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Background In an effort to avoid the damage and inconvenience associated with transcranial approaches, we developed an endoscopic transmaxillary transMuller's muscle approach for decompression of the superior orbital fissure (SOF). Methods The endoscopic transmaxillary transMuller's muscle route was performed in ten cadaveric heads. We measured important anatomic landmarks, and angles radiographically. This approach was initially attempted in one patient with traumatic superior orbital fissure syndrome (tSOFS). Results A maxillary antrostomy was carried out with a buccal sulcus incision. The sinus ostium and the course of infraorbital nerve were used as endoscopic anatomic landmarks. Then the inferior orbital fissure was drilled out, followed by separating the Muller's muscle. The periorbita were peeled off from the lateral wall, followed by the endoscope going along the periorbital space, until the lateral aspect of the SOF could be visualized. Decompression was successfully performed in all specimens. The initial clinical application justified this approach. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and satisfactory recovery. Conclusion This approach offers sufficient endoscopic visualization and reliable decompression of SOF. It avoids the need for brain retraction, temporalis muscle manipulation, or any external incision, and appears to be able to deliver satisfying aesthetic results as well as favourable functional recovery.

To summarize the experiences of endoscopic assisted anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) with self-locking cage via retroperitoneal approach through small incision lateral to abdominal rectus.There were 47 cases of endoscopic assisted ALIF from April 2010 to April 2012 were reviewed retrospectively, including 28 male and 19 female patients whose age ranged from 39 to 65 years, averaged of (48 ± 11) years. Of 47 cases, 17 cases were founded instability in lumbar spine, 16 cases of discogenetic low back pain, 7 cases of degenerative spondylolithesis, and 7 cases of recurrent disc herniation. The level involved included 7 cases at L3-4 level, 33 cases at L4-5 level, 7 cases at L5-S1. X-ray and/or 3D CT scan were done in each patient at post-operative day 4, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. The height and angle of disc space, angle of lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), and sacral slope (SS) were recorded and measured, as well as length of incision, operation time, blood loss, complications and ratio of bone graft fusion. The clinical outcomes were evaluated by Oswestry disability index (ODI) and visual analogue scale (VAS).Average length of incision was (6.2 ± 0.8)cm (5.3-7.8 cm) , average blood loss was (81 ± 20)ml (50-150 ml) , mean operation time was (96 ± 10)minutes (65-122 minutes) . There were significant improvement of ODI(48% ± 10% vs. 14% ± 5%), the VAS of back pain(6.3 ± 1.1 vs.0.7 ± 0.7) and VAS of leg pain(3.4 ± 2.1 vs.0.6 ± 0.6) during preoperative and postoperation last follow-up (t = 20.78, 25.92 and 8.74, P = 0.000). The disc height of operative segments were all recovered significantly (F = 18.971, P = 0.000) postoperatively, from preoperative (10.3 ± 2.4)mm to postoperative (12.6 ± 2.1)mm. For complications, 5 cases had peritoneum tear, 19 cases had bone donor site pain, 14 cases had abdominal distension and 5 cases had lower limb paraesthesia, which were all treated with supportive managements. Bony intervertebral fusion was obtained in all cases in 6 months postoperatively.The advantages of endoscopic assisted ALIF with self-locking cage via retroperitoneal approach are less damage, rapid recovery, and less blood loss. Comparing with traditional ALIF procedure, the view of operative field is also improved.

To investigate the feasibility of the classification of the spino-pelvic sagittal alignment in adluts according to lumbar lordosis (LL) and inflection point (IP).Whole spine, standing radiographs of 223 adult volunteers were taken from July to August in 2011 .There were 111 cases(56 female and 55 male) enrolled in the study based on the inclusion criteria. The pelvic and spinal parameters, including thoracic kyphosis(TK), thoracolumbar kyphosis(TLK), LL, sacral slope(SS), pelvic tilt(PT), pelvic incidence(PI), intervertebral endplate angle, sagittal vertical axis (SVA), spino-sacral angle (SSA) and IP were measured. The spino-pelvic sagittal alignment were classified in to 3 types according to LL and IP. Type I: LL-40°, IP located below L2 ∼ 3; Type II: -60° ≤ LL ≤ -40°, IP located in L1 ∼ 2 or T12 ∼ L1; Type III: LL-60°, P located above T11 ∼ 12. Pearson correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between the variables. The parameters in each type were compared by oneway-ANOVA respectively,then additional multiple comparisons were performed.The mean value of LL was -49° ± 10°, TK was 36° ± 7°, TLK was 6° ± 7°, PT was 11° ± 7°, SS was 34° ± 8°, PI was 45° ± 9°, SSA was 127° ± 9° and SVA was (-2.7 ± 22.8)mm, respectively. Only LL had significant statistical correlation with all the other parameters. Negative correlation presented between LL and TK, PI, SS, SSA (r = -0.387, -0.536, -0.858, -0.801,P0.05). Positive correlation presented between LL and TLK, SVA, PT (r = 0.319, 0.296, 0.262, P0.05). All the volunteers were classified into the 3 types: Type I1 9 cases, Type II 75 cases,Type III 17 cases. Oneway-ANOVA results showed statistical difference in LL, TK, TLK, PT, SS, PI, SSA, SVA among the 3 types, (F = 164.559, 7.431, 14.099, 4.217, 53.856, 6.252, 35.995, 8.626, P0.05 ). Multiple comparisons showed that LL, SS, SSA, PI had statistical difference between each two types comparison (P0.05).LL is the central parameter of the spino-pelvic sagittal balance. The patterns of the spino-pelvic sagittal alignment in adults could be classified into three types, according to LL and IP. The classification could describe the morphological differences and balance of the spino-pelvic sagittal alignment.

