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1. Whole-genome sequencing association analysis of quantitative red blood cell phenotypes: The NHLBI TOPMed program

Author

Hu, Yao, Stilp, Adrienne M, McHugh, Caitlin P, Rao, Shuquan, Jain, Deepti, Zheng, Xiuwen, Lane, John, de Bellefon, Sébastian Méric, Raffield, Laura M, Chen, Ming-Huei, Yanek, Lisa R, Wheeler, Marsha, Yao, Yao, Ren, Chunyan, Broome, Jai, Moon, Jee-Young, de Vries, Paul S, Hobbs, Brian D, Sun, Quan, Surendran, Praveen, Brody, Jennifer A, Blackwell, Thomas W, Choquet, Hélène, Ryan, Kathleen, Duggirala, Ravindranath, Heard-Costa, Nancy, Wang, Zhe, Chami, Nathalie, Preuss, Michael H, Min, Nancy, Ekunwe, Lynette, Lange, Leslie A, Cushman, Mary, Faraday, Nauder, Curran, Joanne E, Almasy, Laura, Kundu, Kousik, Smith, Albert V, Gabriel, Stacey, Rotter, Jerome I, Fornage, Myriam, Lloyd-Jones, Donald M, Vasan, Ramachandran S, Smith, Nicholas L, North, Kari E, Boerwinkle, Eric, Becker, Lewis C, Lewis, Joshua P, Abecasis, Goncalo R, Hou, Lifang, O’Connell, Jeffrey R, Morrison, Alanna C, Beaty, Terri H, Kaplan, Robert, Correa, Adolfo, Blangero, John, Jorgenson, Eric, Psaty, Bruce M, Kooperberg, Charles, Walton, Russell T, Kleinstiver, Benjamin P, Tang, Hua, Loos, Ruth JF, Soranzo, Nicole, Butterworth, Adam S, Nickerson, Debbie, Rich, Stephen S, Mitchell, Braxton D, Johnson, Andrew D, Auer, Paul L, Li, Yun, Mathias, Rasika A, Lettre, Guillaume, Pankratz, Nathan, Laurie, Cathy C, Laurie, Cecelia A, Bauer, Daniel E, Conomos, Matthew P, Reiner, Alexander P, and Consortium, NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine

Subjects
Epidemiology, Biological Sciences, Health Sciences, Genetics, Biotechnology, Clinical Research, Hematology, Human Genome, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Aged, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Datasets as Topic, Erythrocytes, Female, Gene Editing, Genetic Variation, Genome-Wide Association Study, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.), Phenotype, Quality Control, Reproducibility of Results, United States, NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium, base editing, red blood cell traits, whole-genome sequencing, Medical and Health Sciences, Genetics & Heredity, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), a powerful tool for detecting novel coding and non-coding disease-causing variants, has largely been applied to clinical diagnosis of inherited disorders. Here we leveraged WGS data in up to 62,653 ethnically diverse participants from the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program and assessed statistical association of variants with seven red blood cell (RBC) quantitative traits. We discovered 14 single variant-RBC trait associations at 12 genomic loci, which have not been reported previously. Several of the RBC trait-variant associations (RPN1, ELL2, MIDN, HBB, HBA1, PIEZO1, and G6PD) were replicated in independent GWAS datasets imputed to the TOPMed reference panel. Most of these discovered variants are rare/low frequency, and several are observed disproportionately among non-European Ancestry (African, Hispanic/Latino, or East Asian) populations. We identified a 3 bp indel p.Lys2169del (g.88717175_88717177TCT[4]) (common only in the Ashkenazi Jewish population) of PIEZO1, a gene responsible for the Mendelian red cell disorder hereditary xerocytosis (MIM: 194380), associated with higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). In stepwise conditional analysis and in gene-based rare variant aggregated association analysis, we identified several of the variants in HBB, HBA1, TMPRSS6, and G6PD that represent the carrier state for known coding, promoter, or splice site loss-of-function variants that cause inherited RBC disorders. Finally, we applied base and nuclease editing to demonstrate that the sentinel variant rs112097551 (nearest gene RPN1) acts through a cis-regulatory element that exerts long-range control of the gene RUVBL1 which is essential for hematopoiesis. Together, these results demonstrate the utility of WGS in ethnically diverse population-based samples and gene editing for expanding knowledge of the genetic architecture of quantitative hematologic traits and suggest a continuum between complex trait and Mendelian red cell disorders.

Published
2021

2. Language characterization in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication syndromes

Author

Kim, So Hyun, Green‐Snyder, LeeAnne, Lord, Catherine, Bishop, Somer, Steinman, Kyle J, Bernier, Raphael, Hanson, Ellen, Goin‐Kochel, Robin P, and Chung, Wendy K

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Genetics, Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Clinical Research, Behavioral and Social Science, Autism, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Mental Health, Brain Disorders, Pediatric, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Mental health, Adolescent, Adult, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosome Duplication, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Cognitive Dysfunction, DNA Copy Number Variations, Family, Female, Heterozygote, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Language, Male, Middle Aged, Siblings, Speech, Verbal Behavior, Young Adult, 16p11, deletion, duplication, autism, genetics, language profiles, 16p11.2 deletion, 16p11.2 duplication, Clinical sciences
Abstract

Expressive language impairment is one of the most frequently associated clinical features of 16p11.2 copy number variations (CNV). However, our understanding of the language profiles of individuals with 16p11.2 CNVs is still limited. This study builds upon previous work in the Simons Variation in Individuals Project (VIP, now known as Simons Searchlight), to characterize language abilities in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication carriers using comprehensive assessments. Participants included 110 clinically ascertained children and family members (i.e., siblings and cousins) with 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 deletion and 58 with 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 duplication between the ages of 2-23 years, most of whom were verbal. Regression analyses were performed to quantify variation in language abilities in the presence of the 16p11.2 deletion and duplication, both with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cognitive deficit. Difficulties in pragmatic skills were equally prevalent in verbal individuals in both deletion and duplication groups. NVIQ had moderate quantifiable effects on language scores in syntax and semantics/pragmatics (a decrease of less than 1 SD) for both groups. Overall, language impairments persisted even after controlling for ASD diagnosis and cognitive deficit. Language impairment is one of the core clinical features of individuals with 16p11.2 CNVs even in the absence of ASD and cognitive deficit. Results highlight the need for more comprehensive and rigorous assessment of language impairments to maximize outcomes in carriers of 16p11.2 CNVs.

Published
2020

3. Dose response of the 16p11.2 distal copy number variant on intracranial volume and basal ganglia

Author

Sønderby, Ida E, Gústafsson, Ómar, Doan, Nhat Trung, Hibar, Derrek P, Martin-Brevet, Sandra, Abdellaoui, Abdel, Ames, David, Amunts, Katrin, Andersson, Michael, Armstrong, Nicola J, Bernard, Manon, Blackburn, Nicholas, Blangero, John, Boomsma, Dorret I, Bralten, Janita, Brattbak, Hans-Richard, Brodaty, Henry, Brouwer, Rachel M, Bülow, Robin, Calhoun, Vince, Caspers, Svenja, Cavalleri, Gianpiero, Chen, Chi-Hua, Cichon, Sven, Ciufolini, Simone, Corvin, Aiden, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Curran, Joanne E, Dale, Anders M, Dalvie, Shareefa, Dazzan, Paola, de Geus, Eco JC, de Zubicaray, Greig I, de Zwarte, Sonja MC, Delanty, Norman, den Braber, Anouk, Desrivières, Sylvane, Donohoe, Gary, Draganski, Bogdan, Ehrlich, Stefan, Espeseth, Thomas, Fisher, Simon E, Franke, Barbara, Frouin, Vincent, Fukunaga, Masaki, Gareau, Thomas, Glahn, David C, Grabe, Hans, Groenewold, Nynke A, Haavik, Jan, Håberg, Asta, Hashimoto, Ryota, Hehir-Kwa, Jayne Y, Heinz, Andreas, Hillegers, Manon HJ, Hoffmann, Per, Holleran, Laurena, Hottenga, Jouke-Jan, Hulshoff, Hilleke E, Ikeda, Masashi, Jahanshad, Neda, Jernigan, Terry, Jockwitz, Christiane, Johansson, Stefan, Jonsdottir, Gudrun A, Jönsson, Erik G, Kahn, Rene, Kaufmann, Tobias, Kelly, Sinead, Kikuchi, Masataka, Knowles, Emma EM, Kolskår, Knut K, Kwok, John B, Hellard, Stephanie Le, Leu, Costin, Liu, Jingyu, Lundervold, Astri J, Lundervold, Arvid, Martin, Nicholas G, Mather, Karen, Mathias, Samuel R, McCormack, Mark, McMahon, Katie L, McRae, Allan, Milaneschi, Yuri, Moreau, Clara, Morris, Derek, Mothersill, David, Mühleisen, Thomas W, Murray, Robin, Nordvik, Jan E, Nyberg, Lars, Olde Loohuis, Loes M, Ophoff, Roel, Paus, Tomas, Pausova, Zdenka, Penninx, Brenda, Peralta, Juan M, Pike, Bruce, and Prieto, Carlos

Subjects
Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Neurosciences, Brain Disorders, Autism, Biomedical Imaging, Mental Health, Mental health, Adult, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Basal Ganglia, Brain, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosome Duplication, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, DNA Copy Number Variations, Databases, Factual, Female, Globus Pallidus, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Intellectual Disability, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Organ Size, Putamen, Schizophrenia, 16p11.2 European Consortium, for the ENIGMA-CNV working group, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Psychiatry
Abstract

Carriers of large recurrent copy number variants (CNVs) have a higher risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders. The 16p11.2 distal CNV predisposes carriers to e.g., autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. We compared subcortical brain volumes of 12 16p11.2 distal deletion and 12 duplication carriers to 6882 non-carriers from the large-scale brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging collaboration, ENIGMA-CNV. After stringent CNV calling procedures, and standardized FreeSurfer image analysis, we found negative dose-response associations with copy number on intracranial volume and on regional caudate, pallidum and putamen volumes (β = -0.71 to -1.37; P

Published
2020

4. CREBBP and STAT6 co-mutation and 16p13 and 1p36 loss define the t(14;18)-negative diffuse variant of follicular lymphoma

Author

Xian, Rena R, Xie, Yi, Haley, Lisa M, Yonescu, Raluca, Pallavajjala, Aparna, Pittaluga, Stefania, Jaffe, Elaine S, Duffield, Amy S, McCall, Chad M, Gheith, Shereen MF, and Gocke, Christopher D

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Human Genome, Rare Diseases, Genetics, Hematology, Clinical Research, Cancer, Biotechnology, Lymphoma, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Adult, Aged, CREB-Binding Protein, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Female, Humans, Lymphoma, Follicular, Male, Middle Aged, Mutation, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, STAT6 Transcription Factor, Translocation, Genetic, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Cardiovascular medicine and haematology, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

The diffuse variant of follicular lymphoma (dFL) is a rare variant of FL lacking t(14;18) that was first described in 2009. In this study, we use a comprehensive approach to define unifying pathologic and genetic features through gold-standard pathologic review, FISH, SNP-microarray, and next-generation sequencing of 16 cases of dFL. We found unique morphologic features, including interstitial sclerosis, microfollicle formation, and rounded nuclear cytology, confirmed absence of t(14;18) and recurrent deletion of 1p36, and showed a novel association with deletion/CN-LOH of 16p13 (inclusive of CREBBP, CIITA, and SOCS1). Mutational profiling demonstrated near-uniform mutations in CREBBP and STAT6, with clonal dominance of CREBBP, among other mutations typical of germinal-center B-cell lymphomas. Frequent CREBBP and CIITA codeletion/mutation suggested a mechanism for immune evasion, while subclonal STAT6 activating mutations with concurrent SOCS1 loss suggested a mechanism of BCL-xL/BCL2L1 upregulation in the absence of BCL2 rearrangements. A review of the literature showed significant enrichment for 16p13 and 1p36 loss/CN-LOH, STAT6 mutation, and CREBBP and STAT6 comutation in dFL, as compared with conventional FL. With this comprehensive approach, our study demonstrates confirmatory and novel genetic associations that can aid in the diagnosis and subclassification of this rare type of lymphoma.

Published
2020

5. Sensorimotor Cortical Oscillations during Movement Preparation in 16p11.2 Deletion Carriers

Author

Hinkley, Leighton BN, Dale, Corby L, Luks, Tracy L, Findlay, Anne M, Bukshpun, Polina, Pojman, Nick, Thieu, Tony, Chung, Wendy K, Berman, Jeffrey, Roberts, Timothy PL, Mukherjee, Pratik, Sherr, Elliott H, and Nagarajan, Srikantan S

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Clinical Research, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Genetics, Brain Disorders, Behavioral and Social Science, Mental Health, Autism, Genetic Testing, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Neurological, Mental health, Adolescent, Adult, Anticipation, Psychological, Autistic Disorder, Child, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Female, Gene Deletion, Heterozygote, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Magnetoencephalography, Male, Middle Aged, Sensorimotor Cortex, 16p11.2, autism, beta rhythm, magnetoencephalography, manual, speech, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery
Abstract

Sensorimotor deficits are prevalent in many neurodevelopmental disorders like autism, including one of its common genetic etiologies, a 600 kb reciprocal deletion/duplication at 16p11.2. We have previously shown that copy number variations of 16p11.2 impact regional brain volume, white matter integrity, and early sensory responses in auditory cortex. Here, we test the hypothesis that abnormal cortical neurophysiology is present when genes in the 16p11.2 region are haploinsufficient, and in humans that this in turn may account for behavioral deficits specific to deletion carriers. We examine sensorimotor cortical network activity in males and females with 16p11.2 deletions compared with both typically developing individuals, and those with duplications of 16p11.2, using magnetoencephalographic imaging during preparation of overt speech or hand movements in tasks designed to be easy for all participants. In deletion carriers, modulation of beta oscillations (12-30 Hz) were increased during both movement types over effector-specific regions of motor cortices compared with typically developing individuals or duplication carriers, with no task-related performance differences between cohorts, even when corrected for their own cognitive and sensorimotor deficits. Reduced left hemispheric language specialization was observed in deletion carriers but not in duplication carriers. Neural activity over sensorimotor cortices in deletion carriers was linearly related to clinical measures of speech and motor impairment. These findings link insufficient copy number repeats at 16p11.2 to excessive neural activity (e.g., increased beta oscillations) in motor cortical networks for speech and hand motor control. These results have significant implications for understanding the neural basis of autism and related neurodevelopmental disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The recurrent ∼600 kb deletion at 16p11.2 (BP4-BP5) is one of the most common genetic etiologies of ASD and, more generally, of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we use high-resolution magnetoencephalographic imaging (MEG-I) to define with millisecond precision the underlying neurophysiological signature of motor impairments for individuals with 16p11.2 deletions. We identify significant increases in beta (12-30 Hz) suppression in sensorimotor cortices related to performance during speech and hand movement tasks. These findings not only provide a neurophysiological phenotype for the clinical presentation of this genetic deletion, but also guide our understanding of how genetic variation encodes for neural oscillatory dynamics.

Published
2019

6. Oligogenic Effects of 16p11.2 Copy-Number Variation on Craniofacial Development

Author

Qiu, Yuqi, Arbogast, Thomas, Lorenzo, Sandra Martin, Li, Hongying, Tang, Shih C, Richardson, Ellen, Hong, Oanh, Cho, Shawn, Shanta, Omar, Pang, Timothy, Corsello, Christina, Deutsch, Curtis K, Chevalier, Claire, Davis, Erica E, Iakoucheva, Lilia M, Herault, Yann, Katsanis, Nicholas, Messer, Karen, and Sebat, Jonathan

Subjects
Clinical Research, Mental Health, Dental/Oral and Craniofacial Disease, Genetics, Pediatric, Human Genome, Congenital Structural Anomalies, Brain Disorders, Biotechnology, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Autistic Disorder, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Craniofacial Abnormalities, DNA Copy Number Variations, Female, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Male, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Physiology
Abstract

A copy-number variant (CNV) of 16p11.2 encompassing 30 genes is associated with developmental and psychiatric disorders, head size, and body mass. The genetic mechanisms that underlie these associations are not understood. To determine the influence of 16p11.2 genes on development, we investigated the effects of CNV on craniofacial structure in humans and model organisms. We show that deletion and duplication of 16p11.2 have "mirror" effects on specific craniofacial features that are conserved between human and rodent models of the CNV. By testing dosage effects of individual genes on the shape of the mandible in zebrafish, we identify seven genes with significant effects individually and find evidence for others when genes were tested in combination. The craniofacial phenotypes of 16p11.2 CNVs represent a model for studying the effects of genes on development, and our results suggest that the associated facial gestalts are attributable to the combined effects of multiple genes.

Published
2019

7. Noncoding deletions reveal a gene that is critical for intestinal function

Author

Oz-Levi, Danit, Olender, Tsviya, Bar-Joseph, Ifat, Zhu, Yiwen, Marek-Yagel, Dina, Barozzi, Iros, Osterwalder, Marco, Alkelai, Anna, Ruzzo, Elizabeth K, Han, Yujun, Vos, Erica SM, Reznik-Wolf, Haike, Hartman, Corina, Shamir, Raanan, Weiss, Batia, Shapiro, Rivka, Pode-Shakked, Ben, Tatarskyy, Pavlo, Milgrom, Roni, Schvimer, Michael, Barshack, Iris, Imai, Denise M, Coleman-Derr, Devin, Dickel, Diane E, Nord, Alex S, Afzal, Veena, van Bueren, Kelly Lammerts, Barnes, Ralston M, Black, Brian L, Mayhew, Christopher N, Kuhar, Matthew F, Pitstick, Amy, Tekman, Mehmet, Stanescu, Horia C, Wells, James M, Kleta, Robert, de Laat, Wouter, Goldstein, David B, Pras, Elon, Visel, Axel, Lancet, Doron, Anikster, Yair, and Pennacchio, Len A

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Genetics, Digestive Diseases, Biotechnology, Human Genome, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Oral and gastrointestinal, Animals, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Diarrhea, Disease Models, Animal, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Genes, Genes, Reporter, Genetic Loci, Humans, Intestines, Male, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Transgenic, Pedigree, Phenotype, Sequence Deletion, Transcriptional Activation, Transcriptome, Transgenes, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Large-scale genome sequencing is poised to provide a substantial increase in the rate of discovery of disease-associated mutations, but the functional interpretation of such mutations remains challenging. Here we show that deletions of a sequence on human chromosome 16 that we term the intestine-critical region (ICR) cause intractable congenital diarrhoea in infants1,2. Reporter assays in transgenic mice show that the ICR contains a regulatory sequence that activates transcription during the development of the gastrointestinal system. Targeted deletion of the ICR in mice caused symptoms that recapitulated the human condition. Transcriptome analysis revealed that an unannotated open reading frame (Percc1) flanks the regulatory sequence, and the expression of this gene was lost in the developing gut of mice that lacked the ICR. Percc1-knockout mice displayed phenotypes similar to those observed upon ICR deletion in mice and patients, whereas an ICR-driven Percc1 transgene was sufficient to rescue the phenotypes found in mice that lacked the ICR. Together, our results identify a gene that is critical for intestinal function and underscore the need for targeted in vivo studies to interpret the growing number of clinical genetic findings that do not affect known protein-coding genes.

