36 results on '"Megan A Kelly"'
Search Results
2. Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Web-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Versus Smokefree.gov for Smokers With Bipolar Disorder
- Author
-
Megan M. Kelly, Noreen L. Watson, Jeanette A. Waxmonsky, Michael J. Ostacher, Edit Serfozo, Kristin M. Mattocks, Jaimee L. Heffner, Jonathan B. Bricker, and Kristin E Mull
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Bipolar Disorder ,Bipolar I disorder ,Nicotine patch ,medicine.medical_treatment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Health Behavior ,Population ,Original Investigations ,Pilot Projects ,Acceptance and commitment therapy ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ,education ,media_common ,Internet ,education.field_of_study ,Smokers ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,Middle Aged ,Abstinence ,medicine.disease ,United States ,Confidence interval ,030227 psychiatry ,Physical therapy ,Smoking cessation ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,business - Abstract
Introduction Smokers with bipolar disorder (BD) are less successful at quitting than the general population. In this study, we evaluated in a pilot randomized controlled trial a novel, targeted, web-based intervention for smokers with BD based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and designed for reach and disseminability. Aims and Methods Daily smokers (n = 51) with bipolar I or II disorder were recruited from four US sites and randomly assigned to one of two web-based smoking cessation interventions—ACT-based WebQuit Plus (n = 25) or Smokefree.gov (n = 26) over a 10-week treatment period. All participants received nicotine patch for 8 weeks. Key outcomes were trial design feasibility, intervention acceptability, and cessation at end of treatment and 1-month follow-up. Results We screened 119 to enroll 51 participants (target sample size = 60) over 24 months. The most common reason for ineligibility was the inability to attend study appointments. Retention was 73% at end of treatment and 80% at follow-up, with no differences by arm. The mean number of logins was twice as high for WebQuit Plus (10.3 vs. 5.3). The usefulness of program skills was rated higher for WebQuit Plus (75% vs. 29%). Biochemically confirmed, 7-day abstinence at end of treatment was 12% in WebQuit Plus versus 8% in Smokefree.gov (odds ratio = 1.46, 95% confidence interval = 0.21 to 9.97). At follow-up, abstinence rates were 8% in both arms. Conclusions Trial design produced favorable retention rates, although alternative recruitment methods will be needed for a larger trial. At end of treatment, acceptability and estimated effect size of WebQuit Plus relative to Smokefree.gov were promising and support continued program refinement and evaluation. Implications In this first randomized controlled trial of a targeted intervention for smokers with BD, we found that the ACT-based WebQuit Plus intervention, delivered in combination with the nicotine patch, had promising acceptability and cessation outcomes relative to Smokefree.gov. The observed signals for acceptability and cessation suggest that the WebQuit Plus program should be refined based on participant feedback and evaluated in a larger trial. Feasibility findings from this study also provide direction for refining trial procedures to enhance the recruitment of smokers with BD.
- Published
- 2019
3. Motives for Illicit Drug Use Among Individuals With Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Author
-
Joseph R. Houchins, Megan M. Kelly, and Katharine A. Phillips
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Drug ,Coping (psychology) ,Substance-Related Disorders ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,Illicit drug ,Longitudinal Studies ,Prospective Studies ,Drug Use Disorders ,media_common ,Motivation ,Illicit Drugs ,Extramural ,Body Dysmorphic Disorders ,medicine.disease ,Body dysmorphic disorder ,Female ,Observational study ,Substance use ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Drug use disorders (DUDs) are highly prevalent in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), but motives for illicit drug use in BDD have not yet been explored. This study examined motives for drug use and clinical correlates of drug use motives in a sample of individuals with BDD and lifetime drug use, using the Drug Use Motives Questionnaire and 3 additional body image-specific drug use motives. As predicted, the Drug Use Motives Questionnaire coping motive was positively associated with attempted suicide and a lifetime DUD. All 3 body image-specific motives for drug use were also significantly associated with a lifetime DUD. In addition, they were the only variables that were significantly associated with greater severity of BDD. These results build on previous evidence suggesting that coping motives are related to problematic substance use and suicide attempts in BDD.