To investigate the use of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with self-locking cages to treat multi-segmental cervical myelopathy.From April 2008 to March 2010, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with self-locking cages were performed on 45 patients who suffered from multi-segmental cervical myelopathy, among of them there were 23 male and 22 female, aged from 32 to 67 years (average 53 years). Recording the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores and SF-36 scores in the protocol time point, in order to investigate the clinical outcome, meanwhile, accumulating the pre-operation and postoperation X-ray films of cervical spine for measuring the height of intervertebral space, whole curvature of cervical spine and the rate of fusion by repeated measures analysis of variance.The mean follow-up time was 28.4 months (24 - 35 months). JOA scores ascended from preoperative 6.5 ± 3.1 to postoperative 13.4 ± 1.7 (F = 17.84, P = 0.001), the 7 scores of SF-36 improved significantly after operation (t = 1.151 - 12.207, P0.05), but mental health not. The fineness rate was 91.1%. Height of disc space ascended from preoperative (5.5 ± 1.8) mm to postoperative (8.3 ± 0.8) mm (F = 11.71, P = 0.043), globle curvature of cervical spine ascended from preoperative 5° ± 7° to postoperative 10° ± 14° (F = 234.53, P = 0.000), the change of the two index was significantly, respectively. Fat necrosis in one case and hematoma in another case at the bone donor-site were found, both of the two cases were cured by physiotherapy. All of the 45 cases (111 segments) achieved bone fusion.The use of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with self-locking cages to treat multi-segmental cervical myelopathy possess many advantages as follows: satisfactory clinical outcome, minimally invasive, higher fusion rate, higher orthopaedic ability.

Aim To evaluate the image quality of contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) with low tube voltage settings using an iterative reconstruction algorithm (iDose4) and standard dose filtered back projection (FBP) CT in patients with normal body mass index (BMI). Materials and methods Eighty patients with normal BMI were referred for a contrast-enhanced chest CT. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups: 120 kVp and 80 kVp. Standard convolution FBP was used to reconstruct the 120 kVp group (A) and 80 kVp group (C) image sets and iterative reconstruction (iDose4) was used to reconstruct the 80 kVp group (B) image sets. The mean image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and effective dose (ED) were calculated for each protocol. Image quality was graded (scale: 1–3) and compared among the three groups. Results The radiation dose was 71.35% less for the low-voltage protocol. Noise was significantly lower in the low-voltage images reconstructed with iDose4 (group B) compared with images reconstructed with FBP (group C). Group B had the highest SNR and CNR. There was no difference in subjective image quality scores between groups B and A ( p > 0.05). Conclusions Compared with standard FBP reconstruction, the iDose4 iterative reconstruction yields higher SNR, CNR, and better image quality in contrast-enhanced chest CT with low tube voltage settings.

To investigate the clinical effectiveness of cervical arthroplasty with Mobi-C prosthesis for treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy.From March 2008 to November 2009, a group of 67 patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy were analyzed retrospectively. The short form-36 physical component summary (SF-36) and visual analogue scale (VAS) score were used to compare clinical outcome pre- and postoperatively. The follow-up was performed at 3 d, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Static and dynamic radiography were taken to evaluate height of disc space, range of motion (ROM) and heterotopic ossification (HO) of index levels.Fifty-one cases were followed up, 16 cases were lost. Average follow-up was for 19.7 months (13 - 31 months). All of patients had improvement for clinical symptoms. There was a significant difference on SF-36 between pre- and postoperatively. The significant difference was found in VAS score in which neck pain was decreased from preoperative 4.6 ± 0.4 to postoperative 2.0 ± 0.5 (P0.05), arm pain was decreased from preoperative 6.5 ± 0.4 to postoperative 1.3 ± 0.4 (P0.05). There was a significant difference in height of disc space which was increased from preoperative (6.5 ± 1.1) mm to (7.7 ± 0.9) mm (P0.05). ROM was increased from preoperative 7.2° ± 3.1° to latest follow-up 8.1° ± 3.2°, however, no significant difference was found concerning ROM pre- and postoperatively (P0.05). No other complications were met during follow-up period other than the 17 cases of heterotopic ossification in ClassI, the 7 cases in Class II in 1 year postoperatively, but no any correlation were found between the radiographic finding in HO and clinical symptoms.Cervical arthroplasty with Mobi-C could improve neurofunctional symptoms, maintain ROM of index level and height of disc space. For accurate patient selection, long term follow-up is still needed in prospective randomized study.