Published
2019

8. Leveraging linkage evidence to identify low-frequency and rare variants on 16p13 associated with blood pressure using TOPMed whole genome sequencing data

Author

He, Karen Y, Li, Xiaoyin, Kelly, Tanika N, Liang, Jingjing, Cade, Brian E, Assimes, Themistocles L, Becker, Lewis C, Beitelshees, Amber L, Bress, Adam P, Chang, Yen-Pei Christy, Chen, Yii-Der Ida, de Vries, Paul S, Fox, Ervin R, Franceschini, Nora, Furniss, Anna, Gao, Yan, Guo, Xiuqing, Haessler, Jeffrey, Hwang, Shih-Jen, Irvin, Marguerite Ryan, Kalyani, Rita R, Liu, Ching-Ti, Liu, Chunyu, Martin, Lisa Warsinger, Montasser, May E, Muntner, Paul M, Mwasongwe, Stanford, Palmas, Walter, Reiner, Alex P, Shimbo, Daichi, Smith, Jennifer A, Snively, Beverly M, Yanek, Lisa R, Boerwinkle, Eric, Correa, Adolfo, Cupples, L Adrienne, He, Jiang, Kardia, Sharon LR, Kooperberg, Charles, Mathias, Rasika A, Mitchell, Braxton D, Psaty, Bruce M, Vasan, Ramachandran S, Rao, DC, Rich, Stephen S, Rotter, Jerome I, Wilson, James G, Chakravarti, Aravinda, Morrison, Alanna C, Levy, Daniel, Arnett, Donna K, Redline, Susan, and Zhu, Xiaofeng

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Biotechnology, Heart Disease, Human Genome, Cardiovascular, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Good Health and Well Being, Alternative Splicing, Blood Pressure, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Exome, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Genetic Linkage, Genetic Variation, Genome, Human, Genome-Wide Association Study, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, Male, RNA Splicing Factors, Recombinases, NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium, TOPMed Blood Pressure Working Group, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Genetics & Heredity, Reproductive medicine
Abstract

In this study, we investigated low-frequency and rare variants associated with blood pressure (BP) by focusing on a linkage region on chromosome 16p13. We used whole genome sequencing (WGS) data obtained through the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program on 395 Cleveland Family Study (CFS) European Americans (CFS-EA). By analyzing functional coding variants and non-coding rare variants with CADD score > 10 residing within the chromosomal region in families with linkage evidence, we observed 25 genes with nominal statistical evidence (burden or SKAT p

Published
2019

9. R-Baclofen Reverses Cognitive Deficits and Improves Social Interactions in Two Lines of 16p11.2 Deletion Mice

Author

Stoppel, Laura J, Kazdoba, Tatiana M, Schaffler, Melanie D, Preza, Anthony R, Heynen, Arnold, Crawley, Jacqueline N, and Bear, Mark F

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Biological Psychology, Cognitive and Computational Psychology, Psychology, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fragile X Syndrome, Rare Diseases, Neurosciences, Genetics, Mental Health, Brain Disorders, Pediatric, Autism, Human Genome, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Mental health, Animals, Autistic Disorder, Baclofen, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Cognition Disorders, Disease Models, Animal, Female, GABA-B Receptor Agonists, Intellectual Disability, Learning Disabilities, Male, Memory Disorders, Mice, 129 Strain, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Psychotropic Drugs, Social Behavior, Species Specificity, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Psychiatry, Biological psychology
Abstract

Human chromosome 16p11.2 microdeletion is among the most common gene copy number variations (CNVs) known to confer risk for intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and affects an estimated 3 in 10 000 people. Caused by a single copy deletion of ~27 genes, 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome is characterized by ID, impaired language, communication and socialization skills, and ASD. Studies in animal models where a single copy of the syntenic 16p11.2 region has been deleted have revealed morphological, behavioral, and electrophysiological abnormalities. Previous studies suggested the possibility of some overlap in the mechanisms of pathophysiology in 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome and fragile X syndrome. Improvements in fragile X phenotypes have been observed following chronic treatment with R-baclofen, a selective agonist of GABAB receptors. We were therefore motivated to investigate the effects of chronic oral R-baclofen administration in two independently generated mouse models of 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome. In studies performed across two independent laboratories, we found that chronic activation of GABAB receptors improved performance on a series of cognitive and social tasks known to be impaired in two different 16p11.2 deletion mouse models. Our findings suggest that R-baclofen may have clinical utility for some of the core symptoms of human 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome.

Published
2018

10. Abnormal Speech Motor Control in Individuals with 16p11.2 Deletions.

Author

Demopoulos, Carly, Kothare, Hardik, Mizuiri, Danielle, Henderson-Sabes, Jennifer, Fregeau, Brieana, Tjernagel, Jennifer, Houde, John F, Sherr, Elliott H, and Nagarajan, Srikantan S

Subjects
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Humans, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosome Deletion, Speech, Autistic Disorder, Adaptation, Physiological, Voice, Adolescent, Child, Female, Male, Intellectual Disability, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Adaptation, Physiological
Abstract

Speech and motor deficits are highly prevalent (>70%) in individuals with the 600 kb BP4-BP5 16p11.2 deletion; however, the mechanisms that drive these deficits are unclear, limiting our ability to target interventions and advance treatment. This study examined fundamental aspects of speech motor control in participants with the 16p11.2 deletion. To assess capacity for control of voice, we examined how accurately and quickly subjects changed the pitch of their voice within a trial to correct for a transient perturbation of the pitch of their auditory feedback. When compared to controls, 16p11.2 deletion carriers show an over-exaggerated pitch compensation response to unpredictable mid-vocalization pitch perturbations. We also examined sensorimotor adaptation of speech by assessing how subjects learned to adapt their sustained productions of formants (speech spectral peak frequencies important for vowel identity), in response to consistent changes in their auditory feedback during vowel production. Deletion carriers show reduced sensorimotor adaptation to sustained vowel identity changes in auditory feedback. These results together suggest that 16p11.2 deletion carriers have fundamental impairments in the basic mechanisms of speech motor control and these impairments may partially explain the deficits in speech and language in these individuals.

Published
2018

11. Rare Genome-Wide Copy Number Variation and Expression of Schizophrenia in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

Author

Bassett, Anne S, Lowther, Chelsea, Merico, Daniele, Costain, Gregory, Chow, Eva WC, van Amelsvoort, Therese, McDonald-McGinn, Donna, Gur, Raquel E, Swillen, Ann, Van den Bree, Marianne, Murphy, Kieran, Gothelf, Doron, Bearden, Carrie E, Eliez, Stephan, Kates, Wendy, Philip, Nicole, Sashi, Vandana, Campbell, Linda, Vorstman, Jacob, Cubells, Joseph, Repetto, Gabriela M, Simon, Tony, Boot, Erik, Heung, Tracy, Evers, Rens, Vingerhoets, Claudia, van Duin, Esther, Zackai, Elaine, Vergaelen, Elfi, Devriendt, Koen, Vermeesch, Joris R, Owen, Michael, Murphy, Clodagh, Michaelovosky, Elena, Kushan, Leila, Schneider, Maude, Fremont, Wanda, Busa, Tiffany, Hooper, Stephen, McCabe, Kathryn, Duijff, Sasja, Isaev, Karin, Pellecchia, Giovanna, Wei, John, Gazzellone, Matthew J, Scherer, Stephen W, Emanuel, Beverly S, Guo, Tingwei, Morrow, Bernice E, and Marshall, Christian R

Subjects
Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pediatric, Mental Health, Schizophrenia, Clinical Research, Brain Disorders, Human Genome, Biotechnology, Genetics, Prevention, Serious Mental Illness, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Mental health, Adult, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, DNA Copy Number Variations, DiGeorge Syndrome, Female, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Male, Middle Aged, International 22q11.2DS Brain and Behavior Consortium, 22q11 Deletion Syndrome, Microdeletion, Psychosis, Structural Variants, Velocardiofacial Syndrome, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Psychiatry, Clinical sciences, Clinical and health psychology
Abstract

ObjectiveChromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with a more than 20-fold increased risk for developing schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to identify additional genetic factors (i.e., "second hits") that may contribute to schizophrenia expression.MethodThrough an international consortium, the authors obtained DNA samples from 329 psychiatrically phenotyped subjects with 22q11.2DS. Using a high-resolution microarray platform and established methods to assess copy number variation (CNV), the authors compared the genome-wide burden of rare autosomal CNV, outside of the 22q11.2 deletion region, between two groups: a schizophrenia group and those with no psychotic disorder at age ≥25 years. The authors assessed whether genes overlapped by rare CNVs were overrepresented in functional pathways relevant to schizophrenia.ResultsRare CNVs overlapping one or more protein-coding genes revealed significant between-group differences. For rare exonic duplications, six of 19 gene sets tested were enriched in the schizophrenia group; genes associated with abnormal nervous system phenotypes remained significant in a stepwise logistic regression model and showed significant interactions with 22q11.2 deletion region genes in a connectivity analysis. For rare exonic deletions, the schizophrenia group had, on average, more genes overlapped. The additional rare CNVs implicated known (e.g., GRM7, 15q13.3, 16p12.2) and novel schizophrenia risk genes and loci.ConclusionsThe results suggest that additional rare CNVs overlapping genes outside of the 22q11.2 deletion region contribute to schizophrenia risk in 22q11.2DS, supporting a multigenic hypothesis for schizophrenia. The findings have implications for understanding expression of psychotic illness and herald the importance of whole-genome sequencing to appreciate the overall genomic architecture of schizophrenia.

Published
2017

12. Reciprocal white matter alterations due to 16p11.2 chromosomal deletions versus duplications

Author

Chang, Yi Shin, Owen, Julia P, Pojman, Nicholas J, Thieu, Tony, Bukshpun, Polina, Wakahiro, Mari LJ, Marco, Elysa J, Berman, Jeffrey I, Spiro, John E, Chung, Wendy K, Buckner, Randy L, Roberts, Timothy PL, Nagarajan, Srikantan S, Sherr, Elliott H, and Mukherjee, Pratik

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Psychology, Neurosciences, Schizophrenia, Autism, Genetics, Pediatric, Biomedical Imaging, Clinical Research, Mental Health, Brain Disorders, Behavioral and Social Science, Genetic Testing, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Mental health, Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Child, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Duplication, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Female, Gene Dosage, Heterozygote, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, White Matter, Young Adult, autism, genetics, magnetic resonance imaging, neurodevelopmental disorders, white matter, Cognitive Sciences, Experimental Psychology, Biological psychology, Cognitive and computational psychology
Abstract

Copy number variants at the 16p11.2 chromosomal locus are associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and speech and language disorders. A gene dosage dependence has been suggested, with 16p11.2 deletion carriers demonstrating higher body mass index and head circumference, and 16p11.2 duplication carriers demonstrating lower body mass index and head circumference. Here, we use diffusion tensor imaging to elucidate this reciprocal relationship in white matter organization, showing widespread increases of fractional anisotropy throughout the supratentorial white matter in pediatric deletion carriers and, in contrast, extensive decreases of white matter fractional anisotropy in pediatric and adult duplication carriers. We find associations of these white matter alterations with cognitive and behavioral impairments. We further demonstrate the value of imaging metrics for characterizing the copy number variant phenotype by employing linear discriminant analysis to predict the gene dosage status of the study subjects. These results show an effect of 16p11.2 gene dosage on white matter microstructure, and further suggest that opposite changes in diffusion tensor imaging metrics can lead to similar cognitive and behavioral deficits. Given the large effect sizes found in this study, our results support the view that specific genetic variations are more strongly associated with specific brain alterations than are shared neuropsychiatric diagnoses. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2833-2848, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Published
2016

13. Relationship between M100 Auditory Evoked Response and Auditory Radiation Microstructure in 16p11.2 Deletion and Duplication Carriers

Author

Berman, JI, Chudnovskaya, D, Blaskey, L, Kuschner, E, Mukherjee, P, Buckner, R, Nagarajan, S, Chung, WK, Sherr, EH, and Roberts, TPL

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Biomedical Imaging, Mental Health, Clinical Research, Neurosciences, Pediatric, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Genetics, Autism, Brain Disorders, Auditory Pathways, Child, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Duplication, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Developmental Disabilities, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Female, Humans, Magnetoencephalography, Male, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging, Clinical sciences, Physical chemistry
Abstract

Background and purposeDeletion and duplication of chromosome 16p11.2 (BP4-BP5) have been associated with developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, and deletion subjects exhibit a large (20-ms) delay of the auditory evoked cortical response as measured by magnetoencephalography (M100 latency). The purpose of this study was to use a multimodal approach to test whether changes in white matter microstructure are associated with delayed M100 latency.Materials and methodsThirty pediatric deletion carriers, 9 duplication carriers, and 39 control children were studied with both magnetoencephalography and diffusion MR imaging. The M100 latency and auditory system DTI measures were compared between groups and tested for correlation.ResultsIn controls, white matter diffusivity significantly correlated with the speed of the M100 response. However, the relationship between structure and function appeared uncoupled in 16p11.2 copy number variation carriers. The alterations to auditory system white matter microstructure in the 16p11.2 deletion only partially accounted for the 20-ms M100 delay. Although both duplication and deletion groups exhibit abnormal white matter microstructure, only the deletion group has delayed M100 latency.ConclusionsThese results indicate that gene dosage impacts factors other than white matter microstructure, which modulate conduction velocity.

Published
2016

14. Auditory Evoked M100 Response Latency is Delayed in Children with 16p11.2 Deletion but not 16p11.2 Duplication

Author

Jenkins, Julian, Chow, Vivian, Blaskey, Lisa, Kuschner, Emily, Qasmieh, Saba, Gaetz, Leah, Edgar, J Christopher, Mukherjee, Pratik, Buckner, Randall, Nagarajan, Srikantan S, Chung, Wendy K, Spiro, John E, Sherr, Elliott H, Berman, Jeffrey I, and Roberts, Timothy PL

Subjects
Brain Disorders, Pediatric, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Clinical Research, Autism, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Behavioral and Social Science, Mental Health, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Auditory Cortex, Autistic Disorder, Child, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosome Duplication, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Female, Genotype, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Magnetoencephalography, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, autism spectrum disorder, 16p112 deletion, 16p112 duplication, M100, magnetoencephalography, Neurosciences, Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, Experimental Psychology
Abstract

Individuals with the 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 copy number variant (CNV) exhibit a range of behavioral phenotypes that may include mild impairment in cognition and clinical diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To better understand auditory processing impairments in populations with this chromosomal variation, auditory evoked responses were examined in children with the 16p11.2 deletion, 16p11.2 duplication, and age-matched controls. Stimuli consisted of sinusoidal binaural tones presented passively while children underwent recording with magnetoencephalography (MEG). The primary indicator of auditory processing impairment was the latency of the ∼100-ms "M100" auditory response detected by MEG, with the 16p11.2 deletion population exhibiting profoundly delayed M100 latencies relative to controls. This delay remained even after controlling for potential confounds such as age and cognitive ability. No significant difference in M100 latency was observed between 16p11.2 duplication carriers and controls. Additionally, children meeting diagnostic criteria for ASD (16p11.2 deletion carriers) exhibited nonsignificant latency delays when compared with the corresponding CNV carriers not meeting criteria for ASD. Present results indicate that 16p11.2 deletion is associated with auditory processing delays analogous to (but substantially more pronounced than) those previously reported in "idiopathic" ASD.

Published
2016

15. Chromosomal anomalies at 1q, 3, 16q, and mutations of SIX1 and DROSHA genes underlie Wilms tumor recurrences

Author

Spreafico, Filippo, Ciceri, Sara, Gamba, Beatrice, Torri, Federica, Terenziani, Monica, Collini, Paola, Macciardi, Fabio, Radice, Paolo, and Perotti, Daniela

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer, Clinical Research, Rare Diseases, Human Genome, Genetics, Biomarkers, Tumor, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Aberrations, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3, Female, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Homeodomain Proteins, Humans, Infant, Kidney Neoplasms, Male, Mutation, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Neoplasm Staging, Prognosis, RNA, Messenger, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ribonuclease III, Survival Rate, Wilms Tumor, Wilms tumor, recurrence, chromosomal anomalies, SIX1, miRNA processor genes, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

Approximately half of children suffering from recurrent Wilms tumor (WT) develop resistance to salvage therapies. Hence the importance to disclose events driving tumor progression/recurrence. Future therapeutic trials, conducted in the setting of relapsing patients, will need to prioritize targets present in the recurrent lesions. Different studies identified primary tumor-specific signatures associated with poor prognosis. However, given the difficulty in recruiting specimens from recurrent WTs, little work has been done to compare the molecular profile of paired primary/recurrent diseases. We studied the genomic profile of a cohort of eight pairs of primary/recurrent WTs through whole-genome SNP arrays, and investigated known WT-associated genes, including SIX1, SIX2 and micro RNA processor genes, whose mutations have been recently proposed as associated with worse outcome. Through this approach, we sought to uncover anomalies characterizing tumor recurrence, either acquired de novo or already present in the primary disease, and to investigate whether they overlapped with known molecular prognostic signatures. Among the aberrations that we disclosed as potentially acquired de novo in recurrences, some had been already recognized in primary tumors as associated with a higher risk of relapse. These included allelic imbalances of chromosome 1q and of chromosome 3, and CN losses on chromosome 16q. In addition, we found that SIX1 and DROSHA mutations can be heterogeneous events (both spatially and temporally) within primary tumors, and that their co-occurrence might be positively selected in the progression to recurrent disease. Overall, these results provide new insights into genomic and genetic events underlying WT progression/recurrence.

Published
2016

16. Defining the Effect of the 16p11.2 Duplication on Cognition, Behavior, and Medical Comorbidities

Author

D’Angelo, Debra, Lebon, Sébastien, Chen, Qixuan, Martin-Brevet, Sandra, Snyder, LeeAnne Green, Hippolyte, Loyse, Hanson, Ellen, Maillard, Anne M, Faucett, W Andrew, Macé, Aurélien, Pain, Aurélie, Bernier, Raphael, Chawner, Samuel JRA, David, Albert, Andrieux, Joris, Aylward, Elizabeth, Baujat, Genevieve, Caldeira, Ines, Conus, Philippe, Ferrari, Carrina, Forzano, Francesca, Gérard, Marion, Goin-Kochel, Robin P, Grant, Ellen, Hunter, Jill V, Isidor, Bertrand, Jacquette, Aurélia, Jønch, Aia E, Keren, Boris, Lacombe, Didier, Le Caignec, Cédric, Martin, Christa Lese, Männik, Katrin, Metspalu, Andres, Mignot, Cyril, Mukherjee, Pratik, Owen, Michael J, Passeggeri, Marzia, Rooryck-Thambo, Caroline, Rosenfeld, Jill A, Spence, Sarah J, Steinman, Kyle J, Tjernagel, Jennifer, Van Haelst, Mieke, Shen, Yiping, Draganski, Bogdan, Sherr, Elliott H, Ledbetter, David H, van den Bree, Marianne BM, Beckmann, Jacques S, Spiro, John E, Reymond, Alexandre, Jacquemont, Sébastien, and Chung, Wendy K

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Psychology, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Behavioral and Social Science, Mental Health, Pediatric, Clinical Research, Brain Disorders, Autism, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Mental health, Adolescent, Adult, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Case-Control Studies, Cerebellum, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosome Duplication, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Cognition, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, DNA Copy Number Variations, Developmental Disabilities, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Male, Microcephaly, Middle Aged, Nervous System Malformations, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Young Adult, Cardiff University Experiences of Children With Copy Number Variants (ECHO) Study, 16p11.2 European Consortium, Simons Variation in Individuals Project (VIP) Consortium, Other Medical and Health Sciences, Cognitive Sciences, Clinical sciences, Clinical and health psychology
Abstract

ImportanceThe 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 duplication is the copy number variant most frequently associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, and comorbidities such as decreased body mass index (BMI).ObjectivesTo characterize the effects of the 16p11.2 duplication on cognitive, behavioral, medical, and anthropometric traits and to understand the specificity of these effects by systematically comparing results in duplication carriers and reciprocal deletion carriers, who are also at risk for ASD.Design, setting, and participantsThis international cohort study of 1006 study participants compared 270 duplication carriers with their 102 intrafamilial control individuals, 390 reciprocal deletion carriers, and 244 deletion controls from European and North American cohorts. Data were collected from August 1, 2010, to May 31, 2015 and analyzed from January 1 to August 14, 2015. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the effect of the duplication and deletion on clinical traits by comparison with noncarrier relatives.Main outcomes and measuresFindings on the Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ), Nonverbal IQ, and Verbal IQ; the presence of ASD or other DSM-IV diagnoses; BMI; head circumference; and medical data.ResultsAmong the 1006 study participants, the duplication was associated with a mean FSIQ score that was lower by 26.3 points between proband carriers and noncarrier relatives and a lower mean FSIQ score (16.2-11.4 points) in nonproband carriers. The mean overall effect of the deletion was similar (-22.1 points; P 100) compared with the deletion group (P

Published
2016

17. 16p11.2 Deletion mice display cognitive deficits in touchscreen learning and novelty recognition tasks

Author

Yang, Mu, Lewis, Freeman C, Sarvi, Michael S, Foley, Gillian M, and Crawley, Jacqueline N

Subjects
Brain Disorders, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Neurosciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Behavioral and Social Science, Mental Health, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Mental health, Animals, Autistic Disorder, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Cognition Disorders, Conditioning, Psychological, Cues, Discrimination, Psychological, Fear, Female, Heterozygote, Intellectual Disability, Learning, Learning Disabilities, Male, Mice, Transgenic, Psychological Tests, Recognition, Psychology, Reversal Learning, Social Perception, Spatial Memory, Swimming, Visual Perception, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery
Abstract

Chromosomal 16p11.2 deletion syndrome frequently presents with intellectual disabilities, speech delays, and autism. Here we investigated the Dolmetsch line of 16p11.2 heterozygous (+/-) mice on a range of cognitive tasks with different neuroanatomical substrates. Robust novel object recognition deficits were replicated in two cohorts of 16p11.2+/- mice, confirming previous findings. A similarly robust deficit in object location memory was discovered in +/-, indicating impaired spatial novelty recognition. Generalizability of novelty recognition deficits in +/- mice extended to preference for social novelty. Robust learning deficits and cognitive inflexibility were detected using Bussey-Saksida touchscreen operant chambers. During acquisition of pairwise visual discrimination, +/- mice required significantly more training trials to reach criterion than wild-type littermates (+/+), and made more errors and correction errors than +/+. In the reversal phase, all +/+ reached criterion, whereas most +/- failed to reach criterion by the 30-d cutoff. Contextual and cued fear conditioning were normal in +/-. These cognitive phenotypes may be relevant to some aspects of cognitive impairments in humans with 16p11.2 deletion, and support the use of 16p11.2+/- mice as a model system for discovering treatments for cognitive impairments in 16p11.2 deletion syndrome.

