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Heterotopic pregnancy is the simultaneous occurrence of an intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy. This study aims to review the current literature regarding heterotopic pregnancy with a focus on its diagnosis and associations with in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Studies have shown that ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and multiple embryo transfer during IVF are associated with an increased risk of heterotopic pregnancy. Tubal abnormalities such as pelvic inflammatory disease and previous tubal or abdomino-pelvic surgery have also been identified as risk factors. Diagnosis is challenging as the falsely reassuring presence of an intrauterine fetus frequently delays early intervention. Treatment should be individualised, but is often prompt surgical intervention, and focuses on terminating the ectopic pregnancy while minimizing harm to the mother and intrauterine fetus.

Infertility is generally defined as the failure to conceive after ≥1 year of unprotected sexual intercourse. Because infertility tends to be multicausal, fibroids (as the sole identified factor for infertility) were only identified in about 2.4% of patients. Uterine fibroids, also known as myomas, are benign growths of the uterus’ smooth muscle tissue. They are the most common tumours to be found in the lower abdomen in pre-menopausal women. Fibroids can be found in 30–40% of all women between the age of 30 and 40 but can occur at any age. Furthermore, they are more prevalent in African women than in women of other ethnicities. The relationship between fibroids and infertility is especially difficult because of the heterogeneity of the fibroids regarding their size, location, and number, as well as the heterogeneity in observed patient populations. Even though a number of studies have attempted to clarify the influence of fibroids on fertility, there have been various, sometimes contradictory, findings and a lack of well-designed trials.