- Published
- 2019
4. Incidence and Predictors of Gram-Negative Bacilli in Hospitalized People Who Inject Drugs with Injection Drug Use-Attributable Infections
- Author
-
Laurence R Wright, Samantha D Yeager, Megan C Kelly, Michael P. Veve, and Mahmoud Shorman
- Subjects
Adult ,Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ,Staphylococcus aureus ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Population ,Clinical Therapeutics ,medicine.disease_cause ,Drug Users ,Risk Factors ,Interquartile range ,Internal medicine ,Gram-Negative Bacteria ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,education ,Retrospective Studies ,Pharmacology ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Retrospective cohort study ,Odds ratio ,Middle Aged ,Antibiotic coverage ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Hospitalization ,Infectious Diseases ,Pharmaceutical Preparations ,Cohort ,Female ,Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ,business - Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify incidence and determine predictors of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) in people who inject drugs (PWID) with injection-drug use (IDU)-related infections. The investigation was a retrospective cohort of hospitalized PWID from January 2017 to December 2019. Inclusion criteria were age of ≥18 years, active IDU, treated IDU-attributable infection, and organism growth from microbiology cultures. Infection types included infective endocarditis (IE), acute bacterial skin/skin structure infection (ABSSSI), osteoarticular infection (OAI), and other bloodstream infections (BSI). Primary outcome was GNB identification from microbiologic culture; descriptive statistics were used to describe the cohort. Multivariable regression was used to identify variables associated with GNB infection. A total of 230 PWID were included, 65 (28%) with GNB infections and 165 (72%) with Gram-positive infections. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) population age was 38 (31 to 45) years. Most patients were women (56%); 37% had no insurance. Infection types were as follows: IE, 41%; ABSSSI, 37%; OAI, 20%; and other BSI, 2%. A total of 278 organisms were isolated from 230 patients. The most common organisms were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (43%), Streptococcus spp. (19%), methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (17%), and Serratia marcescens (8%); 10% of infections were mixed GNB and Gram-positive infections. A total of 80% of patients received empirical Pseudomonas aeruginosa coverage; only 7% had P. aeruginosa infections. In multivariable regression, age of >50 years (adjusted odds ratio [adjOR], 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 7.2), prior hospitalization within 90 days (adjOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.3), and OAI (adjOR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5 to 6.6) were associated with GNB infection. GNB in PWID with IDU-attributable infections were more frequently observed in recently hospitalized, older patients with OAI. The majority of patients received empirical antipseudomonal antibiotic coverage, but P. aeruginosa was infrequent. PWID are a potential population to target improved empirical antibiotic use.
- Published
- 2021
5. The effects of blueberry and strawberry serum metabolites on age-related oxidative and inflammatory signalingin vitro
- Author
-
Barbara Shukitt-Hale, Megan E. Kelly, Donna F. Bielinski, Derek R. Fisher, Marshall G. Miller, and Grant A. Rutledge
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Aging ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Antioxidant ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Blueberry Plants ,Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ,Oxidative phosphorylation ,Berry ,Nitric Oxide ,medicine.disease_cause ,Placebo ,Fragaria ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Double-Blind Method ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Ingestion ,Aged ,Meal ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Postprandial Period ,Rats ,Oxidative Stress ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,Postprandial ,Fruit ,Female ,Microglia ,business ,Oxidative stress ,Food Science - Abstract
Berry fruits contain a variety of bioactive polyphenolic compounds that exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. We have shown that consumption of freeze-dried whole berry powder, equivalent to 1 cup per day of blueberry (BB) or 2 cups per day of strawberry (SB), can differentially improve some aspects of cognition in healthy, older adults, compared to placebo-supplemented controls. We investigated whether fasting and postprandial serum from BB- or SB-supplemented older adults (60–75 years), taken at baseline or after 45 or 90 days of supplementation, would reduce the production of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers compared to serum from a placebo group, in LPS-stressed HAPI rat microglial cells, in vitro. Serum from both BB- and SB-supplemented participants reduced nitrite production, iNOS and COX-2 expression, and TNF-alpha release relative to serum from placebo controls (p < 0.05). Protection was greatest with serum from the 90-day time-point, suggesting that ongoing supplementation may provide the most health benefits. Serum was protective in both fasted and postprandial conditions, indicating that the effects are not only acute and that the meal did not challenge subjects’ ability to regulate oxidative and inflammatory stress. These results suggest that berry metabolites, present in the circulating blood following ingestion, may be mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of dietary berry fruit.