Published
2015

18. TBX6 null variants and a common hypomorphic allele in congenital scoliosis.

Author

Shen, J, Chen, Y, Zhang, T, Zhang, J, Choy, K, Wang, J, Wang, Q, Li, S, Zhou, W, Guo, J, Wang, Y, Zhang, C, Zhao, Hong, An, Yu, Zhao, Yu, Liu, Z, Zuo, Y, Tian, Y, Weng, X, Sutton, V, Wang, H, Ming, Y, Kulkarni, S, Zhong, T, Giampietro, P, Dunwoodie, S, Cheung, S, Zhang, X, Jin, L, Lupski, J, Qiu, G, Zhang, F, Wu, N, Ming, X, Xiao, J, Wu, Z, Chen, X, Shinawi, M, Shen, Y, Yu, G, Liu, J, Xie, H, Gucev, Z, Liu, S, Yang, N, Al-Kateb, H, Chen, J, Hauser, N, Tasic, V, Liu, P, Su, X, Pan, X, Liu, C, Wang, L, and Shen, Joseph

Subjects
Adolescent, Asian People, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, DNA Copy Number Variations, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genotype, Humans, Male, Mutation, Pedigree, Phenotype, Radiography, Scoliosis, Sequence Deletion, Spine, T-Box Domain Proteins
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Congenital scoliosis is a common type of vertebral malformation. Genetic susceptibility has been implicated in congenital scoliosis. METHODS: We evaluated 161 Han Chinese persons with sporadic congenital scoliosis, 166 Han Chinese controls, and 2 pedigrees, family members of which had a 16p11.2 deletion, using comparative genomic hybridization, quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction analysis, and DNA sequencing. We carried out tests of replication using an additional series of 76 Han Chinese persons with congenital scoliosis and a multicenter series of 42 persons with 16p11.2 deletions. RESULTS: We identified a total of 17 heterozygous TBX6 null mutations in the 161 persons with sporadic congenital scoliosis (11%); we did not observe any null mutations in TBX6 in 166 controls (P

Published
2015

19. Opposing Brain Differences in 16p11.2 Deletion and Duplication Carriers

Author

Qureshi, Abid Y, Mueller, Sophia, Snyder, Abraham Z, Mukherjee, Pratik, Berman, Jeffrey I, Roberts, Timothy PL, Nagarajan, Srikantan S, Spiro, John E, Chung, Wendy K, Sherr, Elliott H, and Buckner, Randy L

Subjects
Autism, Behavioral and Social Science, Brain Disorders, Mental Health, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Neurosciences, Clinical Research, Neurological, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Brain, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Duplication, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Social Behavior Disorders, Young Adult, 16p11.2, ASD, CNV, copy number variation, morphometry, structural MRI, Simons VIP Consortium, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery
Abstract

Deletions and duplications of the recurrent ~600 kb chromosomal BP4-BP5 region of 16p11.2 are associated with a broad variety of neurodevelopmental outcomes including autism spectrum disorder. A clue to the pathogenesis of the copy number variant (CNV)'s effect on the brain is that the deletion is associated with a head size increase, whereas the duplication is associated with a decrease. Here we analyzed brain structure in a clinically ascertained group of human deletion (N = 25) and duplication (N = 17) carriers from the Simons Variation in Individuals Project compared with age-matched controls (N = 29 and 33, respectively). Multiple brain measures showed increased size in deletion carriers and reduced size in duplication carriers. The effects spanned global measures of intracranial volume, brain size, compartmental measures of gray matter and white matter, subcortical structures, and the cerebellum. Quantitatively, the largest effect was on the thalamus, but the collective results suggest a pervasive rather than a selective effect on the brain. Detailed analysis of cortical gray matter revealed that cortical surface area displays a strong dose-dependent effect of CNV (deletion > control > duplication), whereas average cortical thickness is less affected. These results suggest that the CNV may exert its opposing influences through mechanisms that influence early stages of embryonic brain development.

Published
2014

20. Behavioral abnormalities and circuit defects in the basal ganglia of a mouse model of 16p11.2 deletion syndrome.

Author

Portmann, Thomas, Yang, Mu, Mao, Rong, Panagiotakos, Georgia, Ellegood, Jacob, Dolen, Gul, Bader, Patrick, Grueter, Brad, Goold, Carleton, Fisher, Elaine, Clifford, Katherine, Rengarajan, Pavitra, Kalikhman, David, Loureiro, Darren, Saw, Nay, Zhengqui, Zhou, Miller, Michael, Lerch, Jason, Henkelman, Mark, Shamloo, Mehrdad, Malenka, Robert, Dolmetsch, Ricardo, and Crawley, Jacqueline

Subjects
Animals, Autistic Disorder, Basal Ganglia, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Male, Mental Disorders, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic
Abstract

A deletion on human chromosome 16p11.2 is associated with autism spectrum disorders. We deleted the syntenic region on mouse chromosome 7F3. MRI and high-throughput single-cell transcriptomics revealed anatomical and cellular abnormalities, particularly in cortex and striatum of juvenile mutant mice (16p11(+/-)). We found elevated numbers of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) expressing the dopamine D2 receptor (Drd2(+)) and fewer dopamine-sensitive (Drd1(+)) neurons in deep layers of cortex. Electrophysiological recordings of Drd2(+) MSN revealed synaptic defects, suggesting abnormal basal ganglia circuitry function in 16p11(+/-) mice. This is further supported by behavioral experiments showing hyperactivity, circling, and deficits in movement control. Strikingly, 16p11(+/-) mice showed a complete lack of habituation reminiscent of what is observed in some autistic individuals. Our findings unveil a fundamental role of genes affected by the 16p11.2 deletion in establishing the basal ganglia circuitry and provide insights in the pathophysiology of autism.

Published
2014

21. Aberrant White Matter Microstructure in Children with 16p11.2 Deletions

Author

Owen, Julia P, Chang, Yi Shin, Pojman, Nicholas J, Bukshpun, Polina, Wakahiro, Mari LJ, Marco, Elysa J, Berman, Jeffrey I, Spiro, John E, Chung, Wendy K, Buckner, Randy L, Roberts, Timothy PL, Nagarajan, Srikantan S, Sherr, Elliott H, and Mukherjee, Pratik

Subjects
Pediatric, Autism, Brain Disorders, Biomedical Imaging, Neurosciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Genetics, Mental Health, Clinical Research, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Neurological, Adolescent, Anisotropy, Autistic Disorder, Biophysics, Brain, Case-Control Studies, Child, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Cognition Disorders, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Intellectual Disability, Leukoencephalopathies, Male, Models, Neurological, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Statistics as Topic, autism, copy number variants, diffusion tensor imaging, genetics, magnetic resonance imaging, neurodevelopmental disorders, Simons VIP Consortium, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery
Abstract

Copy number variants (CNVs) of the chromosomal locus 16p11.2, consisting of either deletions or duplications, have been implicated in autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Since abnormal white matter microstructure can be seen in these more broadly defined clinical disorders, we used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and tract-based spatial statistics to investigate white matter microstructural integrity in human children with 16p11.2 deletions. We show that deletion carriers, compared with typically developing matched controls, have increased axial diffusivity (AD) in many major central white matter tracts, including the anterior corpus callosum as well as bilateral internal and external capsules. Higher AD correlated with lower nonverbal IQ in the deletion carriers, but not controls. Increases in fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity were also found in some of the same tracts with elevated AD. Closer examination with neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging revealed that fiber orientation dispersion was decreased in some central white matter tracts. Notably, these alterations of white matter are unlike microstructural differences reported for any other neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders that have phenotypic overlap with the deletion carriers. These findings suggest that deletion of the 16p11.2 locus is associated with a unique widespread pattern of aberrant white matter microstructure that may underlie the impaired cognition characteristic of this CNV.

Published
2014

22. Genome-wide association analysis of red blood cell traits in African Americans: the COGENT Network

Author

Chen, Zhao, Tang, Hua, Qayyum, Rehan, Schick, Ursula M, Nalls, Michael A, Handsaker, Robert, Li, Jin, Lu, Yingchang, Yanek, Lisa R, Keating, Brendan, Meng, Yan, van Rooij, Frank JA, Okada, Yukinori, Kubo, Michiaki, Rasmussen-Torvik, Laura, Keller, Margaux F, Lange, Leslie, Evans, Michele, Bottinger, Erwin P, Linderman, Michael D, Ruderfer, Douglas M, Hakonarson, Hakon, Papanicolaou, George, Zonderman, Alan B, Gottesman, Omri, Project, CHARGE Consortium BioBank Japan, Thomson, Cynthia, Ziv, Elad, Singleton, Andrew B, Loos, Ruth JF, Sleiman, Patrick MA, Ganesh, Santhi, McCarroll, Steven, Becker, Diane M, Wilson, James G, Lettre, Guillaume, and Reiner, Alexander P

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Human Genome, Clinical Research, Hematology, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Blood, Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American, Child, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Cohort Studies, Erythrocyte Count, Erythrocyte Indices, Erythrocytes, Female, Genome-Wide Association Study, Hemoglobins, Humans, Male, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, White People, Young Adult, alpha-Globins, BioBank Japan Project, CHARGE Consortium, Medical and Health Sciences, Genetics & Heredity
Abstract

Laboratory red blood cell (RBC) measurements are clinically important, heritable and differ among ethnic groups. To identify genetic variants that contribute to RBC phenotypes in African Americans (AAs), we conducted a genome-wide association study in up to ~16 500 AAs. The alpha-globin locus on chromosome 16pter [lead SNP rs13335629 in ITFG3 gene; P < 1E-13 for hemoglobin (Hgb), RBC count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), MCH and MCHC] and the G6PD locus on Xq28 [lead SNP rs1050828; P < 1E - 13 for Hgb, hematocrit (Hct), MCV, RBC count and red cell distribution width (RDW)] were each associated with multiple RBC traits. At the alpha-globin region, both the common African 3.7 kb deletion and common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) appear to contribute independently to RBC phenotypes among AAs. In the 2p21 region, we identified a novel variant of PRKCE distinctly associated with Hct in AAs. In a genome-wide admixture mapping scan, local European ancestry at the 6p22 region containing HFE and LRRC16A was associated with higher Hgb. LRRC16A has been previously associated with the platelet count and mean platelet volume in AAs, but not with Hgb. Finally, we extended to AAs the findings of association of erythrocyte traits with several loci previously reported in Europeans and/or Asians, including CD164 and HBS1L-MYB. In summary, this large-scale genome-wide analysis in AAs has extended the importance of several RBC-associated genetic loci to AAs and identified allelic heterogeneity and pleiotropy at several previously known genetic loci associated with blood cell traits in AAs.

Published
2013

23. A 600 kb deletion syndrome at 16p11.2 leads to energy imbalance and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Author

Beckmann, Noam, Hanson, Ellen, Maillard, Anne, Hippolyte, Loyse, Macé, Aurélien, Ferrari, Carina, Kutalik, Zoltán, Andrieux, Joris, Aylward, Elizabeth, Barker, Mandy, Bernier, Raphael, Bouquillon, Sonia, Conus, Philippe, Delobel, Bruno, Faucett, W, Goin-Kochel, Robin, Grant, Ellen, Harewood, Louise, Hunter, Jill, Lebon, Sébastien, Ledbetter, David, Martin, Christa, Männik, Katrin, Martinet, Danielle, Ramocki, Melissa, Spence, Sarah, Steinman, Kyle, Tjernagel, Jennifer, Spiro, John, Reymond, Alexandre, Beckmann, Jacques, Chung, Wendy, Jacquemont, Sébastien, Zufferey, Flore, Mukherjee, Pratik, and Sherr, Elliott

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Body Mass Index, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Developmental Disabilities, Female, Gene Order, Heterozygote, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Phenotype, Syndrome, Young Adult
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The recurrent ~600 kb 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 deletion is among the most frequent known genetic aetiologies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related neurodevelopmental disorders. OBJECTIVE: To define the medical, neuropsychological, and behavioural phenotypes in carriers of this deletion. METHODS: We collected clinical data on 285 deletion carriers and performed detailed evaluations on 72 carriers and 68 intrafamilial non-carrier controls. RESULTS: When compared to intrafamilial controls, full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) is two standard deviations lower in carriers, and there is no difference between carriers referred for neurodevelopmental disorders and carriers identified through cascade family testing. Verbal IQ (mean 74) is lower than non-verbal IQ (mean 83) and a majority of carriers require speech therapy. Over 80% of individuals exhibit psychiatric disorders including ASD, which is present in 15% of the paediatric carriers. Increase in head circumference (HC) during infancy is similar to the HC and brain growth patterns observed in idiopathic ASD. Obesity, a major comorbidity present in 50% of the carriers by the age of 7 years, does not correlate with FSIQ or any behavioural trait. Seizures are present in 24% of carriers and occur independently of other symptoms. Malformations are infrequently found, confirming only a few of the previously reported associations. CONCLUSIONS: The 16p11.2 deletion impacts in a quantitative and independent manner FSIQ, behaviour and body mass index, possibly through direct influences on neural circuitry. Although non-specific, these features are clinically significant and reproducible. Lastly, this study demonstrates the necessity of studying large patient cohorts ascertained through multiple methods to characterise the clinical consequences of rare variants involved in common diseases.

Published
2012

24. Familial cortical myoclonus with a mutation in NOL3.

Author

Russell, Jonathan, Steckley, Jamie, Hahn, Angelika, Howard, MacKenzie, Kornberg, Zachary, Huang, Alden, Mirsattari, Seyed, Merriman, Barry, Klein, Eric, Choi, Murim, Lee, Hsien-Yang, Kirk, Andrew, Nelson-Williams, Carol, Gibson, Gillian, Ptáček, Louis, Lifton, Richard, Baraban, Scott, Fu, Ying-hui, Coppola, Giovanni, and Geschwind, Daniel

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Age of Onset, Animals, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Canada, Cell Line, Transformed, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Electroencephalography, Family Health, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Glutamic Acid, Humans, Male, Mice, Middle Aged, Muscle Proteins, Mutation, Myoclonus, Phenotype, Proline, Transfection
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Myoclonus is characterized by sudden, brief involuntary movements, and its presence is debilitating. We identified a family suffering from adult onset, cortical myoclonus without associated seizures. We performed clinical, electrophysiological, and genetic studies to define this phenotype. METHODS: A large, 4-generation family with a history of myoclonus underwent careful questioning, examination, and electrophysiological testing. Thirty-five family members donated blood samples for genetic analysis, which included single nucleotide polymorphism mapping, microsatellite linkage, targeted massively parallel sequencing, and Sanger sequencing. In silico and in vitro experiments were performed to investigate functional significance of the mutation. RESULTS: We identified 11 members of a Canadian Mennonite family suffering from adult onset, slowly progressive, disabling, multifocal myoclonus. Somatosensory evoked potentials indicated a cortical origin of the myoclonus. There were no associated seizures. Some severely affected individuals developed signs of progressive cerebellar ataxia of variable severity late in the course of their illness. The phenotype was inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. We demonstrated linkage to chromosome 16q21-22.1. We then sequenced all coding sequence in the critical region, identifying only a single cosegregating, novel, nonsynonymous mutation, which resides in the gene NOL3. Furthermore, this mutation was found to alter post-translational modification of NOL3 protein in vitro. INTERPRETATION: We propose that familial cortical myoclonus is a novel movement disorder that may be caused by mutation in NOL3. Further investigation of the role of NOL3 in neuronal physiology may shed light on neuronal membrane hyperexcitability and pathophysiology of myoclonus and related disorders.

Published
2012

25. Genome-wide linkage scan of bipolar disorder in a Colombian population isolate replicates Loci on chromosomes 7p21-22, 1p31, 16p12 and 21q21-22 and identifies a novel locus on chromosome 12q.

Author

Kremeyer, B, García, J, Müller, H, Burley, MW, Herzberg, I, Parra, MV, Duque, C, Vega, J, Montoya, P, López, MC, Bedoya, G, Reus, V, Palacio, C, López, C, Ospina-Duque, J, Freimer, NB, and Ruiz-Linares, A

Subjects
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21, Humans, Chromosome Mapping, Pedigree, Bipolar Disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Colombia, Female, Male, Young Adult, Genetic Linkage, Bipolar disorder, Psychiatric genetics, Whole-genome linkage analysis, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1, Pair 7, Pair 16, Pair 21, Genetics, Genetics & Heredity
Abstract

Background/aimsBipolar disorder (BP) is a severe psychiatric illness, characterised by alternating episodes of depression and mania, which ranks among the top ten causes of morbidity and life-long disability world-wide. We have previously performed a whole-genome linkage scan on 6 pedigrees segregating severe BP from the well-characterised population isolate of Antioquia, Colombia. We recently collected genotypes for the same set of 382 autosomal microsatellite markers in 9 additional Antioquian BP pedigrees. Here, we report the analysis of the combined pedigree set.MethodsLinkage analysis using both parametric and nonparametric approaches was conducted for 3 different diagnostic models: severe BP only (BPI); mood disorders (BPI, BPII and major depression); and psychosis (operationally defined by the occurrence of at least 1 episode of hallucinations and/or delusions).Results and conclusionFor BPI only, the most interesting result was obtained for chromosome 7p21.1-p22.2 under a recessive model of inheritance (heterogeneity LOD score = 2.80), a region that had previously been linked to BP in a study on Portuguese Island families. For both BPI and mood disorders, nonparametric analyses identified a locus on chromosome 12ct-q14 (nonparametric linkage = 2.55 and 2.35, respectively). This locus has not previously been reported as a candidate region for BP. Additional candidate regions were found on chromosomes 1p22-31 (mood disorders) and 21q21-22 (BPI), 2 loci that have repeatedly been implicated in BP susceptibility. Linkage analysis of psychosis as a phenotype identified candidate regions on chromosomes 2q24-31 and 16p12-q12. The finding on chromosome 16p is noteworthy because the same locus has been implicated by genome-wide association analyses of BP.

