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Implant therapy is a treatment option to ensure prosthesis survival rate and it is also done as a fixed dental prosthesis for replacing single and multiunit gaps. Posterior maxilla often has insufficient bone quality and quantity; for this reason it makes implant placement challenging in the site. Posterior edentulous maxilla presents special challenges to implant surgeons that are unique to this region compared to other regions of the maxilla. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the common implant dimensions used in posterior maxilla. Completed case sheets were collected from a private dental hospital software system. Case sheets were taken from June 2019 to March 2020. Data was retrieved and evaluated by two reviewers. The parameters taken were patients, age groups, gender, teeth indicated for implants (maxillary premolars and molars), implant height, and implant width. Two-hundred fifty-four implants have been placed on the posterior maxilla of which 139 were premolars and 115 were molars. There was no statistical significance between the implants placed in both males and females (p value: 0.274). Between the age groups, the highest number of implants was seen in 41-60 years (n = 146) followed by 17-40 years (n = 78) and finally61 years (n = 30). The p value was 0.000, which was statistically significant. Various implant sizes for posterior maxilla have been introduced due to its challenging site. Thus in our study, we can see there is a difference in sizes for premolars and molars. Implant dimensions with increased height are used in the premolars compared to the molars. Implant dimensions with increased width are used in the molars compared to the premolars. In general, implant width and implant height can range from 3.6 to 4.5 mm and implant height ranging from 9.50 to 12.00 mm.

This study aimed to perform a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis in the Chennai population to check for the prevalence of the canalis sinuosus and its terminal branches in the site of endosseous implant placement in the alveolar ridge of the anterior maxilla. A retrospective analysis was conducted in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. One hundred (50 male and 50 female) CBCT images that included the maxilla of patients aged 18-65 years were selected at random from the archives of the Oral Implantology Department, which were taken in the period from December 1, 2019 to November 30, 2020. Two examiners assessed all the scans with special training to identify this structure. The CBCTs were examined carefully for the presence of accessory canals and the side of occurrence, gender, relation in proximity to the anterior teeth (central incisors to the first premolar). The diameter of the canal was also noted as either less than 1 mm or greater than 1 mm. Our study showed that accessory canals of the canalis sinuous were identified in a total of 18 patients (4 female, 14 male). This shows that in our study, the prevalence of this structure amongst male patients was 14% and for female patients, it was 4%. This study shows that although the accessory canals of the canalis sinuous in the site of endosseous implant placement are rare, it must not be taken lightly because its occurrence still poses a significant risk of iatrogenic nerve damage, especially during implant placement procedures. In some individuals, the terminal branches of this canal or its accessory canals can sometimes be present in the site of placement of endosseous implants placed in the anterior maxilla. Lack of knowledge and awareness of this structure and the fact that its occurrence is often overlooked due to its rare occurrence causes the potential for iatrogenic damage to the nerve resulting in complications.

Rehabilitation with dental implants is, without doubt, an ordained technique. The clinical utilization of dental implants has accelerated in recent years, and new applications continue to emerge. This retrospective study aims to report the implant dimensions commonly used for the posterior mandibular region. It was done at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. A total of 391 patients with 670 implant sites within the 20-80 age group who had undergone implant placement were included in the study. The case sheets of patients were obtained from patient information archives. The data on each patient were obtained and tabulated. Out of the 391 patients, 52.2% were males and 47.8%% were females; 33.3% belonged to the35 age group, 34.5% belonged to the 35-46 age group, and 32.2% belonged to the46 age group. The prevalence rate of replacement for mandibular molars was 85.2%; for mandibular premolars, 14.8%. Implant dimensions for posterior mandibles were found to differ based on gender and age group. Males had a greater mean implant width compared to females. Implant dimensions with increased height were used in premolars compared to molars. Implant dimensions with increased width were used in molars compared to premolars. In general, implant width ranged from 3.3 to 5 mm and implant height ranged from 9.5 to 13 mm in the mandibular molar region.

Osteoplasty is a surgical procedure for reshaping or recontouring bone. As dental implants are the most commonly preferred treatment for prosthetic rehabilitation, adequate bone height and width are important prerequisites for a successful implant. There is continuous resorption of the alveolar crestal region after extraction of the tooth, which may form sharp edges or sharp bony margins. Osteoplasty is required in such cases to remove the sharp bony margins and flatten the alveolar bone so as to provide increased stability of the implant in the socket. The aim of this retrospective, university-based study was to assess the requirement of osteoplasty in dental implant surgery. Data of patients who underwent implant surgery were collected. A total of 554 patients (331 males and 223 females) with 1,044 implant sites were included. The data were further sorted with respect to age, gender, implant site, and requirement of osteoplasty, and analyzed using SPSS software. The mean age of the patients was 42.70 ± 13.03. A chi-square test assessed association and correlation. The requirement of osteoplasty was higher in the mandibular posterior region (42.2%) than in any other clinical site. In comparison with gender, the requirement was significantly higher in males than in females.

Oral cancer and diabetes are highly prevalent among the Indian population and are part of the top four non-communicable diseases responsible for mortality and morbidity. Their numbers are so great that they pose a unique burden to the socioeconomic growth of the country. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of studies examining the role of diabetes in oral cancer reporting co-existence of diabetes and cancer. There is also growing evidence of a higher risk for developing a number of cancers among individuals with diabetes, including pancreatic, liver, gynecologic, colorectal, oral and breast cancer, and consequently 'diabetic oncopathy' is emerging as one of the complications of diabetes. Diabetes may lead to the development of cancer through oxidative damage leading to accumulation of DNA mutations and/or through immune dysfunction, which predisposes to viral infection. Cancer and diabetes may co-occur due to shared risk factors such as increased insulin-like growth factor-1 and obesity, but there is no clear biologic link between the two disorders. This literature review aims to review the evidence showing the current burden of two non-communicable diseases, diabetes and oral cancer and their potential association, with particular reference to India.