- Published
- 2019
6. Anxiety sensitivity in relation to cigarette smoking and other substance use in African American smokers
- Author
-
Heather R Lucke, Casey R. Guillot, Eileen N Quinn, Mariel S. Bello, Raina D. Pang, Megan E. Kelly, and Adam M. Leventhal
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Mediation (statistics) ,Pediatric Research Initiative ,Drug Abuse (NIDA Only) ,Cross-sectional study ,Psychological intervention ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Anxiety ,Dysphoria ,Article ,Cigarette Smoking ,Clinical Research ,2.3 Psychological ,Tobacco ,Behavioral and Social Science ,medicine ,Humans ,Psychology ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,African Americans ,Motivation ,Smokers ,Substance dependence ,Tobacco Smoke and Health ,Depression ,Prevention ,Substance Abuse ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Brain Disorders ,Black or African American ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Mental Health ,Anxiety sensitivity ,Smoking Cessation ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,social and economic factors ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Anxiety sensitivity (AS)-fearfulness of anxiety symptoms-has been implicated in the etiology of emotional disorders (e.g., depressive and anxiety disorders) and linked to cigarette smoking and other substance use (SU). However, studies examining AS in relation to SU primarily have been conducted with racially/ethnically heterogeneous or mostly European American samples. Hence, this cross-sectional study involving secondary analysis of baseline data focused on investigating associations of AS with cigarette smoking and other SU in a sample of 630 non-treatment-seeking African American smokers (37.3% female; M age = 49.6 years; M cigarettes smoked per day = 15.4). After screening out individuals with non-nicotine substance dependence, participants reported their demographics, AS, dysphoria symptoms (i.e., depression and anxiety symptoms), and SU. In regression analyses controlling for dysphoria symptoms, age, education level, income level, and years of regular smoking, AS was positively associated with tobacco withdrawal severity (β = .12, p = .007), overall smoking motives (β = .17, p < .001), alcohol use problems (β = .12, p = .005), and other (non-nicotine, nonalcohol) SU problems (β = .16, p < .001). Though lacking the passage of time between assessments needed to provide strong evidence of mediation, unplanned analyses further revealed indirect associations of AS with several SU variables through dysphoria symptoms. Current findings are consistent with those found in prior samples and suggest that AS is similarly related to SU in African Americans, who may benefit from interventions that have been helpful in improving AS, dysphoria symptoms, and SU in other groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2020
7. Tobacco Use and Cognitive Functioning in Veterans of the Conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan
- Author
-
Megan M. Kelly, Steven D. Shirk, and Lee Ashendorf
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Tobacco use ,Population ,Comorbidity ,Neuropsychological Tests ,050105 experimental psychology ,Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,03 medical and health sciences ,Executive Function ,Tobacco Use ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cognition ,Tobacco users ,Memory ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Prevalence ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Cognitive skill ,education ,Psychiatry ,Iraq War, 2003-2011 ,Veterans ,education.field_of_study ,Afghan Campaign 2001 ,05 social sciences ,Afghanistan ,Middle Aged ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Increased risk ,Military Personnel ,Iraq ,Female ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Tobacco use is a prevalent problem in the general population as well as among military veterans. Despite the fact that tobacco users are at an increased risk of many medical and psychiatric comorbidities, the risk of cognitive impairment in younger active tobacco users is less studied. Military veterans from the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan (n = 113) were administered a neuropsychological protocol. Even after controlling for the severity of PTSD symptoms, tobacco use was negatively related to performance on measures of processing speed, memory, and executive functioning. The current findings have implications for the neuropsychological evaluation of tobacco users.