Published
2010

26. Phenotypic variation of tuberous sclerosis in a single extended kindred.

Author

Smalley, SL, Burger, F, and Smith, M

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Brain Disorders, Tuberous Sclerosis, Rare Diseases, Adolescent, Adult, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Female, Genetic Variation, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Lod Score, Male, Mental Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Phenotype, Physical Examination, adult, article, behavior disorder, chromosome 16p, clinical article, genetic marker, genetic variability, human, human cell, hypothesis, mental disease, phenotype, physical parameters, priority journal, segregation analysis, tuberous sclerosis, Interviews, Variation, Medical and Health Sciences, Genetics & Heredity, Clinical sciences
Abstract

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder with a great degree of phenotypic variability. Given the presence of two gene loci underlying this disorder, locus heterogeneity may account for some of the variability. However, significant within family variation suggests that different genes do not explain the majority of this variation. The purpose of this research is to identify physical and behavioural variation in expression of TSC in a single large extended kindred. TSC in this kindred is cosegregating with markers localised to chromosome 16p13.3. The expression of TSC in this kindred is quite variable with a substantial proportion of persons showing very mild physical expression of TSC. In contrast to very mild physical expression of TSC in some family members, there is a significant clustering of psychiatric disorders among persons affected with TSC compared to their unaffected relatives. This finding, coupled with the mild physical expression of TSC in some family members, supports a hypothesis that the TSC2 gene may present phenotypically as mild skin signs and significant behavioural problems.

Published
1994

27. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 16p13.3 in hamartomas from tuberous sclerosis patients

Author

Green, Andrew J, Smith, Moyra, and Yates, John RW

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Brain Disorders, Rare Diseases, Neurosciences, Tuberous Sclerosis, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Alleles, Angiomyolipoma, Astrocytoma, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9, DNA, Neoplasm, Female, Gene Deletion, Genes, Tumor Suppressor, Genetic Markers, Hamartoma, Heterozygote, Humans, Kidney Neoplasms, Male, Pedigree, dna marker, tumor marker, angiomyolipoma, article, astrocytoma, autosomal dominant disorder, chromosome 16p, chromosome 9q, gene mapping, genetic linkage, hamartoma, heterozygosity, human, polymerase chain reaction, priority journal, rhabdomyoma, tuberous sclerosis, tumor suppressor gene, Medical and Health Sciences, Developmental Biology, Agricultural biotechnology, Bioinformatics and computational biology
Abstract

Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is an autosomal dominant condition with characteristic skin lesions, mental handicap, seizures and the development of hamartomas in the brain, heart, kidneys and other organs. Linkage studies have shown locus heterogeneity with a TSC gene mapped to chromosome 9q34 and a second, recently identified on 16p13.3. We have analysed DNA markers in eight hamartomas and one tumour from TSC patients and found allele loss on 16p13.3 in three angiomyolipomas, one cardiac rhabdomyoma, one cortical tuber and one giant cell astrocytoma. We suggest that the TSC gene on 16p13.3 functions like a tumour suppressor gene, in accordance with Knudsen's hypothesis.

Published
1994

28. Linkage of an important gene locus for tuberous sclerosis to a chromosome 16 marker for polycystic kidney disease

Author

Kandt, RS, Haines, JL, Smith, M, Northrup, H, Gardner, RJM, Short, MP, Dumars, K, Roach, ES, Steingold, S, Wall, S, Blanton, SH, Flodman, P, Kwiatkowski, DJ, Jewell, A, Weber, JL, Roses, AD, and Pericak-Vance, MA

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Polycystic Kidney Disease, Brain Disorders, Rare Diseases, Tuberous Sclerosis, Kidney Disease, Alleles, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Female, Genes, Dominant, Genetic Linkage, Genetic Markers, Humans, Lod Score, Male, Pedigree, Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant, allele, article, chromosome 16, dominant gene, female, genetic linkage, genetic marker, genetics, human, kidney polycystic disease, male, pedigree, tuberous sclerosis, Human, Linkage, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Medical and Health Sciences, Developmental Biology, Agricultural biotechnology, Bioinformatics and computational biology
Abstract

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder of unknown aetiology that affects numerous body systems including skin, brain and kidneys. Some TSC has been linked to chromosome 9, additional TSC genes on chromosomes 11 and 12 have been proposed, but the majority of TSC families remain unlinked. Using TSC families in which data had excluded linkage to chromosome 9, we failed to detect linkage with loci on chromosomes 11, 12 and others. One marker examined was D16S283, the closest locus on the proximal side of the polycystic kidney disease type 1 (PKD1) gene. Linkage between TSC and D16S283 demonstrated a lod score of 9.50 at theta = 0.02 with one family independently presenting a lod score of 4.44 at theta = 0.05. These data reveal an important TSC locus near the region of PKD1 on chromosome 16p13.

Published
1992

29. Sensorimotor Cortical Oscillations during Movement Preparation in 16p11.2 Deletion Carriers

Author

Corby L. Dale, Srikantan S. Nagarajan, Pratik Mukherjee, Leighton B. Hinkley, Polina Bukshpun, Tracy Luks, Elliott H. Sherr, Wendy K. Chung, Tony Thieu, Jeffrey I. Berman, Timothy P.L. Roberts, Nick Pojman, and Anne M. Findlay

Subjects
magnetoencephalography, Male, speech, Autism, Chromosome Disorders, Medical and Health Sciences, Anticipation, 0302 clinical medicine, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Beta Rhythm, Copy-number variation, Aetiology, Child, Research Articles, 0303 health sciences, medicine.diagnostic_test, General Neuroscience, Magnetoencephalography, Middle Aged, 16p11.2, Mental Health, Neurological, Brain size, Female, Sensorimotor Cortex, Chromosome Deletion, Human, Adult, Heterozygote, Adolescent, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Sensory system, Biology, Auditory cortex, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Chromosomes, beta rhythm, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Research, Intellectual Disability, Behavioral and Social Science, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Genetic Testing, Autistic Disorder, 030304 developmental biology, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Pair 16, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurosciences, Motor control, Anticipation, Psychological, medicine.disease, manual, Brain Disorders, Psychological, Neuroscience, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Gene Deletion, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Sensorimotor deficits are prevalent in many neurodevelopmental disorders like autism, including one of its common genetic etiologies, a 600 kb reciprocal deletion/duplication at 16p11.2. We have previously shown that copy number variations of 16p11.2 impact regional brain volume, white matter integrity, and early sensory responses in auditory cortex. Here, we test the hypothesis that abnormal cortical neurophysiology is present when genes in the 16p11.2 region are haploinsufficient, and in humans that this in turn may account for behavioral deficits specific to deletion carriers. We examine sensorimotor cortical network activity in males and females with 16p11.2 deletions compared with both typically developing individuals, and those with duplications of 16p11.2, using magnetoencephalographic imaging during preparation of overt speech or hand movements in tasks designed to be easy for all participants. In deletion carriers, modulation of beta oscillations (12–30 Hz) were increased during both movement types over effector-specific regions of motor cortices compared with typically developing individuals or duplication carriers, with no task-related performance differences between cohorts, even when corrected for their own cognitive and sensorimotor deficits. Reduced left hemispheric language specialization was observed in deletion carriers but not in duplication carriers. Neural activity over sensorimotor cortices in deletion carriers was linearly related to clinical measures of speech and motor impairment. These findings link insufficient copy number repeats at 16p11.2 to excessive neural activity (e.g., increased beta oscillations) in motor cortical networks for speech and hand motor control. These results have significant implications for understanding the neural basis of autism and related neurodevelopmental disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The recurrent ∼600 kb deletion at 16p11.2 (BP4–BP5) is one of the most common genetic etiologies of ASD and, more generally, of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we use high-resolution magnetoencephalographic imaging (MEG-I) to define with millisecond precision the underlying neurophysiological signature of motor impairments for individuals with 16p11.2 deletions. We identify significant increases in beta (12–30 Hz) suppression in sensorimotor cortices related to performance during speech and hand movement tasks. These findings not only provide a neurophysiological phenotype for the clinical presentation of this genetic deletion, but also guide our understanding of how genetic variation encodes for neural oscillatory dynamics.

Published
2019

30. Noncoding deletions reveal a gene that is critical for intestinal function

Author

Wouter de Laat, Yiwen Zhu, Iris Barshack, Corina Hartman, Devin Coleman-Derr, Christopher N. Mayhew, Robert Kleta, E.K. Ruzzo, Diane E. Dickel, Brian L. Black, James M. Wells, Ralston M. Barnes, E.S. Vos, Ifat Bar-Joseph, Matthew F. Kuhar, Yair Anikster, Horia Stanescu, Roni Milgrom, Pavlo Tatarskyy, David Goldstein, Amy Pitstick, Haike Reznik-Wolf, Marco Osterwalder, Axel Visel, Mehmet Tekman, Denise M. Imai, Raanan Shamir, Ben Pode-Shakked, Len A. Pennacchio, Danit Oz-Levi, Kelly Lammerts van Bueren, Rivka Shapiro, Iros Barozzi, Yujun Han, Dina Marek-Yagel, Tsviya Olender, Anna Alkelai, Veena Afzal, Elon Pras, Batia Weiss, Alexander Nord, Michael Schvimer, Doron Lancet, and Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research

Subjects
Male, animal diseases, Intestines/physiology, Transgenic, Transcriptome, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Genes, Reporter, Pair 16/genetics, Sequence Deletion/genetics, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Developmental, Transgenes, Aetiology, Sequence Deletion, Mice, Knockout, Genetics, Regulation of gene expression, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, virus diseases, Transcriptome/genetics, Phenotype, Pedigree, 3. Good health, Intestines, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Regulatory sequence, Genetic Loci/genetics, Female, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics, Human, Biotechnology, Diarrhea, Transcriptional Activation, Genetically modified mouse, Enhancer Elements, Transgenes/genetics, General Science & Technology, Knockout, Transgene, Mice, Transgenic, Biology, Chromosomes, 03 medical and health sciences, Oral and Gastrointestinal, Genetic, Animals, Humans, Reporter, Gene, Genetic/genetics, 030304 developmental biology, Pair 16, Animal, Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics, Human Genome, Diarrhea/congenital, Disease Models, Animal, Open reading frame, Gene Expression Regulation, Genes, Genetic Loci, Disease Models, Digestive Diseases, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Large-scale genome sequencing is poised to provide a substantial increase in the rate of discovery of disease-associated mutations, but the functional interpretation of such mutations remains challenging. Here we show that deletions of a sequence on human chromosome 16 that we term the intestine-critical region (ICR) cause intractable congenital diarrhoea in infants1,2. Reporter assays in transgenic mice show that the ICR contains a regulatory sequence that activates transcription during the development of the gastrointestinal system. Targeted deletion of the ICR in mice caused symptoms that recapitulated the human condition. Transcriptome analysis revealed that an unannotated open reading frame (Percc1) flanks the regulatory sequence, and the expression of this gene was lost in the developing gut of mice that lacked the ICR. Percc1-knockout mice displayed phenotypes similar to those observed upon ICR deletion in mice and patients, whereas an ICR-driven Percc1 transgene was sufficient to rescue the phenotypes found in mice that lacked the ICR. Together, our results identify a gene that is critical for intestinal function and underscore the need for targeted in vivo studies to interpret the growing number of clinical genetic findings that do not affect known protein-coding genes.

Published
2019

31. Rare variants in the genetic background modulate cognitive and developmental phenotypes in individuals carrying disease-associated variants

Author

Ji-eun Yoon, Arjun Krishnan, Marie Vincent, Marco Fichera, Claire Beneteau, Erik A. Sistermans, Nathalie Marle, Luana Mandarà, Sau Wai Cheung, R. Frank Kooy, Teresa Mattina, Rachel L. Kember, Mathilde Nizon, Jill A. Rosenfeld, Alexandre Reymond, Bertrand Isidor, Sophie Blesson, Jean-Hubert Caberg, Cindy Skinner, Emanuela Avola, Charles Perrine, Paolo Prontera, Susan Zeesman, Małgorzata J.M. Nowaczyk, Kate Pope, Lucilla Pizzo, David J. Amor, Boris Keren, Matthew Jensen, Katrin Männik, Patrick Callier, Pawel Stankiewicz, Damian Pazuchanics, Els Voorhoeve, Ornella Galesi, Joris Andrieux, Lucia Castiglia, Anne Laure Mosca-Boidron, Mathilde Lefebvre, Charles E. Schwartz, Santhosh Girirajan, Elizabeth McCready, Anke Van Dijck, Sandra Mercier, Maja Bucan, Corrado Romano, Laurence Faivre, Francesca Mari, Dominique Martin-Coignard, Vijay Kumar, Alessandra Renieri, Andrew Polyak, Emily Huber, Cédric Le Caignec, Aurora Currò, Olivier Pichon, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Baylor University, Center for Integrative Genomics - Institute of Bioinformatics, Génopode (CIG), Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics [Lausanne] (SIB), Université de Lausanne (UNIL)-Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Service de génétique médicale - Unité de génétique clinique [Nantes], Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Antwerp University Hospital [Edegem] (UZA), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI), Department of Clinical Genetics (Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam), VU University Medical Center [Amsterdam], Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Medical Genetics, Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, Laboratoire de génétique médicale et cytogénétique [Le Mans], Centre Hospitalier Le Mans (CH Le Mans), Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique et Moléculaire [CHU Dijon], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège (CHU-Liège), Centre de génétique - Centre de référence des maladies rares, anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs (CHU de Dijon), Greenwood Genetic Center, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Greenwood Genetic Center [Greenwood, South Carolina, USA], Institut de Génétique Médicale [CHRU Lille], Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre [Lille]-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Human genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, and Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D)

Subjects
Male, Parents, 0301 basic medicine, Proband, Neuronal, Genetic Carrier Screening, 16p11.2 deletion, 030105 genetics & heredity, Cognition, Family history, Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules, Genetics (clinical), Exome sequencing, Sequence Deletion, Genetics, Phenotype, Penetrance, Pedigree, Autistic Disorder/genetics, Autistic Disorder/physiopathology, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics, Cognition/physiology, DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics, Female, Gene Expression Regulation/genetics, Genetic Background, Humans, Methyltransferases/genetics, Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics, Proteins/genetics, Sequence Deletion/genetics, Siblings, CNV, autism, modifier, phenotypic variability, Human, DNA Copy Number Variations, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Biology, Chromosomes, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, mental disorders, medicine, Autistic Disorder, Gene, Pair 16, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Proteins, Methyltransferases, medicine.disease, Cytoskeletal Proteins, 030104 developmental biology, Gene Expression Regulation, [SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, Autism, Human medicine, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Transcription Factors
Abstract

Purpose: To assess the contribution of rare variants in the genetic background toward variability of neurodevelopmental phenotypes in individuals with rare copy-number variants (CNVs) and gene-disruptive variants. Methods: We analyzed quantitative clinical information, exome sequencing, and microarray data from 757 probands and 233 parents and siblings who carry disease-associated variants. Results: The number of rare likely deleterious variants in functionally intolerant genes (“other hits”) correlated with expression of neurodevelopmental phenotypes in probands with 16p12.1 deletion (n=23, p=0.004) and in autism probands carrying gene-disruptive variants (n=184, p=0.03) compared with their carrier family members. Probands with 16p12.1 deletion and a strong family history presented more severe clinical features (p=0.04) and higher burden of other hits compared with those with mild/no family history (p=0.001). The number of other hits also correlated with severity of cognitive impairment in probands carrying pathogenic CNVs (n=53) or de novo pathogenic variants in disease genes (n=290), and negatively correlated with head size among 80 probands with 16p11.2 deletion. These co-occurring hits involved known disease-associated genes such as SETD5, AUTS2, and NRXN1, and were enriched for cellular and developmental processes. Conclusion: Accurate genetic diagnosis of complex disorders will require complete evaluation of the genetic background even after a candidate disease-associated variant is identified.

Published
2019

32. Language characterization in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication syndromes

Author

Wendy K. Chung, Ellen Hanson, Raphael Bernier, Robin P. Goin-Kochel, Catherine Lord, Somer L. Bishop, Kyle J. Steinman, So Hyun Kim, and LeeAnne Green-Snyder

Subjects
Male, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autism, Chromosome Disorders, 16p11.2 deletion, Gene duplication, Chromosome Duplication, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 16p11, Copy-number variation, deletion, Aetiology, Child, Genetics (clinical), Language, Pediatric, Middle Aged, Psychiatry and Mental health, Variation (linguistics), Mental Health, duplication, Autism spectrum disorder, Child, Preschool, Female, medicine.symptom, Chromosome Deletion, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Human, Adult, Heterozygote, Adolescent, DNA Copy Number Variations, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Clinical Sciences, Semantics, Article, Chromosomes, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Young Adult, 16p11.2 duplication, Clinical Research, Intellectual Disability, Behavioral and Social Science, medicine, Genetics, Humans, Speech, Family, Cognitive Dysfunction, Autistic Disorder, Preschool, Cognitive deficit, Syntax (programming languages), Pair 16, Verbal Behavior, Siblings, Neurosciences, language profiles, medicine.disease, Brain Disorders, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
Abstract

Expressive language impairment is one of the most frequently associated clinical features of 16p11.2 copy number variations (CNV). However, our understanding of the language profiles of individuals with 16p11.2 CNVs is still limited. This study builds upon previous work in the Simons Variation in Individuals Project (VIP, now known as Simons Searchlight), to characterize language abilities in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication carriers using comprehensive assessments. Participants included 110 clinically ascertained children and family members (i.e., siblings and cousins) with 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 deletion and 58 with 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 duplication between the ages of 2-23 years, most of whom were verbal. Regression analyses were performed to quantify variation in language abilities in the presence of the 16p11.2 deletion and duplication, both with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cognitive deficit. Difficulties in pragmatic skills were equally prevalent in verbal individuals in both deletion and duplication groups. NVIQ had moderate quantifiable effects on language scores in syntax and semantics/pragmatics (a decrease of less than 1 SD) for both groups. Overall, language impairments persisted even after controlling for ASD diagnosis and cognitive deficit. Language impairment is one of the core clinical features of individuals with 16p11.2 CNVs even in the absence of ASD and cognitive deficit. Results highlight the need for more comprehensive and rigorous assessment of language impairments to maximize outcomes in carriers of 16p11.2 CNVs.

Published
2020

33. CREBBP and STAT6 co-mutation and 16p13 and 1p36 loss define the t(14;18)-negative diffuse variant of follicular lymphoma

Author

Yi Xie, Lisa Haley, Aparna Pallavajjala, Shereen M F Gheith Md, Christopher D. Gocke, Stefania Pittaluga, Rena R. Xian, Amy S. Duffield, Elaine S. Jaffe, Chad M. McCall, and Raluca Yonescu

Subjects
Male, Lymphoma, Follicular lymphoma, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Translocation, Genetic, Cytology, Cancer genomics, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Lymphoma, Follicular, STAT6, Dominance (genetics), Cancer, B-cell lymphoma, Single Nucleotide, Hematology, Middle Aged, lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, CREB-Binding Protein, Oncology, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1, Pair 1, Female, Chromosome Deletion, Human, Biotechnology, Adult, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Translocation, Biology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, lcsh:RC254-282, Article, Chromosomes, Rare Diseases, Downregulation and upregulation, Genetic, Clinical Research, medicine, CIITA, Genetics, Humans, Polymorphism, Aged, Extramural, Pair 16, Human Genome, Follicular, medicine.disease, Mutation, Cancer research, STAT6 Transcription Factor, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
Abstract

The diffuse variant of follicular lymphoma (dFL) is a rare variant of FL lacking t(14;18) that was first described in 2009. In this study, we use a comprehensive approach to define unifying pathologic and genetic features through gold-standard pathologic review, FISH, SNP-microarray, and next-generation sequencing of 16 cases of dFL. We found unique morphologic features, including interstitial sclerosis, microfollicle formation, and rounded nuclear cytology, confirmed absence of t(14;18) and recurrent deletion of 1p36, and showed a novel association with deletion/CN-LOH of 16p13 (inclusive of CREBBP, CIITA, and SOCS1). Mutational profiling demonstrated near-uniform mutations in CREBBP and STAT6, with clonal dominance of CREBBP, among other mutations typical of germinal-center B-cell lymphomas. Frequent CREBBP and CIITA codeletion/mutation suggested a mechanism for immune evasion, while subclonal STAT6 activating mutations with concurrent SOCS1 loss suggested a mechanism of BCL-xL/BCL2L1 upregulation in the absence of BCL2 rearrangements. A review of the literature showed significant enrichment for 16p13 and 1p36 loss/CN-LOH, STAT6 mutation, and CREBBP and STAT6 comutation in dFL, as compared with conventional FL. With this comprehensive approach, our study demonstrates confirmatory and novel genetic associations that can aid in the diagnosis and subclassification of this rare type of lymphoma.