To evaluate the different multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) features between pulmonary malignant focal ground-glass opacity (fGGO) nodules and solid nodules of 3cm or less in diameter.One hundred and five malignant solid nodules and 48 malignant fGGOs confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analysed with regard to the patient's demographic data, nodule size and MDCT features (shape, margin, interface, internal characteristics and adjacent structure). Differences were analysed using the Fisher exact test or Mann-Whitney U-test.The male to female ratio of patients with malignant solid nodules (60:45) was higher than that with malignant fGGOs (18:30) (P0.05). There was no significant difference in either patient's age (P0.05) or nodule size (P0.05). The frequency of irregular shape (4% vs. 21%), spiculation (57% vs. 40%), vacuole sign (11% vs. 52%) and natural air bronchograms (0% vs. 24%) was significantly different between malignant solid nodules and fGGOs. No differences were found in the frequency of lobulation, cusp angle, spine-like process, interface and adjacent structure between the two groups (P0.05).Malignant fGGOs and solid nodules showed mostly similar MDCT features. For malignant fGGOs, the frequency of irregular shape, vacuole sign and natural air bronchograms was higher than that in solid nodules, but the frequency of spiculation was lower than that in solid nodules.

To explore the clinical outcome of unilateral pedicle screw fixation plus single cage interbody fusion through spatium intermuscular of multifidus by Quadrant system.From April 2008 to April 2009, 47 patients underwent unilateral pedicle screw fixation plus single cage interbody fusion through spatium intermuscular of multifidus. There were 22 males and 25 females with the mean age of 58.2 years (range, 46-74 years). Among them 12 cases had far-lateral lumbar disc herniation, 7 cases had post-discectomy recurrence, and 28 cases had degenerative instability. Thirty-seven cases were treated with lumbar interbody fusion through transforaminal approach, 10 cases through posterior approach. After surgery, the radiography was carried out to demonstrate the fusion status, and the Nakai criterion was used for assessment.The average skin incision length was 3.2 cm (range, 3.0 to 3.5 cm), the average operative time was 90 min (range, 70 to 160 min), and the average blood loss was 130 ml (range, 90 to 360 ml). All cases were followed up for 8 - 20 months (average 13.6 months). Postoperative radiography showed no evidence of instrument failure, and 43 cases got bone fusion, 4 cases got suspicious fusion. At final followed-up the average leg pain VAS decreased from 7.4 ± 1.1 preoperatively to 2.4 ± 1.3 postoperatively, the average low back pain VAS decreased from 6.7 ± 1.3 preoperatively to 1.8 ± 1.5 postoperatively. According to Nakai criterion, 31 cases were rated as excellent, 11 cases as good, and 5 cases as fair with the total excellent and good rate of 89.4%.Unilateral pedicle screw fixation plus single cage interbody fusion through spatium intermuscular of multifidus has some advantages of minimal invasiveness, less blood loss, less complications and reliable curative effect. It is a satisfactory lumbar fusion method under suitable indication.

To investigate operative skill and recent clinical effects of remaining bulk ligamentum flava and treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion by micro-endoscope.Fifty-two cases with lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion included 31 males, 21 females; aged from 28 to 45 years,mean 36 years; L(4,5) in 24 cases, L5S1 in 28 cases. Under the micro-endoscope, all patient were excised the vertebral plate partly, decompressed the nerve root, remaining bulk ligament flava and excised the herniated nucleus pulposus.Forty-six of 52 patients were followed up for 5 to 51 months with an average of 34.5. According to the effect of Nakai standards,the results were excellent in 34 cases, good in 9 cases, fair in 3 cases. The operation time was 45 to 75 minutes and bleeding was 40 to 80 ml. There were no nerve root injury and endorachis tear complications.The bulk ligamentum flava remaining cure intervertebral disc protrusion by micro-endoscope, demic natural anatomic structure is retained through technically manipulate and spinalis constancy is kept.