- Published
- 2019
8. Experiential avoidance as a mediator of the association between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and social support: A longitudinal analysis
- Author
-
Nathan A. Kimbrel, Sandra B. Morissette, Suzy B. Gulliver, Megan M. Kelly, Bryann B. DeBeer, and Eric C. Meyer
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,050103 clinical psychology ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Clinician Administered PTSD Scale ,PsycINFO ,Article ,Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,03 medical and health sciences ,Social support ,0302 clinical medicine ,Perception ,Experiential avoidance ,Avoidance Learning ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Longitudinal Studies ,Association (psychology) ,Iraq War, 2003-2011 ,media_common ,Veterans ,Afghan Campaign 2001 ,Social perception ,05 social sciences ,Social Support ,Resilience, Psychological ,030227 psychiatry ,Clinical Psychology ,Feeling ,Female ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
OBJECTIVE Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often experience difficulties with social reintegration after deployment. Experiential avoidance, the tendency to avoid unwanted thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations (including in response to interactions with others) may be a key factor that explains the association between PTSD symptoms and postdeployment social support. The present study evaluated whether experiential avoidance mediates the association between PTSD symptoms and perceptions of postdeployment social support. METHOD Veterans (n = 145) who served in support of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan were enrolled in a study evaluating returning veterans' experiences. Participants were evaluated at an initial baseline assessment and 8-months later. Participants completed the lifetime Clinician Administered PTSD Scale and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II at baseline, as well as the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory-Post Deployment Social Support Questionnaire at the 8-month assessment. RESULTS Baseline experiential avoidance mediated the association between lifetime PTSD symptoms and 8-month social support. CONCLUSIONS Experiential avoidance may be an important target for treatment to improve long-term functional recovery and reintegration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2018
9. Raspberry differentially improves age-related declines in psychomotor function dependent on baseline motor ability
- Author
-
Barbara Shukitt-Hale, Marshall G. Miller, Nopporn Thangthaeng, Megan E. Kelly, and Donald Smith
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Aging ,Walking ,Motor Activity ,03 medical and health sciences ,Grip strength ,0302 clinical medicine ,Quality of life ,Age related ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Muscle Strength ,Motor ability ,Balance (ability) ,Psychomotor function ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Rats, Inbred F344 ,Diet ,Rats ,Blowing a raspberry ,030104 developmental biology ,Fruit ,Muscle strength ,Physical therapy ,Quality of Life ,Female ,business ,Rubus ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Psychomotor Performance ,Food Science - Abstract
Among older adults, falls are a leading cause of distress, pain, injury, loss of confidence, and ultimately, loss of independence and death. Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that berry supplementation improves the age-related declines in balance, muscle strength, and coordination that often lead to falls, even when initiated later in life. The purpose of this study was to explore the interaction between baseline motor performance and the daily intake of raspberry required to improve/preserve motor function. Aged male F344 (17 mo) rats were tested for baseline (pre-test) balance, muscle strength, and coordination, and divided into good, average, and poor performers based on their motor composite score. Rats in each category were fed with either a control, 1%, or 2% raspberry-supplemented diet for 8 weeks and then retested (post-test). Poor performers fed with 1% or 2% raspberry had higher post-test composite scores (p < 0.05), while 2% raspberry lowered post-test composite scores in the good performers (p < 0.05), compared to control-fed rats. 1% and 2% raspberry appeared to preserve the performance of good performers and improve the performance of poor performers on plank walking (p < 0.05), while 2% raspberry improved post-test grip strength of the poor performers (p < 0.05). Additionally, rats with lower post-diet composite scores had higher levels of serum IL-1β levels (r = -0.347, p < 0.05). These findings identified poor performers as being the most likely to benefit from daily consumption of ½-2 cups of raspberry to improve/preserve motor function. Therefore, increased raspberry consumption may reduce fall risk, extend independence, and improve quality of life in the aging population.