Published
2020

34. 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome: a case report

Author

F Simone, C. Liccese, R. Davanzo, C. Dilucca, Maria Giovanna Lupo, Domenico Dell’Edera, and Arianna Allegretti

Subjects
Male, Parents, 0301 basic medicine, Proband, Developmental delay, Developmental Disabilities, Submicroscopic chromosomal changes, Intellectual disability, lcsh:Medicine, Case Report, Chromosome Disorders, 030105 genetics & heredity, Child, In Situ Hybridization, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, media_common, Genetics, CGH-array, Daughter, medicine.diagnostic_test, General Medicine, Microdeletion syndrome, Phenotype, 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome, Autism spectrum disorder, Child, Preschool, Female, Chromosome Deletion, Abnormality, Human, Adult, media_common.quotation_subject, Chromosomes, Fluorescence, 03 medical and health sciences, Thinness, medicine, Humans, Autistic Disorder, Preschool, Pair 16, business.industry, lcsh:R, medicine.disease, Etiology, business, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Intellectual Disability, Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Abstract

Background The recurrent ∼ 600 kb 16p11.2 microdeletion is among the most commonly known genetic etiologies of autism spectrum disorder, overweightness, and related neurodevelopmental disorders. Case presentation Our patient is a 2-year-old white girl from the first pregnancy of a non-consanguineous healthy young white couple (father 33-years old and mother 29-years old). Our patient and her parents’ DNA were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization-array platform. Comparative genomic hybridization-array analysis highlighted a ∼ 600 kb deletion in 16p11.2 region. It has a segregant nature, since it was found in the mother and in her 2-year-old daughter. The microdeletion was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Conclusions The presented clinical case is worthy of note since the observed microdeletion is often associated with a clinical phenotype tending to overweightness, but the proband (female) was hospitalized due to poor height and weight development, and anorexia. Moreover, the segregant nature of the observed genomic abnormality has to be noted, as well as the phenotypic variability between the mother and daughter. The case described here enriches the phenotypical spectrum linked to the 16p11.2 microdeletion. For these reasons, in the presence of a suspected genetic pathology it is fundamental to study the proband from the clinical point of view, to extend the clinical observation to the parents, and to provide a good family anamnesis. In this way, it is possible to reveal the presence of a familial genetic pathology whose phenotypical outcomes can be highly variable among the members of a family.

Published
2018

35. Oligogenic Effects of 16p11.2 Copy-Number Variation on Craniofacial Development

Author

Erica E. Davis, Omar Shanta, Curtis K. Deutsch, Yann Herault, Jonathan Sebat, Shawn Cho, Claire Chevalier, Christina Corsello, Nicholas Katsanis, Sandra Martin Lorenzo, Pang Timothy, Ellen Richardson, Yuqi Qiu, Hongying Li, Oanh Hong, Lilia M. Iakoucheva, Karen Messer, Shih C. Tang, Thomas Arbogast, Centre de Recherche en Acquisition et Traitement de l'Image pour la Santé (CREATIS), Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Autism and Communicative Disorders Centre, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, School of Oceanography [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], Center for Human Disease Modeling, and Duke University [Durham]

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Head size, Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Medical Physiology, Chromosome Disorders, Craniofacial Abnormalities, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene duplication, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Copy-number variation, Aetiology, Zebrafish, lcsh:QH301-705.5, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Genetics, Pediatric, biology, Phenotype, Mental Health, Female, Chromosome Deletion, Human, Biotechnology, DNA Copy Number Variations, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Chromosomes, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Research, Intellectual Disability, Humans, Craniofacial, Dental/Oral and Craniofacial Disease, Autistic Disorder, Model organism, Gene, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, ved/biology, Pair 16, Human Genome, biology.organism_classification, Brain Disorders, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Biology (General), Congenital Structural Anomalies, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
Abstract

SUMMARY A copy-number variant (CNV) of 16p11.2 encompassing 30 genes is associated with developmental and psychiatric disorders, head size, and body mass. The genetic mechanisms that underlie these associations are not understood. To determine the influence of 16p11.2 genes on development, we investigated the effects of CNV on craniofacial structure in humans and model organisms. We show that deletion and duplication of 16p11.2 have “mirror” effects on specific craniofacial features that are conserved between human and rodent models of the CNV. By testing dosage effects of individual genes on the shape of the mandible in zebrafish, we identify seven genes with significant effects individually and find evidence for others when genes were tested in combination. The craniofacial phenotypes of 16p11.2 CNVs represent a model for studying the effects of genes on development, and our results suggest that the associated facial gestalts are attributable to the combined effects of multiple genes., Graphical Abstract, In Brief Using 3D morphometric imaging, Qiu et al. demonstrate that large copy-number variants (CNVs) of 16p11.2 have significant effects on craniofacial structure that are conserved in humans and model organisms, and they demonstrate that these craniofacial phenotypes are attributable to the dosage effects of multiple genes within the CNV region.

Published
2019

36. Defining the Effect of the 16p11.2 Duplication on Cognition, Behavior, and Medical Comorbidities

Author

D'Angelo, D., Lebon, S., Chen, Q., Martin-Brevet, S., Snyder, L. G., Hippolyte, L., Hanson, E., Maillard, A. M., Faucett, W. A., Mace, A., Pain, A., Bernier, R., Chawner, S. J. R. A., David, A., Andrieux, J., Aylward, E., Baujat, G., Caldeira, I., Conus, P., Ferrari, C., Forzano, F., Gerard, M., Goin-Kochel, R. P., Grant, E., Hunter, J. V., Isidor, B., Jacquette, A., Jonch, A. E., Keren, B., Lacombe, D., Le Caignec, C., Martin, C. L., Mannik, K., Metspalu, A., Mignot, C., Mukherjee, P., Owen, M. J., Passeggeri, M., Rooryck-Thambo, C., Rosenfeld, J. A., Spence, S. J., Steinman, K. J., Tjernagel, J., Van Haelst, M., Shen, Y., Draganski, B., Sherr, E. H., Ledbetter, D. H., van den Bree, M. B. M., Beckmann, J. S., Spiro, J. E., Reymond, A., Jacquemont, S., Chung, W. K., Knoers, N. V. A. M., Martinet, D., Belfiore, M., Cuvellier, J. -C., Devries, B., Delrue, M. -A., Doco-Fenzy, M., Lebel, R., Leheup, B., Lewis, S., Mencarelli, M. A., Minet, J. -C., Vincent-Delorme, C., Moerman, A., Mucciolo, M., Ounap, K., Rajcan-Separovic, E., Renieri, A., Sanlaville, D., Faas, B. H., Koolen, D. A., Vulto-Van Silfhout, A., de Leeuw, N., Rosanfeld, J. A., Filges, I., Achatz, E., Roetzer, K. M., Bonneau, D., Guichet, A., Lazaro, L., Plessis, G., Kroisel, P. M., Reis, A., Jonveaux, P., Chantot-Bastaraud, S., Rauch, A., Demeer, B., Nordgren, A., Labalme, A., Ferrarini, A., Ramelli, G. P., Guilmatre, A., Joly-Helas, G., Haize, S., Layet, V., Le Gallic, S., de Freminville, B., Touraine, R., Van Binsbergen, E., Mathieu-Dramard, M., Barth, M., Blaumeiser, B., Masurel, A., Cailler, P., Olivier-Faivre, L., Malacarne, M., Coutton, C., Dieterich, K., Satre, V., Wallgren-Pettersson, C., Tensgrom, C., Kaksonen, S., Duban-Bedu, B., Holder, M., Rossi, M., Gaillard, D., Bock, D., Bednarek, N., Guillin, O., Bizzarri, V., Flori, E., Silengo, M., Kooy, R. F., Aboura, A., Beri, M., Delobel, B., Drunat, S., Jaros, Z., Kolk, A., Reigo, A., Zufferey, F., Beckmann, N., Faravelli, F., Alupay, H., Aaronson, B., Ackerman, S., Ankenman, K., Anwar, A., Atwell, C., Bowe, A., Beaudet, A. L., Benedetti, M., Berg, J., Berman, J., Berry, L. N., Bibb, A. L., Blaskey, L., Brennan, J., Brewton, C. M., Buckner, R., Bukshpun, P., Burko, J., Cali, P., Cerban, B., Chang, Y., Cheong, M., Chow, V., Chu, Z., Chudnovskaya, D., Cornew, L., Dale, C., Dell, J., Dempsey, A. G., Deschamps, T., Earl, R., Edgar, J., Elgin, J., Endre, J., Evans, Y. L., Findlay, A., Fischbach, G. D., Fisk, C., Fregeau, B., Gaetz, B., Gaetz, L., Garza, S., Gerdts, J., Glenn, O., Gobuty, S. E., Golembski, R., Greenup, M., Heiken, K., Hines, K., Hinkley, L., Jackson, F. I., Jenkins, J., Jeremy, R. J., Johnson, K., Kanne, S. M., Kessler, S., Khan, S. Y., Ku, M., Kuschner, E., Laakman, A. L., Lam, P., Lasala, M. W., Lee, H., La, K., Levy, S., Lian, A., Llorens, A. V., Loftus, K., Luks, T. L., Marco, E. J., Martin, S., Martin, A. J., Marzano, G., Masson, C., Mcgovern, K. E., Keehn, R. M., Miller, D. T., Miller, F. K., Moss, T. J., Murray, R., Nagarajan, S. S., Nowell, K. P., Owen, J., Paal, A. M., Packer, A., Page, P. Z., Paul, B. M., Peters, A., Peterson, D., Poduri, A., Pojman, N. J., Porche, K., Proud, M. B., Qasmieh, S., Ramocki, M. B., Reilly, B., Roberts, T. P. L., Shaw, D., Sinha, T., Smith, B., Snow, A., Swarnakar, V., Thieu, T., Triantafallou, C., Vaughan, R., Wakahiro, M., Wallace, A., Ward, T., Wenegrat, J., Wolken, A., Blaumeiser, Bettina, Kooy, Frank, Other departments, Cardiff University Experiences of Children With Copy Number Variants (ECHO) Study, 16p11.2 European Consortium, Simons Variation in Individuals Project (VIP) Consortium, Knoers, VA., Martinet, D., Belfiore, M., Cuvellier, JC., de Vries, B., Delrue, MA., Doco-Fenzy, M., Lebel, R., Leheup, B., Lewis, S., Mencarelli, MA., Minet, JC., Vincent-Delorme, C., Moerman, A., Mucciolo, M., Ounap, K., Rajcan-Separovic, E., Renieri, A., Sanlaville, D., Faas, BH., Koolen, DA., Vulto-van Silfhout, A., de Leeuw, N., Rosenfeld, JA., Filges, I., Achatz, E., Roetzer, KM., Bonneau, D., Guichet, A., Lazaro, L., Plessis, G., Kroisel, PM., Reis, A., Jonveaux, P., Chantot-Bastaraud, S., Rauch, A., Demeer, B., Nordgren, A., Labalme, A., Ferrarini, A., Ramelli, GP., Guilmatre, A., Joly-Helas, G., Haize, S., Layet, V., Le Gallic, S., de Fréminville, B., Touraine, R., Van Binsbergen, E., Mathieu-Dramard, M., Barth, M., Blaumeiser, B., Masurel, A., Cailler, P., Olivier-Faivre, L., Malacarne, M., Coutton, C., Dieterich, K., Satre, V., Wallgren-Pettersson, C., Tensgrom, C., Kaksonen, S., Duban-Bedu, B., Holder, M., Rossi, M., Gaillard, D., Bock, D., Bednarek, N., Guillin, O., Bizzarri, V., Flori, E., Silengo, M., Kooy, RF., Aboura, A., Beri, M., Delobel, B., Drunat, S., Jaros, Z., Kolk, A., Reigo, A., Zufferey, F., Beckmann, N., Faravelli, F., Alupay, H., Aaronson, B., Ackerman, S., Ankenman, K., Anwar, A., Atwell, C., Bowe, A., Beaudet, AL., Benedetti, M., Berg, J., Berman, J., Berry, LN., Bibb, AL., Blaskey, L., Brennan, J., Brewton, CM., Buckner, R., Bukshpun, P., Burko, J., Cali, P., Cerban, B., Chang, Y., Cheong, M., Chow, V., Chu, Z., Chudnovskaya, D., Cornew, L., Dale, C., Dell, J., Dempsey, AG., Deschamps, T., Earl, R., Edgar, J., Elgin, J., Olson, JE., Evans, YL., Findlay, A., Fischbach, GD., Fisk, C., Fregeau, B., Gaetz, B., Gaetz, L., Garza, S., Gerdts, J., Glenn, O., Gobuty, SE., Golembski, R., Greenup, M., Heiken, K., Hines, K., Hinkley, L., Jackson, FI., Jenkins J.<Suffix>3rd</Suffix>, Jeremy, RJ., Johnson, K., Kanne, SM., Kessler, S., Khan, SY., Ku, M., Kuschner, E., Laakman, AL., Lam, P., Lasala, MW., Lee, H., LaGuerre, K., Levy, S., Lian Cavanagh, A., Llorens, AV., Loftus Campe, K., Luks, TL., Marco, EJ., Martin, S., Martin, AJ., Marzano, G., Masson, C., McGovern, KE., McNally Keehn, R., Miller, DT., Miller, FK., Moss, TJ., Murray, R., Nagarajan, SS., Nowell, KP., Owen, J., Paal, AM., Packer, A., Page, PZ., Paul, BM., Peters, A., Peterson, D., Poduri, A., Pojman, NJ., Porche, K., Proud, MB., Qasmieh, S., Ramocki, MB., Reilly, B., Roberts, TP., Shaw, D., Sinha, T., Smith-Packard, B., Snow Gallagher, A., Swarnakar, V., Thieu, T., Triantafallou, C., Vaughan, R., Wakahiro, M., Wallace, A., Ward, T., Wenegrat, J., Wolken, A., Human genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, and Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D)

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Proband, Pediatrics, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Developmental Disabilities, Chromosome Disorders, Comorbidity, Nonverbal learning disorder, Cohort Studies, Cognition, 0302 clinical medicine, Cerebellum, Chromosome Duplication, Gene duplication, Copy-number variation, Non-U.S. Gov't, Child, 2. Zero hunger, Intelligence quotient, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Middle Aged, Psychiatry and Mental health, Microcephaly, Female, Schizophrenic Psychology, Chromosome Deletion, Psychology, Rare cancers Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 9], Human, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, DNA Copy Number Variations, Research Support, Nervous System Malformations, Article, Chromosomes, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Intellectual Disability, Journal Article, medicine, Humans, Autistic Disorder, Preschool, Psychiatry, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], Epilepsy, Pair 16, Other Research Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 0], Case-control study, Autism Spectrum Disorder/epidemiology, Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics, Autistic Disorder/epidemiology, Autistic Disorder/genetics, Case-Control Studies, Cerebellum/abnormalities, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Disorders/epidemiology, Chromosome Disorders/genetics, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics, Developmental Disabilities/epidemiology, Developmental Disabilities/genetics, Epilepsy/epidemiology, Epilepsy/genetics, Intellectual Disability/epidemiology, Intellectual Disability/genetics, Microcephaly/epidemiology, Microcephaly/genetics, Nervous System Malformations/epidemiology, Nervous System Malformations/genetics, Schizophrenia/epidemiology, Schizophrenia/genetics, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Schizophrenia, Autism, Human medicine, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 167711.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) IMPORTANCE: The 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 duplication is the copy number variant most frequently associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, and comorbidities such as decreased body mass index (BMI). OBJECTIVES: To characterize the effects of the 16p11.2 duplication on cognitive, behavioral, medical, and anthropometric traits and to understand the specificity of these effects by systematically comparing results in duplication carriers and reciprocal deletion carriers, who are also at risk for ASD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This international cohort study of 1006 study participants compared 270 duplication carriers with their 102 intrafamilial control individuals, 390 reciprocal deletion carriers, and 244 deletion controls from European and North American cohorts. Data were collected from August 1, 2010, to May 31, 2015 and analyzed from January 1 to August 14, 2015. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the effect of the duplication and deletion on clinical traits by comparison with noncarrier relatives. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Findings on the Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ), Nonverbal IQ, and Verbal IQ; the presence of ASD or other DSM-IV diagnoses; BMI; head circumference; and medical data. RESULTS: Among the 1006 study participants, the duplication was associated with a mean FSIQ score that was lower by 26.3 points between proband carriers and noncarrier relatives and a lower mean FSIQ score (16.2-11.4 points) in nonproband carriers. The mean overall effect of the deletion was similar (-22.1 points; P < .001). However, broad variation in FSIQ was found, with a 19.4- and 2.0-fold increase in the proportion of FSIQ scores that were very low (100) compared with the deletion group (P < .001). Parental FSIQ predicted part of this variation (approximately 36.0% in hereditary probands). Although the frequency of ASD was similar in deletion and duplication proband carriers (16.0% and 20.0%, respectively), the FSIQ was significantly lower (by 26.3 points) in the duplication probands with ASD. There also were lower head circumference and BMI measurements among duplication carriers, which is consistent with the findings of previous studies. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The mean effect of the duplication on cognition is similar to that of the reciprocal deletion, but the variance in the duplication is significantly higher, with severe and mild subgroups not observed with the deletion. These results suggest that additional genetic and familial factors contribute to this variability. Additional studies will be necessary to characterize the predictors of cognitive deficits.

Published
2016

37. Relationship between M100 Auditory Evoked Response and Auditory Radiation Microstructure in 16p11.2 Deletion and Duplication Carriers

Author

Timothy P.L. Roberts, Lisa Blaskey, Wendy K. Chung, Elliott H. Sherr, Jeffrey I. Berman, Darina Chudnovskaya, Srikantan S. Nagarajan, Emily S. Kuschner, Pratik Mukherjee, and Randall Buckner

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Auditory Pathways, Developmental Disabilities, Autism, Nerve conduction velocity, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene duplication, Chromosome Duplication, Copy-number variation, Child, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Pediatric, medicine.diagnostic_test, Magnetoencephalography, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging, medicine.anatomical_structure, Mental Health, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Biomedical Imaging, Female, Chromosome Deletion, Human, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Clinical Sciences, Article, Chromosomes, White matter, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Research, medicine, Genetics, Auditory system, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Latency (engineering), business.industry, Pair 16, Neurosciences, medicine.disease, Brain Disorders, 030104 developmental biology, Neurology (clinical), business, Neuroscience, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Deletion and duplication of chromosome 16p11.2 ( BP4–BP5 ) have been associated with developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, and deletion subjects exhibit a large (20-ms) delay of the auditory evoked cortical response as measured by magnetoencephalography (M100 latency). The purpose of this study was to use a multimodal approach to test whether changes in white matter microstructure are associated with delayed M100 latency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty pediatric deletion carriers, 9 duplication carriers, and 39 control children were studied with both magnetoencephalography and diffusion MR imaging. The M100 latency and auditory system DTI measures were compared between groups and tested for correlation. RESULTS: In controls, white matter diffusivity significantly correlated with the speed of the M100 response. However, the relationship between structure and function appeared uncoupled in 16p11.2 copy number variation carriers. The alterations to auditory system white matter microstructure in the 16p11.2 deletion only partially accounted for the 20-ms M100 delay. Although both duplication and deletion groups exhibit abnormal white matter microstructure, only the deletion group has delayed M100 latency. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that gene dosage impacts factors other than white matter microstructure, which modulate conduction velocity.

