative cumulative number of births were calculated. In the Lutheran Parish of Trzebosz the average age at marriage was 26.6 for grooms and 25.1 for brides. The fertility of women with a completed reproduction cycle was 6.72 children. The average age of women giving birth to their first child was 25, while they had their last child at 39.6. The average length of protogenetic intervals was 19.9 months, while the average lengths of successive intergenetic intervals were 26 and 27 months. The sho...

The concept of fecundability derives its importance for the study of human fertility from the fact that it is one of the principal determinants of fertility and is a major standard by which the impact of fertility regulation can be assessed; very few attempts have been made in Bangladesh for estimating fecundability. This study attempts to evaluate the levels, patterns, and trends of fecundability and identify the factors affecting fecundability in Bangladesh based on national surveys of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007-1994. Total 9703 ever married women are included in the bivariate and multivariate analyses which reveal that age at first birth, age at marriage and marital duration play an important role in influencing marriage to first birth interval positively and thus fecundability negatively. Although fecundability in Bangladesh showed an increasing trend, but it is very low compared to developed and developing countries.

A cross sectional as well as community based study was conducted taking 1296 currently married women through cluster sampling scheme in the rural areas of four valley districts of Manipur. The fertility of generation-4 that is 3.59 is transited from the generation-1 (4.78), generation-2 (4.83), and generation-3 (5.69). Utilizing multiple and logistic regression models, the determinants of completed fertility of the last generation-4 are detected to be age at marriage (P

An attempt is made in this paper to find out the influence of bio-social factors on fertility and mortality among Setti Balija of Southern Andhra Pradesh. Data pertaining to socio-economic and bio-demographic characters have been collected from a total of 200 couples. Out of them, 81 are consanguineous (40.50%) and 119 are non- consanguineous (59.50%) marriages. The mean sex-linked (FX) value (0.0365) is slightly higher than the mean autosomal (F A ) value (0.0307). All fertility components are higher for non-consanguineous couples compared to the consanguineous couples. However, reverse trend is observed for mortality measures. Low income group shows high fertility and mortality than middle and high income groups. The age at menarche is correlated strongly with the age at marriage. The net survivorship is high (87 to 89) among women of middle range age (14-15 years) at menarcheal age followed by women of late age (16+ years) at menarche (83) and early age (< 12 years) at menarche (74). The same trend is observed for age at marriage also. The study finds that women of early menarche and marriage will have higher rates of prenatal as well as postnatal mortality. The net survivorship of offspring is also related to the onset of menarche as well as age at marriage.

One of the important demographic features of any population is the fertility rate which has a direct relationship with both the social and the biological environment. Demographic factors like age at marriage, present family size, gender preference (Mahadevan [27], Bhasin [3], Asari and John [2], Chachra and Bhasin [18], Bhasin and Nag [19]) and socio economic factors like education, occupation, religion, contraceptive practice, etc. (Bhatia [20], Asari and John [2]) are the determinants of desired family size and all these are considered as the cause of the variation of fertility. So far researchers have proposed a variety of reproductivity measures and mathematical models to describe the reproductivity pattern of human population (Islam and Ali [21], Peristera and Kostaki [22] and Nasir et al. [23]). The objective of this study is to examine the current pattern of Age Specific Fertility Rate(ASFR) and to study the trend in fertile age groups by fitting non linear models to the ASFR data for all the states in India obtained from the sample registration system [1], of India. Cross Validity Prediction Power (CVPP), Shrinkage, and R2 are used to identify the best model for the states. Model identification for Forward Age Specific Fertility Rate (FASFR) and Backward Age Specific Fertility Rate (BASFR) along with validity measures are also presented in this paper.

This paper attempts to fill a gap in an updated study of the rapid fertility decline in Kerala, which has evoked world wide interest, using historical and recent data from direct and indirect sources. The three determinants of fertility decline – changes in age at marriage; the use of effective family planning methods as a result of the state’s aggressive family planning program; and the unique Kerala characteristics - have contributed to the fall in fertility. Additional insights are provided by comparing this with similar fertility decline in six countries of the region.