- Published
- 2017
10. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and its clinical correlates in a VA primary care behavioral health clinic
- Author
-
Katharine A. Phillips, Jinxin Zhang, and Megan M. Kelly
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Suicide, Attempted ,Comorbidity ,Primary Care Behavioral health ,mental disorders ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Medicine ,Psychiatry ,Veterans Affairs ,health care economics and organizations ,Biological Psychiatry ,Severe disorder ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Depressive Disorder, Major ,business.industry ,Middle Aged ,Body Dysmorphic Disorders ,medicine.disease ,United States ,humanities ,United States Department of Veterans Affairs ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Body dysmorphic disorder ,Female ,business - Abstract
We examined the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in a Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care behavioral health clinic. Of 100 Veterans, 11% (95% CI = 6.3-18.6%) had current BDD and 12% (95% CI = 7.0-19.8%) had lifetime BDD. However, only 8.3% of these Veterans had been diagnosed with BDD. BDD was significantly associated with a substantially elevated rate of suicide attempts, major depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This severe disorder appears to be underdiagnosed in VA settings.
- Published
- 2015
11. Gambling-related cognitive distortions predict level of function among US veterans seeking treatment for gambling disorders
- Author
-
Steven D, Shirk, Megan M, Kelly, Shane W, Kraus, Marc N, Potenza, Kendra, Pugh, Christopher, Waltrous, Edward, Federman, Christopher, Krebs, and Charles E, Drebing
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Psychopathology ,Mental Disorders ,Comorbidity ,Middle Aged ,United States ,Behavior, Addictive ,Cognition ,Help-Seeking Behavior ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Gambling ,Humans ,Female ,Symptom Assessment ,Veterans - Abstract
Gambling Disorder (GD) is characterized by recurrent gambling behavior that is associated with significant impairment and distress, high psychiatric comorbidities, and high functional disability. The military veteran population appears particularly susceptible to developing the disorder, but relatively little has been studied among this population. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the clinical psychopathologies and comorbidities of veterans seeking treatment for problem gambling and how problem gambling may impact functioning.Treatment-seeking veterans meeting criteria for GD (N = 61) underwent a structured clinical interview and completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale (G-SAS), the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale for Gambling Disorder (PG-YBOCS), the Gambling Belief Questionnaire (GBQ), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS).Veterans seeking treatment for GD had high rates of psychiatric and addiction disorder comorbidities. Few veterans had previously sought treatment and most reported substantive challenges in social and occupational functioning. When determining how gambling-related characteristics (ie, severity and cognitive distortions) impact function, severity of cognitive distortions was the strongest statistical predictor of overall functional disability.The findings from this study indicate that there is high comorbidity between GD and other psychiatric and addictive disorders, as well as social and occupational functioning. In addition, cognitive distortions related to gambling relate importantly to overall functioning and should be considered in the development of interventions for veterans with GD. (Am J Addict 2018;27:108-115).