Published
2016

38. 16p11.2 Deletion mice display cognitive deficits in touchscreen learning and novelty recognition tasks

Author

Gillian M. Foley, Freeman Lewis, Michael S. Sarvi, Mu Yang, and Jacqueline N. Crawley

Subjects
Male, Chromosome Disorders, Medical and Health Sciences, Transgenic, Developmental psychology, Mice, Discrimination, Psychological, Discrimination, Conditioning, Psychological, Psychology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Fear conditioning, Aetiology, Spatial Memory, Learning Disabilities, Cognitive flexibility, Novelty, Cognition, Fear, Biological Sciences, Cognitive test, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Mental Health, Social Perception, Visual Perception, Female, Chromosome Deletion, Cues, Human, Elementary cognitive task, Heterozygote, Cognitive Neuroscience, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Mice, Transgenic, Reversal Learning, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Chromosomes, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Intellectual Disability, Behavioral and Social Science, medicine, Animals, Learning, Autistic Disorder, Swimming, Cued speech, Psychological Tests, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Pair 16, Research, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurosciences, Recognition, Psychology, medicine.disease, Brain Disorders, Recognition, Autism, Psychological, Cognition Disorders, Neuroscience, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Conditioning
Abstract

Chromosomal 16p11.2 deletion syndrome frequently presents with intellectual disabilities, speech delays, and autism. Here we investigated the Dolmetsch line of 16p11.2 heterozygous (+/−) mice on a range of cognitive tasks with different neuroanatomical substrates. Robust novel object recognition deficits were replicated in two cohorts of 16p11.2+/− mice, confirming previous findings. A similarly robust deficit in object location memory was discovered in +/−, indicating impaired spatial novelty recognition. Generalizability of novelty recognition deficits in +/− mice extended to preference for social novelty. Robust learning deficits and cognitive inflexibility were detected using Bussey–Saksida touchscreen operant chambers. During acquisition of pairwise visual discrimination, +/− mice required significantly more training trials to reach criterion than wild-type littermates (+/+), and made more errors and correction errors than +/+. In the reversal phase, all +/+ reached criterion, whereas most +/− failed to reach criterion by the 30-d cutoff. Contextual and cued fear conditioning were normal in +/−. These cognitive phenotypes may be relevant to some aspects of cognitive impairments in humans with 16p11.2 deletion, and support the use of 16p11.2+/− mice as a model system for discovering treatments for cognitive impairments in 16p11.2 deletion syndrome.

Published
2015

39. Chromosomal contacts connect loci associated with autism, BMI and head circumference phenotypes

Author

Loviglio, M. N, Leleu, M., Männik, K., Passeggeri, M., Giannuzzi, G., van der Werf, I., Waszak, S. M., Zazhytska, M., Roberts Caldeira, I., Gheldof, N., Migliavacca, E., Alfaiz, A. A., Hippolyte, L., Maillard, A. M., van Dijck, A., Kooy, R. F., Sanlaville, D., Rosenfeld, J. A., Shaffer, L. G., Andrieux, J., Marshall, C., Scherer, S. W., Shen, Y., Gusella, J. F., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Thorleifsson, G., Dermitzakis, E. T., Deplancke, B., Beckmann, J. S., Rougemont, J., Jacquemont, S., Reymond, A., Collaborators: Loviglio MN, Männik, K, van der Werf, I, Giannuzzi, G, Zazhytska, M, Gheldof, N, Migliavacca, E, Alfaiz, Aa, Roberts Caldeira, I, Hippolyte, L, Maillard, Am, Ferrarini, A, Butschi, Fn, Conrad, B, Addor, Mc, Belfiore, M, Roetzer, K, Dijck, Av, Blaumeiser, B, Kooy, F, Roelens, F, Dheedene, A, Chiaie, Bd, Menten, B, Oostra, A, Caberg, Jh, Carter, M, Kellam, B, Stavropoulos, Dj, Marshall, C, Scherer, Sw, Weksberg, R, Cytrynbaum, C, Bassett, A, Lowther, C, Gillis, J, Mackay, S, Bache, I, Ousager, Lb, Smerdel, Mp, Graakjaer, J, Kjaergaard, S, Metspalu, A, Mathieu, M, Bonneau, D, Guichet, A, Parent, P, Férec, C, Gerard, M, Plessis, G, Lespinasse, J, Masurel, A, Marle, N, Faivre, L, Callier, P, Layet, V, Meur, Nl, Le Goff, C, Duban Bedu, B, Sukno, S, Boute, O, Andrieux, J, Blanchet, P, Geneviève, D, Puechberty, J, Schneider, A, Leheup, B, Jonveaux, P, Mercier, S, David, A, Le Caignec, C, de Pontual, L, Pipiras, E, Jacquette, A, Keren, B, Gilbert Dussardier, B, Bilan, F, Goldenberg, A, Chambon, P, Toutain, A, Till, M, Sanlaville, D, Leube, B, Royer Pokora, B, Grabe, Hj, Schmidt, Co, Schurmann, C, Homuth, G, Thorleifsson, G, Thorsteinsdottir, U, Bernardini, L, Novelli, A, Micale, L, Merla, G, Zollino, M, Mari, Francesca, Rizzo, Cl, Renieri, Alessandra, Silengo, M, Vulto van Silfhout AT, Schouten, M, Pfundt, R, de Leeuw, N, Vansenne, F, Maas, Sm, Barge Schaapveld DQ, Knegt, Ac, Stadheim, B, Rodningen, O, Houge, G, Price, S, Hawkes, L, Campbell, C, Kini, U, Vogt, J, Walters, R, Blakemore, A, Gusella, Jf, Shen, Y, Scott, D, Bacino, Ca, Tsuchiya, K, Ladda, R, Sell, S, Asamoah, A, Hamati, Ai, Rosenfeld, Ja, Shaffer, Lg, Mitchell, E, Hodge, Jc, Beckmann, Js, Jacquemont, S, Reymond, A, Ewans, Lj, Mowat, D, Walker, J, Amor, Dj, Esch, Hv, Leroy, P, Bamforth, Js, Babu, D, Isidor, B, Didonato, N, Hackmann, K, Passeggeri, M, Haeringen, Av, Smith, R, Ellingwood, S, Farber, Dm, Puri, V, Zadeh, N, Weaver, Dd, Miller, M, Wilks, T, Jorgez, Cj, Lafayette, D, Blaumeiser, Bettina, 2p15 Consortium, 16p11.2 Consortium, Loviglio, M.N., Männik, K., van der Werf, I., Giannuzzi, G., Zazhytska, M., Gheldof, N., Migliavacca, E., Alfaiz, A.A., Roberts-Caldeira, I., Hippolyte, L., Maillard, A.M., Ferrarini, A., Butschi, F.N., Conrad, B., Addor, M.C., Belfiore, M., Roetzer, K., Dijck, A.V., Blaumeiser, B., Kooy, F., Roelens, F., Dheedene, A., Chiaie, B.D., Menten, B., Oostra, A., Caberg, J.H., Carter, M., Kellam, B., Stavropoulos, D.J., Marshall, C., Scherer, S.W., Weksberg, R., Cytrynbaum, C., Bassett, A., Lowther, C., Gillis, J., MacKay, S., Bache, I., Ousager, L.B., Smerdel, M.P., Graakjaer, J., Kjaergaard, S., Metspalu, A., Mathieu, M., Bonneau, D., Guichet, A., Parent, P., Férec, C., Gerard, M., Plessis, G., Lespinasse, J., Masurel, A., Marle, N., Faivre, L., Callier, P., Layet, V., Meur, N.L., Le Goff, C., Duban-Bedu, B., Sukno, S., Boute, O., Andrieux, J., Blanchet, P., Geneviève, D., Puechberty, J., Schneider, A., Leheup, B., Jonveaux, P., Mercier, S., David, A., Le Caignec, C., de Pontual, L., Pipiras, E., Jacquette, A., Keren, B., Gilbert-Dussardier, B., Bilan, F., Goldenberg, A., Chambon, P., Toutain, A., Till, M., Sanlaville, D., Leube, B., Royer-Pokora, B., Grabe, H.J., Schmidt, C.O., Schurmann, C., Homuth, G., Thorleifsson, G., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Bernardini, L., Novelli, A., Micale, L., Merla, G., Zollino, M., Mari, F., Rizzo, C.L., Renieri, A., Silengo, M., Vulto-van Silfhout, A.T., Schouten, M., Pfundt, R., de Leeuw, N., Vansenne, F., Maas, S.M., Barge-Schaapveld, D.Q., Knegt, A.C., Stadheim, B., Rodningen, O., Houge, G., Price, S., Hawkes, L., Campbell, C., Kini, U., Vogt, J., Walters, R., Blakemore, A., Gusella, J.F., Shen, Y., Scott, D., Bacino, C.A., Tsuchiya, K., Ladda, R., Sell, S., Asamoah, A., Hamati, A.I., Rosenfeld, J.A., Shaffer, L.G., Mitchell, E., Hodge, J.C., Beckmann, J.S., Jacquemont, S., Reymond, A., Ewans, L.J., Mowat, D., Walker, J., Amor, D.J., Esch, H.V., Leroy, P., Bamforth, J.S., Babu, D., Isidor, B., DiDonato, N., Hackmann, K., Passeggeri, M., Haeringen, A.V., Smith, R., Ellingwood, S., Farber, D.M., Puri, V., Zadeh, N., Weaver, D.D., Miller, M., Wilks, T., Jorgez, C.J., Lafayette, D., Other departments, and Human Genetics

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Microcephaly, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Obesity/genetics, Settore MED/03 - GENETICA MEDICA, Body Mass Index, Microcephaly/genetics, Gene duplication, Chromosome Duplication, ddc:576.5, Copy-number variation, Child, In Situ Hybridization, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Genetics, medicine.diagnostic_test, Chromosome Mapping, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Chromatin, Chemistry, Psychiatry and Mental Health, Child, Preschool, Female, Original Article, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics, Megalencephaly/genetics, Chromosome Deletion, Autistic Disorder/genetics, Molecular Biology, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Human, Rare cancers Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 9], Adult, Adolescent, DNA Copy Number Variations, Locus (genetics), DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics, Biology, Aged, Autistic Disorder, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Humans, Infant, Intellectual Disability, Megalencephaly, Obesity, Chromosomes, Fluorescence, Chromatin/metabolism, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Preschool, Gene, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], Pair 16, medicine.disease, Intellectual Disability/genetics, Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics, 030104 developmental biology, Human medicine, Chromosome Mapping/methods, Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 174530.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Copy number variants (CNVs) are major contributors to genomic imbalance disorders. Phenotyping of 137 unrelated deletion and reciprocal duplication carriers of the distal 16p11.2 220 kb BP2-BP3 interval showed that these rearrangements are associated with autism spectrum disorders and mirror phenotypes of obesity/underweight and macrocephaly/microcephaly. Such phenotypes were previously associated with rearrangements of the non-overlapping proximal 16p11.2 600 kb BP4-BP5 interval. These two CNV-prone regions at 16p11.2 are reciprocally engaged in complex chromatin looping, as successfully confirmed by 4C-seq, fluorescence in situ hybridization and Hi-C, as well as coordinated expression and regulation of encompassed genes. We observed that genes differentially expressed in 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 CNV carriers are concomitantly modified in their chromatin interactions, suggesting that disruption of chromatin interplays could participate in the observed phenotypes. We also identified cis- and trans-acting chromatin contacts to other genomic regions previously associated with analogous phenotypes. For example, we uncovered that individuals with reciprocal rearrangements of the trans-contacted 2p15 locus similarly display mirror phenotypes on head circumference and weight. Our results indicate that chromosomal contacts' maps could uncover functionally and clinically related genes.

Published
2015

40. Genome-Wide Linkage Scan of Bipolar Disorder in a Colombian Population Isolate Replicates Loci on Chromosomes 7p21–22, 1p31, 16p12 and 21q21–22 and Identifies a Novel Locus on Chromosome 12q

Author

María Cecilia López, Andres Ruiz-Linares, Jorge Ospina-Duque, G. Bedoya, Victor I. Reus, M. W. Burley, Ibi Herzberg, Nelson B. Freimer, María Victoria Parra, Patricia Montoya, Barbara Kremeyer, Carlos López, Jorge Vega, J. Garcia, Constanza Duque, H. Müller, and Carlos Palacio

Subjects
Male, Bipolar Disorder, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21, Genetic Linkage, Pedigree chart, 0302 clinical medicine, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Genetics (clinical), Psychiatric genetics, Genetics & Heredity, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Depression, Chromosome Mapping, Serious Mental Illness, Pedigree, 3. Good health, Mental Health, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1, Whole-genome linkage analysis, Pair 1, Microsatellite, Pair 7, Female, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7, Human, Adult, Adolescent, Population, Locus (genetics), Colombia, Biology, Chromosomes, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Research, Genetic linkage, medicine, Humans, Bipolar disorder, education, 030304 developmental biology, Original Paper, Pair 16, Human Genome, medicine.disease, Brain Disorders, Mood disorders, Pair 21, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Background/Aims: Bipolar disorder (BP) is a severe psychiatric illness, characterised by alternating episodes of depression and mania, which ranks among the top ten causes of morbidity and life-long disability world-wide. We have previously performed a whole-genome linkage scan on 6 pedigrees segregating severe BP from the well-characterised population isolate of Antioquia, Colombia. We recently collected genotypes for the same set of 382 autosomal microsatellite markers in 9 additional Antioquian BP pedigrees. Here, we report the analysis of the combined pedigree set. Methods: Linkage analysis using both parametric and nonparametric approaches was conducted for 3 different diagnostic models: severe BP only (BPI); mood disorders (BPI, BPII and major depression); and psychosis (operationally defined by the occurrence of at least 1 episode of hallucinations and/or delusions). Results and Conclusion: For BPI only, the most interesting result was obtained for chromosome 7p21.1–p22.2 under a recessive model of inheritance (heterogeneity LOD score = 2.80), a region that had previously been linked to BP in a study on Portuguese Island families. For both BPI and mood disorders, nonparametric analyses identified a locus on chromosome 12ct–q14 (nonparametric linkage = 2.55 and 2.35, respectively). This locus has not previously been reported as a candidate region for BP. Additional candidate regions were found on chromosomes 1p22–31 (mood disorders) and 21q21–22 (BPI), 2 loci that have repeatedly been implicated in BP susceptibility. Linkage analysis of psychosis as a phenotype identified candidate regions on chromosomes 2q24–31 and 16p12–q12. The finding on chromosome 16p is noteworthy because the same locus has been implicated by genome-wide association analyses of BP.

Published
2010

41. The 16p11.2 locus modulates brain structures common to autism, schizophrenia and obesity

Author

Maillard, Am, Ruef, A, Pizzagalli, F, Migliavacca, E, Hippolyte, L, Adaszewski, S, Dukart, J, Ferrari, C, Conus, P, Männik, K, Zazhytska, M, Siffredi, V, Maeder, P, Kutalik, Z, Kherif, F, Hadjikhani, N, Beckmann, Js, Reymond, A, Draganski, B, Jacquemont, S, 2 European Consortium including Addor MC, 1. 6. p. 1. 1., Andrieux, J, Arveiler, B, Baujat, G, Béna, F, Bouquillon, S, Boute, O, Brusco, Alfredo, Campion, D, David, A, Delrue, Ma, Doco Fenzy, M, Fagerberg, C, Faivre, L, Forzano, F, Giachino, Daniela Francesca, Guichet, A, Guillin, O, Héron, D, Isidor, B, Jacquette, A, Journel, H, Keren, B, Lacombe, D, Le Caignec, C, Lespinasse, J, Mandrile, Giorgia, Mathieu Dramard, M, Mignot, C, Petit, F, Plessis, G, Prieur, F, Sanlaville, D, Van Haelst, M, Van Maldergem, L., 16p11.2 European Consortium, and Other departments

Subjects
Adult, Male, Adolescent, DNA Copy Number Variations, Gene Dosage, Chromosomes, Body Mass Index, Young Adult, Humans, Anthropometry, Arabidopsis Proteins, Autistic Disorder, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Female, Genetic Association Studies, Intramolecular Transferases, Middle Aged, Obesity, Phenotype, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Schizophrenia, Pair 16, Original Article, Human
Abstract

Anatomical structures and mechanisms linking genes to neuropsychiatric disorders are not deciphered. Reciprocal copy number variants at the 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 locus offer a unique opportunity to study the intermediate phenotypes in carriers at high risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or schizophrenia (SZ). We investigated the variation in brain anatomy in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication carriers. Beyond gene dosage effects on global brain metrics, we show that the number of genomic copies negatively correlated to the gray matter volume and white matter tissue properties in cortico-subcortical regions implicated in reward, language and social cognition. Despite the near absence of ASD or SZ diagnoses in our 16p11.2 cohort, the pattern of brain anatomy changes in carriers spatially overlaps with the well-established structural abnormalities in ASD and SZ. Using measures of peripheral mRNA levels, we confirm our genomic copy number findings. This combined molecular, neuroimaging and clinical approach, applied to larger datasets, will help interpret the relative contributions of genes to neuropsychiatric conditions by measuring their effect on local brain anatomy.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 25 November 2014; doi:10.1038/mp.2014.145.

Published
2015

42. Opposing Brain Differences in 16p11.2 Deletion and Duplication Carriers

Author

Elliott H. Sherr, Randy L. Buckner, Timothy P.L. Roberts, Abid Y Qureshi, Jeffrey I. Berman, Abraham Z. Snyder, Wendy K. Chung, Pratik Mukherjee, Srikantan S. Nagarajan, Sophia Mueller, and John E. Spiro

Subjects
Male, Cerebellum, Image Processing, Autism, Neuropsychological Tests, Medical and Health Sciences, Developmental psychology, Pathogenesis, Computer-Assisted, Gene duplication, Chromosome Duplication, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Copy-number variation, Child, Genetics, General Neuroscience, copy number variation, Age Factors, Brain, Articles, Middle Aged, 16p11.2, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Simons VIP Consortium, Mental Health, medicine.anatomical_structure, Autism spectrum disorder, Neurological, Brain size, Female, Chromosome Deletion, Psychology, morphometry, Human, Adult, Child Development Disorders, Adolescent, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), CNV, Thalamus, ASD, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Chromosomes, White matter, Young Adult, Clinical Research, Behavioral and Social Science, medicine, Humans, structural MRI, Pervasive, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Pair 16, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurosciences, Social Behavior Disorders, medicine.disease, Brain Disorders, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Cognition Disorders, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
Abstract

Deletions and duplications of the recurrent ∼600 kb chromosomal BP4–BP5 region of 16p11.2 are associated with a broad variety of neurodevelopmental outcomes including autism spectrum disorder. A clue to the pathogenesis of the copy number variant (CNV)'s effect on the brain is that the deletion is associated with a head size increase, whereas the duplication is associated with a decrease. Here we analyzed brain structure in a clinically ascertained group of human deletion (N= 25) and duplication (N= 17) carriers from the Simons Variation in Individuals Project compared with age-matched controls (N= 29 and 33, respectively). Multiple brain measures showed increased size in deletion carriers and reduced size in duplication carriers. The effects spanned global measures of intracranial volume, brain size, compartmental measures of gray matter and white matter, subcortical structures, and the cerebellum. Quantitatively, the largest effect was on the thalamus, but the collective results suggest a pervasive rather than a selective effect on the brain. Detailed analysis of cortical gray matter revealed that cortical surface area displays a strong dose-dependent effect of CNV (deletion > control > duplication), whereas average cortical thickness is less affected. These results suggest that the CNV may exert its opposing influences through mechanisms that influence early stages of embryonic brain development.

Published
2014

43. Identification of a New Locus for Medullary Cystic Disease, on Chromosome 16p12

Author

Andrea Ballabio, Rosario Maiorca, Gian Marco Ghiggeri, Gianluca Caridi, Maurizio De Fusco, Francesco Scolari, Paolo Aridon, Daniela Puzzer, Giorgio Casari, Antonio Amoroso, Scolari, F, Puzzer, D, Amoroso, A, Caridi, G, Ghiggeri, Gm, Maiorca, R, Aridon, P, De Fusco, M, Ballabio, A, and Casari, GIORGIO NEVIO

Subjects
Genetic Markers, Male, Candidate gene, Genetic Linkage, Locus (genetics), Biology, Medullary cystic kidney disease, Chromosomes, Gene mapping, Nephronophthisis, Genetic linkage, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Polycystic Kidney, Genetics(clinical), 16p12, Dominant, Cyst, ADMCKD2, Genetics (clinical), Genes, Dominant, Pair 16, Genetic heterogeneity, Chromosome Mapping, Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant, medicine.disease, Pedigree, Female, Lod Score, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Genes, Linkage mapping, Autosomal Dominant, Medullary cystic disease, Research Article, Human
Abstract

Summary Autosomal dominant medullary cystic disease (ADMCKD) is an interstitial nephropathy that has morphologic and clinical features similar to autosomal recessive nephronophthisis. The typical renal dysfunction associated with ADMCKD results mainly from a defect in urinary concentration ability, although results of urinalysis are normal. Recently, a locus on chromosome 1 was associated with ADMCKD, in DNA from two large Cypriot families, and genetic heterogeneity was inferred. We describe the genomewide linkage mapping of a new locus for medullary cystic disease, ADMCKD2, on chromosome 16p12 in a four-generation Italian pedigree. The family with ADMCKD2 fulfills the typical diagnostic criteria of ADMCKD, complicated by hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis. Marker D16S3036 shows a maximum two-point LOD score of 3.68, and the defined critical region spans 10.5 cM, between D16S500 and SCNN1B1–2. Candidate genes included in the critical region are discussed.

