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Objective An infectious hepatic cyst (IHC) is a hepatic cyst complicated with secondary infection and is generally assumed to be rare. However, we have experienced no small number of patients with IHC in recent clinical practice. We therefore examined the incidence and clinical characteristics of IHC. Methods The medical records of patients with IHC who were hospitalized at our institution between January 2012 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Their demographic factors, biochemical, bacteriological, imaging, and treatment results were explored and compared with those of patients with pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). Patients Twelve patients with IHC and 39 with PLA were identified. Results The IHCs were significantly larger in diameters than the PLAs, and patients with IHCs tended to be older and more often women than those with PLAs. IHCs showed characteristic imaging features, including heterogeneous contents with occasional fluid-debris levels, a thickened cystic wall with rim enhancement, perilesional edema and hyperaemia. Patients with IHCs had a significantly shorter hospital stay than those with PLAs. Conclusion Physicians should note that IHCs are not rare. A careful imaging evaluation can suggest an IHC, and the timely aspiration of the content can lead to an accurate diagnosis. The cystic wall may keep the infectious material confined within the IHC, resulting in the observed good treatment outcome with catheter drainage.

A 76-year-old woman with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) showed elevated serum hepatobiliary enzyme levels, and abdominal imaging studies revealed a hepatic tumor. Her serum alpha-fetoprotein level was 759.5 ng/mL. A pathological examination after hepatectomy confirmed a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An examination of the surrounding liver revealed dilated vessels and thickened endothelial cells without inflammations. HHT patients without other risk factors (like this patient) reportedly have a lower incidence of common cancers, including HCC, in comparison to the unaffected population. One intriguing hypothesis that might explain the hepatocarcinogenesis in this situation is the ischemic liver cirrhosis theory, which suggests that chronic ischemia may cause parenchymal strain and promote inappropriate hepatocyte proliferation.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) commonly shows bimodal distribution of onset age: at young adulthood and at 50-60 years-of-age. However, in recent times, the incidence of elderly-onset AIH seems to be increasing. This study aimed to investigate whether the incidence of elderly-onset AIH is increasing, and whether these patients show any clinical features different from those observed in younger patients.Data about patients with newly diagnosed AIH visiting the Japanese Red Cross Society Himeji Hospital, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan, were retrospectively collected for the period ranging from January 2010 to May 2016. A total of 71 patients (56 women and 15 men, age 18-88 years) were included in this study. Patients were divided into two cohorts: elderly (≥70 years; n = 28) and adult cohort (15-69 years; n = 43). Demographic and clinical characteristics, biochemical and serological markers, radiological and histological findings, and therapeutic courses were evaluated.The median age of the patients was 65 years, the most frequent range being the 70s (37%), followed by the 60s (25%). The elderly cohort had significantly higher levels of serum immunoglobulin G and antinuclear antibody, lesser hepatitis activity scores, and lesser chance of developing other autoimmune diseases. They tended to have higher C-reactive protein levels and lower serum alanine aminotransferase levels. All patients achieved clinical remission after treatment.This study clearly showed an increase in the incidence of elderly-onset AIH. These patients had some unique characteristics, showing that the development of elderly-onset AIH is influenced by age-associated immune dysfunction called immunosenescence. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1722-1728.

A 33-year-old woman with anorexia nervosa was referred to our hospital because of pancytopenia. Her weight was 31.6 kg (BMI, 12.3), and the laboratory results were as follows: a hemoglobin level of 5.9 g/dL, a red-cell count of 1,620,000/mm, a white-cell count of 1,200/mm, and a platelet count of 78,000/mm. An examination of the bone marrow aspirates revealed severe hypoplasia of the hematopoietic and fat cells along with a deposition of amorphous eosinophilc fluffy substances (Picture A-C). These distinct findings were described as gelatinous transformation, and were presumed to be a consequence of her severe malnutrition (1). The gelatinous material was composed of mucopolysaccharides, which were rich in hyaluronic acid (2). Trilineage hematopoietic maturation without apparent dysplasia or neoplasm was sparsely noted (Picture D). Her peripheral blood counts recovered following the administration of cautious nuturitional therapy.