- Published
- 2017
12. The Preschool Activity, Technology, Health, Adiposity, Behaviour and Cognition (PATH-ABC) cohort study: rationale and design
- Author
-
Douglas J. Angus, Ian M. R Wright, Edward Melhuish, Marc de Rosnay, Jade McNeill, Dylan P. Cliff, Marijka Batterham, Stewart A. Vella, Rute Santos, Anthony D. Okely, Megan A Kelly, and Steven J Howard
- Subjects
Male ,Early childhood education ,Health Status ,Child Behavior ,Cardiovascular ,Developmental psychology ,psyc ,Study Protocol ,Child Development ,Cognition ,0302 clinical medicine ,Clinical Protocols ,Accelerometry ,Health Status Indicators ,Medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,Prospective Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Early childhood ,Adiposity ,4. Education ,Child Health ,lcsh:RJ1-570 ,Theory of mind ,Child, Preschool ,Self-regulation ,Female ,Television ,New South Wales ,Psychosocial ,Cohort study ,Electronic media ,Well-being ,03 medical and health sciences ,Screen time ,Executive function ,Humans ,Exercise ,Computers ,business.industry ,Physical activity ,lcsh:Pediatrics ,030229 sport sciences ,Child development ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Linear Models ,Active play ,Emotion understanding ,Sedentary Behavior ,business - Abstract
Background\ud \ud Prevalence estimates internationally suggest that many preschool-aged children (3–5 years) are insufficiently physically active and engage in high levels of screen-based entertainment. Early childhood is the developmental period for which we know the least about the effects of physical activity on development and health. Likewise, rapid technological advancements in mobile electronic media have made screen-based forms of entertainment for young children ubiquitous, and research demonstrating the impacts on cognition, psychosocial well-being, and health has lagged behind the rate of adoption of these technologies. The purpose of the Preschool Activity, Technology, Health, Adiposity, Behaviour and Cognition (PATH-ABC) study is to investigate if physical activity and screen-based entertainment are independently associated with cognitive and psychosocial development, and health outcomes in young children, and if so, how much and which types of these behaviours might be most influential.\ud Methods\ud \ud The PATH-ABC study is a prospective cohort, aiming to recruit 430 3–5 year-old children. Children are recruited through and complete initial assessments at their Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) centre, and then 12-months later at their centre or school. Direct assessments are made of children’s habitual physical activity using accelerometry, cognitive (executive function) and language development (expressive vocabulary), psychosocial development (emotional understanding, Theory of Mind, empathy, and heart rate variability), adiposity (body mass index and waist circumference), and cardiovascular health (blood pressure and retinal micro- vasculature). Educators report on children’s psychological strengths and difficulties and self-regulation. Parents report on children’s habitual use of electronic media and other child, parent and household characteristics.\ud Discussion\ud \ud The PATH-ABC study aims to provide evidence to enhance understanding of how much and which types of physical activity and screen-based media influence development and health in preschool-aged children. This information would benefit parents, educators, health professionals and governments seeking to develop strategies and policies to give young children the best start in life by promoting healthy levels of physical activity and electronic media use.
- Published
- 2017
13. Long-acting intramuscular naltrexone for opioid use disorder: Utilization and association with multi-morbidity nationally in the Veterans Health Administration
- Author
-
Megan M. Kelly, Robert A. Rosenheck, Nitigna Desai, Timothy Quiñones, and Erin D. Reilly
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Narcotic Antagonists ,Veterans Health ,Alcohol use disorder ,Comorbidity ,Toxicology ,Injections, Intramuscular ,Naltrexone ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Medical prescription ,Psychiatry ,health care economics and organizations ,Veterans ,Pharmacology ,business.industry ,Opioid use disorder ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Mental illness ,Opioid-Related Disorders ,Mental health ,United States ,Buprenorphine ,Analgesics, Opioid ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,United States Department of Veterans Affairs ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Treatment Outcome ,Female ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Methadone ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background Long acting intramuscular (IM) naltrexone is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), but rates and correlates of its use have not been studied. Methods National administrative from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) from Fiscal Year 2012 identified only 16 VHA facilities that prescribed IM naltrexone to 5 or more veterans diagnosed with OUD. Data from these facilities were used to identify sociodemographic, diagnostic, and service use characteristics, including use of psychotropic medication, that were characteristic of veterans who filled prescriptions for IM naltrexone. This was in comparison to users of opiate agonist treatments (methadone or buprenorphine) or veterans with no pharmacologic treatment for OUD. Comparisons were made using both bi-variate analyses and multivariable logistic regression. Results Only 179 of 16,402 veterans with OUD (1%) at these 16 facilities filled a prescription for IM naltrexone and only 256 of 99,394 (0.26%) nationally. These veterans were characterized by past homelessness, co-morbid alcohol use disorder, multiple psychiatric disorders, and a greater likelihood of psychiatric hospitalization, as well as mental health outpatient and antidepressant medication use. Conclusions IM naltrexone is rarely used for OUD and is primarily used for patients with multiple co-morbidities, especially alcohol use disorder and serious mental illness. The use of this treatment illustrates many of the principles identified by the emerging focus on multi-morbidity as a critical feature of clinical practice.