Published
1999

44. Variation in FTO contributes to childhood obesity and severe adult obesity

Author

Stéphane Cauchi, Cécile Lecoeur, Peter Kovacs, Jacques Weill, Jérôme Delplanque, Pierre Bougnères, Claire Levy-Marchal, Vincent Vatin, Wieland Kiess, Serge Hercberg, Sophie Gallina, Emmanuelle Durand, Lena M. S. Carlsson, Jean-Claude Chèvre, Emmanuel Vaillant, Natascha Potoczna, Beverley Balkau, Antje Körner, Catherine Le Stunff, Juan Ruiz, François Pattou, Fritz F. Horber, David Meyre, Philippe Froguel, Michel Marre, Peter Jacobson, Christian Dina, Génétique des maladies multifactorielles (GMM), Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie de Lille (IBL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Développement artériel, Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Centre de Physique Théorique - UMR 6207 (CPT), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Projets Industriels, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Synthèses, de Procédés et d'Ingénierie Chimiques d'Aix-Marseille (LIPI - ENSSPICAM), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3, Centro de Estudios en Semiconductores (C.E.S.), Dpto. Física, Fac. Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota], Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratoire de chimie organique et organométallique (LCOO), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique Théorique - UMR 7332 (CPT), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'endocrinologie pédiatrique [CHU Lille], Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre [Lille]-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Liquides Ioniques et Interfaces Chargées (LI2C), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-ESPCI ParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Dr. Horber Adipositas Stiftung, Unité de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (UREN), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Déterminants génétiques du diabète de type 2 et de ses complications vasculaires ((U 695)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie et nutrition [CHU Bichat], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Recherche en épidémiologie et biostatistique, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Epidémiologie cardiovasculaire et métabolique, Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, Genome Centre, Imperial College London-Hammersmith campus, Institut de biologie de Lille - UMS 3702 (IBL), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), Universidade Estadual de Campinas = University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Lille-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Génétique des maladies multifactorielles ( GMM ), Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Biologie de Lille ( IBL ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ), Physique, Université de Lille, Sciences Humaines et Sociales, Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux ( ICMCB ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bordeaux ( UB ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Centre de Physique Théorique - UMR 6207 ( CPT ), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Université de Toulon ( UTLN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid ( UPM ), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Projets Industriels, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Synthèses, de Procédés et d'Ingénierie Chimiques d'Aix-Marseille ( LIPI - ENSSPICAM ), Universidad de Los Andes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas ( UNICAMP ), Laboratoire de chimie organique et organométallique ( LCOO ), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Physique Théorique - UMR 7332 ( CPT ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Université de Toulon ( UTLN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] ( CHRU Lille ) -Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre [Lille], Liquides Ioniques et Interfaces Chargées ( LI2C ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -ESPCI ParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Unité de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle ( UREN ), Université Paris 13 ( UP13 ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ) -Université Sorbonne Paris Cité ( USPC ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Déterminants génétiques du diabète de type 2 et de ses complications vasculaires, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM )

Subjects
Male, MESH: Introns, Variation (Genetics), FTO gene, Body Mass Index, MESH: Variation (Genetics), Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH : Child, SH2B1, MESH: Child, MESH: Obesity, MESH : Female, Age of Onset, [ SDV.GEN.GH ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, Child, MESH: Cohort Studies, Adiposity, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Middle Aged, MESH : Variation (Genetics), Genetics of obesity, MESH: Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, MESH : Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, INSIG2, MESH: Genetic Predisposition to Disease, MESH : Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Single Nucleotide, MESH : Adult, Middle Aged, MESH: Case-Control Studies, MESH : Age of Onset, Europe, Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO, Body Composition, MESH : Obesity, Female, Human, Adult, MESH : Case-Control Studies, medicine.medical_specialty, MESH : Male, MESH : Body Composition, MESH: Age of Onset, MESH : Europe, MESH : Cohort Studies, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Biology, MESH : Introns, Chromosomes, Childhood obesity, MESH: Body Mass Index, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH : Adiposity, Internal medicine, Genetics, medicine, Humans, MESH : Middle Aged, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Obesity, Polymorphism, MESH: Adiposity, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Humans, Pair 16, MESH : Humans, MESH: Adult, MESH: Body Composition, medicine.disease, Introns, MESH: Male, MESH : Body Mass Index, Endocrinology, [SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, Case-Control Studies, Attributable risk, MESH : Genetic Predisposition to Disease, MESH: Europe, MESH: Female, MESH: Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
Abstract

The authors identified a set of SNPs in the first intron of the FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) gene on chromosome 16q12.2 that is consistently strongly associated with early-onset and severe obesity in both adults and children of European ancestry with an experiment-wise P value of 1.67 x 10(-26) in 2,900 affected individuals and 5,100 controls. The at-risk haplotype yields a proportion of attributable risk of 22% for common obesity. They conclude that FTO contributes to human obesity and hence may be a target for subsequent functional analyses.

Published
2007

45. Spastic Paraplegia and OXPHOS Impairment Caused by Mutations in Paraplegin, a Nuclear-Encoded Mitochondrial Metalloprotease

Author

Massimo Zeviani, Roberto Marconi, Patricio Fernandez, Alessandro Filla, Alexandre Dürr, Bertrand Fontaine, Andrea Ballabio, Marina Mora, Sonia Ciarmatori, Sergio Cocozza, Giorgio Casari, Maurizio De Fusco, Giuseppe De Michele, G., Casari, M. D., Fusco, S., Ciarmatori, M., Zeviani, M., Mora, P., Fernandez, DE MICHELE, Giuseppe, Filla, Alessandro, Cocozza, Sergio, R., Marconi, A., Dürr, B., Fontaine, Ballabio, Andrea, Casari, GIORGIO NEVIO, De Fusco, M, Ciarmatori, S, Zeviani, M, Mora, M, Fernandez, P, De Michele, G, Filla, A, Cocozza, S, Marconi, R, Durr, A, Fontaine, B, Ballabio, A., Casari, G, and DE FUSCO, M

Subjects
Male, pathology, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Pedigree, RNA, Messenger, Sequence Homology, Mitochondrion, Adult, Amino Acid Sequence, Cell Nucleu, Spastin, Molecular, DNA, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Yeasts, Complementary, genetics, Female, Fetus, Frameshift Mutation, Spastic Paraplegia, Cloning, Molecular, Frameshift Mutation, Inner mitochondrial membrane, Genetics, Paraplegin, Neurodegeneration, Metalloendopeptidases, Amino Acid, Spastic Paraplegia, Skeletal, Mitochondria, Pedigree, genetics, Cloning, Amino Acid, Hereditary, Italy, Muscle, Female, Chromosome Deletion, DNA, Sequence Homology, Sequence Analysis, Human, enzymology/genetics/pathology, Yeast, Adult, DNA, Complementary, genetics, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosome, Hereditary spastic paraplegia, enzymology, Molecular Sequence Data, Biology, Chromosomes, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Frameshift mutation, Fetus, medicine, Humans, RNA, Messenger, Amino Acid Sequence, Muscle, Skeletal, Gene, Cell Nucleus, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary, Pair 16, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all), Molecular, enzymology, Molecular Sequence Data, Muscle, Sequence Analysis, DNA, DNA, genetics, Mitochondria, medicine.disease, Molecular biology, genetics, Humans, Italy, Male, Metalloendopeptidase, analysis, Sequence Analysi, ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activities, RNA, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Cloning
Abstract

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of the lower limbs due to degeneration of corticospinal axons. We found that patients from a chromosome 16q24.3–linked HSP family are homozygous for a 9.5 kb deletion involving a gene encoding a novel protein, named Paraplegin. Two additional Paraplegin mutations, both resulting in a frameshift, were found in a complicated and in a pure form of HSP. Paraplegin is highly homologous to the yeast mitochondrial ATPases, AFG3, RCA1, and YME1, which have both proteolytic and chaperon-like activities at the inner mitochondrial membrane. Immunofluorescence analysis and import experiments showed that Paraplegin localizes to mitochondria. Analysis of muscle biopsies from two patients carrying Paraplegin mutations showed typical signs of mitochondrial OXPHOS defects, thus suggesting a mechanism for neurodegeneration in HSP-type disorders.

Published
1998
Full Text
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46. Mirror extreme BMI phenotypes associated with gene dosage at the chromosome 16p11.2 locus

Author

Stephen W. Scherer, Mònica Gratacòs, Kari Stefansson, Muriel Holder, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Lukas Forer, Katharina M. Roetzer, Josette Lucas, Claudia Schurmann, Satu Kaksonen, Armand Valsesia, Carina Wallgren-Pettersson, Barbara Leube, Alexandra I. F. Blakemore, Alexandre Moerman, Marco Belfiore, Anne Faudet, Dominique Gaillard, Roberto Ravazzolo, Dominique Bonneau, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Yongguo Yu, Louis Vallée, Bénédicte Demeer, Sophie Visvikis-Siest, Frédérique Béna, Brigitte H. W. Faas, Benoit Arveiler, Georg Homuth, Charles Coutton, Bénédicte de Fréminville, Giorgio Gimelli, Xavier Estivill, Richard I. Fisher, Stefania Gimelli, Wendy Roberts, Jacques S. Beckmann, Emilie Landais, Orah S. Platt, Robin G. Walters, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Alexandre Reymond, Anna-Liisa Hartikainen, Solenn Legallic, James F. Gusella, Peter Vollenweider, Gian Paolo Ramelli, Tõnu Esko, Boris Keren, Nine V A M Knoers, Fanny Morice-Picard, Dominique Campion, Odile Boute, Evica Rajcan-Separovic, Rolph Pfundt, Nathalie Bednarek, Martine Doco-Fenzy, Suzanne M E Lewis, Gérard Didelot, Mylène Beri, Engilbert Sigurdsson, Véronique Satre, Audrey Labalme, Carola Tengstrom, Florian Kronenberg, Florence Petit, Simon Zwolinksi, Philippe Froguel, Paul Elliott, Dorothée Cailley, Christian R. Marshall, Bruno Leheup, Klaus Dieterich, Janina S. Ried, Sylvie Jaillard, Armand Bottani, Stylianos E. Antonarakis, Elisabetta Lapi, Jean-Christophe Cuvellier, Robert M. Witwicki, Gérard Waeber, Christèle Dubourg, Marion Gérard, Lachlan J. M. Coin, Magalie Barth, Anita Kloss-Brandstätter, Vincent Mooser, Cristóbal Richart, Giuseppe Merla, Bénédicte Duban-Bedu, Yiping Shen, Ants Kurg, Audrey Guilmatre, Juliane Hoyer, Susana Jiménez-Murcia, Mafalda Mucciolo, Bai-Lin Wu, Alessandra Ferrarini, Séverine Drunat, Yves Alembik, Páll Magnússon, Han G. Brunner, Maria Antonietta Mencarelli, Dominique Descamps, R. Frank Kooy, Azzedine Aboura, Valérie Layet, Sven Bergmann, Thomas Meitinger, Peter M. Kroisel, Nathalie Van der Aa, Olivier Guillin, Michèle Mathieu-Dramard, Zoltán Kutalik, Elisabeth Flori, Laurent Pasquier, André Reis, Noam D. Beckmann, Bertrand Isidor, Delphine Héron, Philippe Jonveaux, Sergi Villatoro Gomez, Ann Nordgren, José Manuel Fernández-Real, Florence Fellmann, Fernando Fernández-Aranda, Laurence Faivre, Dimitri J. Stavropoulos, Katrin Männik, Christian Gieger, Evald Saemundsen, Agnès Guichet, Jean-Marie Cuisset, R. Touraine, Laura Bernardini, Marie-Ange Delrue, Alessandra Renieri, Omar Gustafsson, Flore Zufferey, David A. Koolen, Massimiliano Rossi, Jacqueline Chrast, Ghislaine Plessis, Faida Walha, Joris Andrieux, Ellen van Binsbergen, Albert David, Catherine Vincent-Delorme, Cédric Le Caignec, Jean Chiesa, Ndeye Coumba Ndiaye, Geraldine Joly Helas, Damien Sanlaville, Anita Rauch, Louise Harewood, Mark I. McCarthy, Bridget A. Fernandez, Sébastien Jacquemont, Hreinn Stefansson, Anneke T. Vulto-van Silfhout, Zdenek Jaros, Matthias Nauck, Hans J. Grabe, Sonia Bouquillon, Mieke M. van Haelst, Andres Metspalu, Loyse Hippolyte, Patrick Callier, Bert B.A. de Vries, Francisco J. Tinahones, Nicole de Leeuw, Julia S. El-Sayed Moustafa, Claudine Rieubland, Kay D. MacDermot, Vittoria Disciglio, Henry Völzke, Caroline Rooryck, Bettina Blaumeiser, Danielle Martinet, Marie-Claude Addor, Bruno Delobel, Jacquemont, S, Reymond, A, Zufferey, F, Harewood, L, Walters, Rg, Kutalik, Z, Martinet, D, Shen, Y, Valsesia, A, Beckmann, Nd, Thorleifsson, G, Belfiore, M, Bouquillon, S, Campion, D, de Leeuw, N, de Vries, Bb, Esko, T, Fernandez, Ba, Fernández-Aranda, F, Fernández-Real, Jm, Gratacòs, M, Guilmatre, A, Hoyer, J, Jarvelin, Mr, Kooy, Rf, Kurg, A, Le Caignec, C, Männik, K, Platt, O, Sanlaville, D, Van Haelst, Mm, Villatoro Gomez, S, Walha, F, Wu, Bl, Yu, Y, Aboura, A, Addor, Mc, Alembik, Y, Antonarakis, Se, Arveiler, B, Barth, M, Bednarek, N, Béna, F, Bergmann, S, Beri, M, Bernardini, L, Blaumeiser, B, Bonneau, D, Bottani, A, Boute, O, Brunner, Hg, Cailley, D, Callier, P, Chiesa, J, Chrast, J, Coin, L, Coutton, C, Cuisset, Jm, Cuvellier, Jc, David, A, de Freminville, B, Delobel, B, Delrue, Ma, Demeer, B, Descamps, D, Didelot, G, Dieterich, K, Disciglio, V, Doco-Fenzy, M, Drunat, S, Duban-Bedu, B, Dubourg, C, El-Sayed Moustafa, J, Elliott, P, Faas, Bh, Faivre, L, Faudet, A, Fellmann, F, Ferrarini, A, Fisher, R, Flori, E, Forer, L, Gaillard, D, Gerard, M, Gieger, C, Gimelli, S, Gimelli, G, Grabe, Hj, Guichet, A, Guillin, O, Hartikainen, Al, Heron, D, Hippolyte, L, Holder, M, Homuth, G, Isidor, B, Jaillard, S, Jaros, Z, Jiménez-Murcia, S, Helas, Gj, Jonveaux, P, Kaksonen, S, Keren, B, Kloss-Brandstätter, A, Knoers, Nv, Koolen, Da, Kroisel, Pm, Kronenberg, F, Labalme, A, Landais, E, Lapi, E, Layet, V, Legallic, S, Leheup, B, Leube, B, Lewis, S, Lucas, J, Macdermot, Kd, Magnusson, P, Marshall, C, Mathieu-Dramard, M, Mccarthy, Mi, Meitinger, T, Mencarelli, Ma, Merla, G, Moerman, A, Mooser, V, Morice-Picard, F, Mucciolo, M, Nauck, M, Ndiaye, Nc, Nordgren, A, Pasquier, L, Petit, F, Pfundt, R, Plessis, G, Rajcan-Separovic, E, Ramelli, Gp, Rauch, A, Ravazzolo, R, Reis, A, Renieri, A, Richart, C, Ried, J, Rieubland, C, Roberts, W, Roetzer, Km, Rooryck, C, Rossi, M, Saemundsen, E, Satre, V, Schurmann, C, Sigurdsson, E, Stavropoulos, Dj, Stefansson, H, Tengström, C, Thorsteinsdóttir, U, Tinahones, Fj, Touraine, R, Vallée, L, van Binsbergen, E, Van der Aa, N, Vincent-Delorme, C, Visvikis-Siest, S, Vollenweider, P, Völzke, H, Vulto-van Silfhout, At, Waeber, G, Wallgren-Pettersson, C, Witwicki, Rm, Zwolinksi, S, Andrieux, J, Estivill, X, Gusella, Jf, Gustafsson, O, Metspalu, A, Scherer, Sw, Stefansson, K, Blakemore, Ai, Beckmann, J, Froguel, P, Faculteit Medische Wetenschappen/UMCG, Service de génétique médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [Lausanne] (CHUV), Center for Integrative Genomics - Institute of Bioinformatics, Génopode (CIG), Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics [Lausanne] (SIB), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL)-Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Medical Genetics, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, deCODE Genetics, deCODE genetics [Reykjavik], Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre [Lille]-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Génétique médicale et fonctionnelle du cancer et des maladies neuropsychiatriques, Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Estonian Genome and Medicine, University of Tartu, Department of human genetics, Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen]-Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences-Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Disciplines of Genetics and Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland = Université Memorial de Terre-Neuve [St. John's, Canada] (MUN), Department of Psychiatry (IDIBELL), CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición-University Hospital of Bellvitge, Section of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital of Girona-Biomedical Research Institute 'Dr Josep Trueta'-CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG-UPF), CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Human Genetics [Erlangen, Allemagne], Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of child and adolescent health, University of Oulu-Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu-National Institute for Health and Welfare [Helsinki], Antwerp University Hospital [Edegem] (UZA), CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Service de cytogénétique constitutionnelle, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-CHU de Lyon-Centre Neuroscience et Recherche, University Medical Center [Utrecht], Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University [Shanghai]-Children's Hospital, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Département de génétique, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Robert Debré-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Service de cytogénétique, CHU Strasbourg-Hôpital de Hautepierre [Strasbourg], Génétique médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), Maladies Rares - Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Hôpital Pellegrin-Service de Génétique Médicale du CHU de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux]-Groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, Service de génétique [Angers], Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Service de Génétique [CHRU Nancy], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), Mendel Laboratory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza [San Giovanni Rotondo] (IRCCS), Service de Génétique clinique, Laboratoire de cytogénétique (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Département de génétique et procréation, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-CHU Grenoble-faculté de médecine-pharmacie, AGeing and IMagery (AGIM), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de biochimie et génétique moléculaire, CHU Grenoble, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Roger Salengro [Lille]-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Service de génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne [CHU Saint-Etienne] (CHU ST-E), Centre de Génétique Chromosomique, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul-Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), CHU Amiens-Picardie, Centre Hospitalier de Béthune (CH Béthune), GHT de l'Artois, Service de Génétique Clinique, Department of Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Siena = University of Siena (UNISI)-Medical Genetics, Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims)-Hôpital Maison Blanche-IFR 53, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Human Genetics [Nijmegen], Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam] (AMC), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-Heart Failure Research Center (HFRC), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Institute of human genetics, International Centre for Life, Division of genetic epidemiology, HMNC Brain Health-Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology-Innsbruck Medical University = Medizinische Universität Innsbruck (IMU), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu-Institute of Clinical Medicine, Laboratorio di citogenetica, G. Gaslini Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universität Greifswald - University of Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Abteilung für Kinder und Jugendheilkunde, Landesklinikum Waldviertel Zwettl, Service de génétique [Rouen], CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), The Habilitation Unit of Folkhalsan, Medical University Graz, Medical Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital Anna Meyer, Unité de Cytogénétique et Génétique Médicale, Groupe Hospitalier du Havre-Hôpital Gustave Flaubert, Service de Médecine Infantile III et Génétique Clinique [CHRU Nancy], Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital Duesseldorf, Child and Family Research Institute-University of British Columbia (UBC), North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park & St Marks Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children-University of Toronto McLaughlin Centre, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics [Oxford], Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM)-Helmholtz Zentrum München = German Research Center for Environmental Health, Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Génétique cardiovasculaire (GC), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 (UHP), Molecular Medicine and Surgery department, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Service de Génétique [CHU Caen], Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Department of Pathology, Division of pediatrics, Ospedale San Giovanni, Institute of Medical Genetics, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Department of pediatrics and CEBR, Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe)-G. Gaslini Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili-University Hospital Juan XXIII-Instituto Salud Carlos III-Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Division of Human Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital-University of Bern, Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids)-University of Toronto, State Diagnostic, Counseling Center, University of Iceland [Reykjavik], Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Genetic Services, Rinnekoti Research Foundation, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto Salud Carlos III-Clinic Hospital of Virgen de la Victoria-Ciber Fisiopatologia y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Centre de Maladies Rares, Anomalies du Développement Nord de France-CH Arras - CHRU Lille, Institute for Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics [Helsinki], Haartman Institute [Helsinki], Faculty of Medecine [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Faculty of Medecine [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, The Centre for Applied Genomics, Toronto, The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids)-University of Toronto-Department of Molecular Genetics-McLaughlin Centre, Institut de biologie de Lille - UMS 3702 (IBL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work was supported by the Leenaards Foundation Prize (SJ, DM and AR), the Jérôme Lejeune Foundation (AR), the Telethon Action Suisse Foundation (AR), the Swiss National Science Foundation (AR, JSB, SB and SEA), a SNSF Sinergia grant (SJ, DM, SB, JSB and AR), the European Commission anEUploidy Integrated Project grant 037627 (AR, SB, XE, HGB and SEA), the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (AV), the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SB, ZK), an Imperial College Dept of Medicine PhD studentship (JSe-SM), the Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, and the National Institute for Health Research (PE), the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council (AIFB and PF), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)-FIS, the German Mental Retardation Network funded through a grant of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (NGFNplus 01GS08160) to A Reis and European Union-FEDER (PI081714, PS09/01778), SAF2008-02278 (XE, MG, FFA), the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research - Flanders (NVA, RFK), the Dutch Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZONMW grant 917-86-319) and Hersenstichting Nederland (BBAdV), grant 81000346 from the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (YGY), the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, Autism Speaks and NIH grant GM061354 (JFG), and the OENB grant 13059 (AK-B). YS holds a Young Investigator Award from the Children's Tumor Foundation and Catalyst Award from Harvard Medical School, and BLW, a Fudan Scholar Research Award from Fudan University, a grant from Chinese National '973' project on Population and Health (2010CB529601) and a grant from Science and Technology Council of Shanghai (09JC1402400). ERS and SL, recipients of the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Scholar award, acknowledge the CIHR MOP 74502 operational grant. EGCUT received support from the EU Centre of Excellence in Genomics and FP7 grants #201413 and #245536, from Estonian Government SF0180142s08, SF0180026s09 and SF0180027s10 (AM, KM, AK). The Helmholtz Zentrum Munich and the State of Bavaria financed KORA, also supported by the German National Genome Research Network (NGFN-2 and NGFNPlus: 01GS0823), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), and the Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health, LMUinnovativ). CIBEROBN and CIBERESP are initiatives of ISCIII (Spain). SWS holds the GlaxoSmithKline-Canadian Institutes of Health (CIHR) Chair in Genetics, Genomics at the University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children and is supported by Genome Canada and the McLaughlin Centre. deCODE was funded in part by NIH grant MH071425 (KS), EU grant HEALTH-2007-2.2.1-10-223423 (Project PsychCNV) and EU grant IMI-JU-NewMeds., Centre de génomique intégrative, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Memorial University of Newfoundland [St. John's], Friedrich Alexander University [Erlangen-Nürnberg], Service d'ORL et de Chirurgie Cervicofaciale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpital Robert Debré-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Weizmann Institute of Science, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nîmes (CHRU Nîmes), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hôpital Roger Salengro-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), CHU Saint-Etienne-Hôpital nord, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul-GHICL, Centre hospitalier de Béthune, Università degli Studi di Siena (UNISI)-Medical Genetics, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-IFR140-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Service de Génétique Cytogénétique et Embryologie [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP], Innsbruck Medical University [Austria] (IMU)-HMNC Brain Health-Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (ASCR), University of Oxford [Oxford], Technische Universität München [München] (TUM)-Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HZM)-German Research Center for Environmental Health, University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), Universita degli studi di Genova -G. Gaslini Institute, University of Toronto-The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki-Faculty of Medecine [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, University of Toronto-The Hospital for Sick Children-Department of Molecular Genetics-McLaughlin Centre, Institut de biologie de Lille - IBL (IBLI), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Human genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D), De Villemeur, Hervé, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland., Other departments, Reymond, Alexandre, Antonarakis, Stylianos, Sloan Bena, Frédérique, Bottani, Armand, Callier, Patrick, Gimelli, Stefania, Merla, Giuseppe, Vollenweider, Peter, Université de Lausanne (UNIL)-Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM)-Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HZM)-German Research Center for Environmental Health, CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), University of Toronto-The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids)-Department of Molecular Genetics-McLaughlin Centre, Université de Lille-Institut Pasteur de Lille, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Male, Aging, Transcription, Genetic, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Body Height, Body Mass Index, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Cohort Studies, Comparative Genomic Hybridization, Developmental Disabilities, Energy Metabolism, Europe, Female, Gene Dosage, Gene Duplication, Gene Expression Profiling, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Head, Heterozygote, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Mental Disorders, Middle Aged, Mutation, North America, Obesity, Phenotype, RNA, Messenger, Sequence Deletion, Thinness, Young Adult, Physiology, RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics, Genome-wide association study, HIDDEN-MARKOV MODEL, 0302 clinical medicine, Sequence Deletion/genetics, ddc:576.5, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Body Height/genetics, Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics, [SDV.MHEP.EM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Endocrinology and metabolism, 3. Good health, population characteristics, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics, Human, Locus (genetics), Gene Duplication/genetics, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetic, education, SNP GENOTYPING DATA, Thinness/genetics, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, Pair 16, Case-control study, nutritional and metabolic diseases, social sciences, medicine.disease, DEPENDENT PROBE AMPLIFICATION, Human medicine, Body mass index, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Messenger, Obesity/genetics, FAILURE-TO-THRIVE, [SDV.GEN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, Head/anatomy & histology, METABOLIC SYNDROME, [SDV.MHEP.EM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Endocrinology and metabolism, 2. Zero hunger, Genetics, Multidisciplinary, TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR, Failure to thrive, medicine.symptom, Underweight, Transcription, geographic locations, Mutation/genetics, Population, Biology, Chromosomes, 150 000 MR Techniques in Brain Function, medicine, Preschool, 030304 developmental biology, COPY NUMBER VARIATION, Mental Disorders/genetics, Energy Metabolism/genetics, RELATIVE QUANTIFICATION, Gene Dosage/genetics, Newborn, BODY-MASS INDEX, CIRCULAR BINARY SEGMENTATION, RNA, Genetics and epigenetic pathways of disease Genomic disorders and inherited multi-system disorders [NCMLS 6], human activities, Developmental Disabilities/genetics
Abstract

To access publisher full text version of this article. Please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field. Both obesity and being underweight have been associated with increased mortality. Underweight, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 18.5 kg per m(2) in adults and ≤ -2 standard deviations from the mean in children, is the main sign of a series of heterogeneous clinical conditions including failure to thrive, feeding and eating disorder and/or anorexia nervosa. In contrast to obesity, few genetic variants underlying these clinical conditions have been reported. We previously showed that hemizygosity of a ∼600-kilobase (kb) region on the short arm of chromosome 16 causes a highly penetrant form of obesity that is often associated with hyperphagia and intellectual disabilities. Here we show that the corresponding reciprocal duplication is associated with being underweight. We identified 138 duplication carriers (including 132 novel cases and 108 unrelated carriers) from individuals clinically referred for developmental or intellectual disabilities (DD/ID) or psychiatric disorders, or recruited from population-based cohorts. These carriers show significantly reduced postnatal weight and BMI. Half of the boys younger than five years are underweight with a probable diagnosis of failure to thrive, whereas adult duplication carriers have an 8.3-fold increased risk of being clinically underweight. We observe a trend towards increased severity in males, as well as a depletion of male carriers among non-medically ascertained cases. These features are associated with an unusually high frequency of selective and restrictive eating behaviours and a significant reduction in head circumference. Each of the observed phenotypes is the converse of one reported in carriers of deletions at this locus. The phenotypes correlate with changes in transcript levels for genes mapping within the duplication but not in flanking regions. The reciprocal impact of these 16p11.2 copy-number variants indicates that severe obesity and being underweight could have mirror aetiologies, possibly through contrasting effects on energy balance. Leenaards Foundation Jerome Lejeune Foundation Telethon Action Suisse Foundation Swiss National Science Foundation European Commission 037627 QLG1-CT-2000-01643 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Imperial College Department of Medicine Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust National Institute for Health Research Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)-FIS German Mental Retardation Network German Federal Ministry of Education and Research NGFNplus 01GS08160 European Union PI081714 PS09/01778 201413 245536 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/223423 Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research, Flanders Dutch Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZON-MW) 917-86-319 Hersenstichting Nederland (B.B.A.d.V.) Chinese National Natural Science Foundation 81000346 Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative Autism Speaks NIH GM061354 MH071425 Oesterreichische Nationalbank (OENB) 13059 Children's Tumor Foundation Harvard Medical School Fudan University Chinese National '973' project on Population and Health 2010CB529601 Science and Technology Council of Shanghai 09JC1402400 Michael Smith Foundation for Health CIHR MOP 74502 Estonian Government SF0180142s08 SF0180026s09 SF0180027s10 Helmholtz Zentrum Munich State of Bavaria German National Genome Research Network 01GS0823 German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health, LMUinnovativ) Genome Canada McLaughlin Centre Academy of Finland 104781 120315 129269 1114194 University Hospital Oulu Biocenter University of Oulu, Finland 75617 NHLBI 5R01HL087679-02 1RL1MH083268-01 NIH/NIMH 5R01MH63706:02 ENGAGE project Medical Research Council, UK G0500539 G0600705 Academy of Finland Biocentrum Helsinki SAF2008-02278 HEALTH-F4-2007-201413

Published
2011

47. Whole-genome linkage scan for epilepsy-related photosensitivity: A mega-analysis

Author

Auli Siren, Hiltrud Muhle, Gabrielle Rudolf, D. G Kasteleijn Nolst Trenité, Costin Leu, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Dalila Pinto, Pasquale Striano, C. G. F. de Kovel, Petra M.C. Callenbach, Thomas Sander, Bobby P. C. Koeleman, Ulrich Stephani, Dick Lindhout, S. Lorenz, Anne Hempelmann, Samuel F. Berkovic, Betül Baykan, Ulrike Tauer, and Bernd A. Neubauer

Subjects
Male, Genetic Linkage, LOCI, Genome, Photoparoxysmal response, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, Idiopathic generalised epilepsy, Photosensitivity, genetics, Genetics, Genome-wide linkage, 0303 health sciences, Chromosome Mapping, Phenotype, GENETIC DISSECTION, Neurology, TWINS, Geographic origin, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5, Pair 8, Female, Mega analysis, Pair 5, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8, Human, Mega-analysis, Locus (genetics), Biology, IDIOPATHIC GENERALIZED EPILEPSIES, Epilepsy, Reflex, Chromosomes, 7Q32, methods, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetic linkage, Reflex, medicine, Humans, methods, Chromosomes, Pair 16, genetics, Chromosomes, genetics, Epilepsy, genetics, Female, Genetic Linkage, genetics, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome, genetics, Humans, Male, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, 030304 developmental biology, Genome, Human, medicine.disease, SEIZURES, Neurology (clinical), Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 16P13
Abstract

Photoparoxysmal response (PPR) is considered to be a risk factor for idiopathic generalised epilepsy (IGE) and it has a strong genetic basis. Two genome-wide linkage studies have been published before and they identified loci for PPR at 6p21, 7q32, 13q13, 13q31 and 16p13. Here we combine these studies, augmented with additional families, in a mega-analysis of 100 families. Non-parametric linkage analysis identified three suggestive peaks for photosensitivity, two of which are novel (5q35.3 and 8q21.13) and one has been found before (16p13.3). We found no evidence for linkage at four previously detected loci (6p21, 7q32, 13q13 and 13q31).Our results suggest that the different family data sets are not linked to a shared locus. Detailed analysis showed that the peak at 16p13 was mainly supported by a single subset of families, while the peaks at 5q35 and 8q21 had weak support from multiple subsets.Family studies clearly support the role of PPR as a risk factor for IGE. This mega-analysis shows that distinct loci seem to be linked to subsets of PPR-positive families that may differ in subtle clinical phenotypes or geographic origin. Further linkage studies of PPR should therefore include in-depth phenotyping to make appropriate subsets and increase genetic homogeneity. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2010

48. Linkage analysis and disease models in benign familial infantile seizures: a study of 16 families

Author

Baldassare Barone, Pasquale De Marco, Roberto Gaggero, Ruth Day, Antonio Gambardella, Pasquale Striano, Maurizio Viri, Francesca Madia, Giuseppe Capovilla, Federico Vigevano, Elena Gennaro, Francesca Vanadia, Pierangelo Veggiotti, Filippo Martinelli Boneschi, Olivier Dulac, Jean François Prud'homme, Paolo Aridon, Carlo Minetti, Monica Traverso, Bernardo Dalla Bernardina, Rima Nabbout, Federico Zara, Marilena Vecchi, Maria Luisa Lispi, Laura Bordo, Amedeo Bianchi, STRIANO P, LISPI ML, GENNARO E, MADIA F, TRAVERSO M, BORDO L, ARIDON P, BONESCHI FM, BARONE B, DALLA BERNARDINA B, BIANCHI A, CAPOVILLA G, DE MARCO P, DULAC O, GAGGERO R, GAMBARDELLA A, NABBOUT R, PRUD'HOMME JF, DAY R, VANADIA F, VECCHI M, VEGGIOTTI P, VIGEVANO F, VIRI M, MINETTI C, and ZARA F

Subjects
Proband, Male, Genetic Linkage, Penetrance, Epilepsy, Models, genetics, Tomography, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Genetics, Neurologic Examination, Brain, Chromosome Mapping, Electroencephalography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, statistics /&/ numerical data, Pedigree, X-Ray Computed, Neurology, Female, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Benign Neonatal, pathology/radiography, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosomes, Pair 16, genetics, Chromosomes, Pair 19, genetics, Electroencephalography, statistics /&/ numerical data, Epilepsy, diagnosis/genetics, Family, Female, Genetic Heterogeneity, Genetic Linkage, Haplotypes, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Genetic, Mutation, genetics, Neurologic Examination, Pedigree, Penetrance, Tomography, pathology/radiography, Chromosomes, Genetic Heterogeneity, Genetic, Genetic linkage, Febrile seizure, Genetic model, medicine, Humans, Family, Psychiatry, Models, Genetic, Genetic heterogeneity, business.industry, medicine.disease, Epilepsy, Benign Neonatal, Haplotypes, Mutation, Neurology (clinical), Tomography, X-Ray Computed, business, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, diagnosis/genetics
Abstract

Summary: Purpose: Benign familial infantile seizures (BFIS) is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by partial seizures, onset age from 3 to 9 months, and favorable outcome. BFIS loci were identified on chromosomes 19q12-13.1 and 16p12-q12, allelic to infantile convulsions and choreathetosis. The identification of SCN2A mutations in families with only infantile seizures indicated that BFNIS and BFIS may show overlapping clinical features. Infantile seizures also were in a family with familial hemiplegic migraine and mutations in the ATP1A2 gene. We have examined the heterogeneous genetics of BFIS by means of linkage analysis. Methods: Sixteen families were examined. Probands underwent neurologic examination, at least one EEG recording, and, when possible, brain CT and MRI. Clinical information about relatives was collected. Families with SCN2A or ATP1A2 mutations were excluded from the study. Chromosome 16p and 19q loci were examined by linkage analysis using two models that differed in penetrance rate. Genetic heterogeneity was evaluated with both models. Results: Clinical information was available for 124 members of affected families. BFIS was diagnosed in 69 subjects. One patient without BFIS had a single febrile seizure, and another had rare episodes of paroxysmal dystonia. Evidence of linkage was obtained only for chromosome 16. Moreover, the high penetrance allowed the identification of genetic heterogeneity. Conclusions: Our data confirm the relevance of the chromosome 16 locus in BFIS and suggest the presence of an additional locus. This study shows that the genetic model used affects the outcome of linkage analysis.

Published
2006

49. Association study of autistic disorder and chromosome 16p

Author

Agata Fiumara, Paola Lucarelli, Maurizio Elia, Sonia Palminiello, Nunzio Bottini, Danila De Luca, Patrizia Saccucci, and Paolo Curatolo

Subjects
Male, Genetic Markers, Adolescent, Association (object-oriented programming), autism, Biology, association study, Genetic determinism, Chromosomes, Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica, Gene Frequency, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Microsatellite Repeats, Female, Child, Preschool, Child, Autistic Disorder, Humans, Chromosome (genetic algorithm), medicine, Preschool, Genetics (clinical), Genetics, Pair 16, medicine.disease, chromosome 16p, Developmental disorder, D16S502, Autism, Human
Abstract

Autism is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by social and communicative impairment and repetitive stereotyped behaviors and interest. Although the etiology of autistic disorder (AD) is unknown, a complex genetic component has been strongly implicated. Several screens for AD have recently been completed. Besides seven other chromosomes (1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 19, 22) a region on chromosome 16p between the markers D16S418 (16p13.2) and D16S3114 (16p13.13) shows a significant linkage to AD. The aim of our study was to identify loci associated with the AD in the Italian population using the comparison of polymorphism allele frequency distribution between affected probands and unaffected control subjects. With this aim we have screened six microsatellite markers mapping 16p13.3–16p13.2 for allelic association with AD. A significant association between the marker D16S502 (mapping 16p13.2) and autism has been found. The association is present with the same pattern in two independent samples considered. According to the purpose of our study we believe this association could be useful in directing further mapping efforts of the candidate gene.

Published
2003

50. Familial infantile myoclonic epilepsy: clinical features in a large kindred with autosomal recessive inheritance

Author

Roberto Santangelo, L. Majello, Mariano Stabile, Franca Dagna Bricarelli, Fabrizio A. de Falco, and Federico Zara

Subjects
Nosology, Adult, Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Infancy, Gene Expression, Epilepsies, Myoclonic, Genes, Recessive, Neurological disorder, Epilepsies, Electroencephalography, Chromosomes, Epilepsy, Genetics, medicine, Recessive, Humans, Family, Psychiatry, Child, Chromosome Aberrations, medicine.diagnostic_test, Pair 16, Normal interictal EEG, Chromosome Mapping, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Penetrance, Pedigree, Phenotype, Genes, Neurology, Myoclonic epilepsy, Female, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, Myoclonic, Psychology, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, Myoclonus, Human
Abstract

Summary: Purpose: To describe the clinical features of a large kindred with familial infantile myoclonic epilepsy (FIME) with autosomal recessive inheritance, and to discuss the nosology of the early infantile myoclonic epilepsies (IMEs). Methods: The family descends from the intermarriage of two couples of siblings. In a previous study, we mapped the genetic locus to chromosome 16p13.We analyzed results of family records and personal history, psychomotor development, neurologic examination, epilepsy features, and EEG recordings for each subject. Results: FIME has a strong penetrance (eight affected of 14 subjects) and a homogeneous clinical picture. Like the benign form of infantile myoclonic epilepsy (BIME), FIME is a true idiopathic IME with unremarkable history, no neurologic or mental impairment, good response to treatment, and normal interictal EEG pattern. Conversely, onset with generalized epileptic seizures without fever (four patients) or with fever (one patient), frequency and duration of the myoclonic seizures, occurrence of generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCSs) in all patients and persistence of seizures into adulthood are characteristics of the severe infantile myoclonic epilepsy (SIME). Conclusions: Clinical overlap probably exists among the myoclonic epilepsies of infancy. FIME differs from other forms of IME in its phenotypic features. The peculiar mode of inheritance is explained by the genetic background of the family. Genetic studies suggest linkage to chromosome 16 in familial cases of true IME. Key Words: Myoclonic epilepsy— Infancy—Nosology—Genetics.

Published
2002

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