- Published
- 2017
14. Neonatal nonepileptic myoclonus is a prominent clinical feature of KCNQ2 gain-of-function variants R201C and R201H
- Author
-
Edward C. Cooper, Sarah Weckhuysen, Sabine Grønborg, Maurizio Taglialatela, Yong-hui Jiang, Sarah B. Mulkey, John L. Carroll, Phillip L. Pearl, Rebecca C. Spillmann, Maria Roberta Cilio, Silvia Vieker, Kristen Park, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Nishtha Joshi, David A. Koolen, Megan L. Kelly, Bruria Ben-Zeev, Joost Nicolai, Mohamad A. Mikati, Mulkey, Sarah B, Ben Zeev, Bruria, Nicolai, Joost, Carroll, John L, Grønborg, Sabine, Jiang, Yong Hui, Joshi, Nishtha, Kelly, Megan, Koolen, David A, Mikati, Mohamad A, Park, Kristen, Pearl, Phillip L, Scheffer, Ingrid E, Spillmann, Rebecca C, Taglialatela, Maurizio, Vieker, Silvia, Weckhuysen, Sarah, Cooper, Edward C, Cilio, Maria Roberta, Klinische Neurowetenschappen, MUMC+: MA Med Staf Spec Neurologie (9), and RS: FHML non-thematic output
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Myoclonus ,Pediatrics ,Electroencephalography ,Epilepsy ,0302 clinical medicine ,Registries ,POTASSIUM CHANNEL SUBUNITS ,ONSET EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY ,KCNQ2 ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Infantile spasms ,Epileptic encephalopathy ,HYPEREXCITABILITY ,Institutional review board ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Epileptic spasms ,Phenotype ,Neurology ,Anesthesia ,Child, Preschool ,Anticonvulsants ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Spasms, Infantile ,Rare cancers Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 9] ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Encephalopathy ,Arginine ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,VOLTAGE SENSOR ,medicine ,Humans ,KCNQ2 Potassium Channel ,Histidine ,Cysteine ,SUPPRESSION ,SPECTRUM ,Neonatal encephalopathy ,business.industry ,MUTATIONS ,CONVULSIONS ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Neonatal seizures ,medicine.disease ,Respiration Disorders ,030104 developmental biology ,Respiratory failure ,Infantile spasm ,SEIZURES ,Neurology (clinical) ,Human medicine ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Myoclonu - Abstract
Objective: To analyze whether KCNQ2 R201C and R201H variants, which show atypical gain-of-function electrophysiologic properties in vitro, have a distinct clinical presentation and outcome.Methods: Ten children with heterozygous, de novo KCNQ2 R201C or R201H variants were identified worldwide, using an institutional review board (IRB)-approved KCNQ2 patient registry and database. We reviewed medical records and, where possible, interviewed parents and treating physicians using a structured, detailed phenotype inventory focusing on the neonatal presentation and subsequent course.Results: Nine patients had encephalopathy from birth and presented with prominent startle-like myoclonus, which could be triggered by sound or touch. In seven patients, electroencephalography (EEG) was performed in the neonatal period and showed a burst-suppression pattern. However, myoclonus did not have an EEG correlate. In many patients the paroxysmal movements were misdiagnosed as seizures. Seven patients developed epileptic spasms in infancy. In all patients, EEG showed a slow background and multifocal epileptiform discharges later in life. Other prominent features included respiratory dysfunction (perinatal respiratory failure and/or chronic hypoventilation), hypomyelination, reduced brain volume, and profound developmental delay. One patient had a later onset, and sequencing indicated that a low abundance (similar to 20%) R201C variant had arisen by postzygotic mosaicism.Significance: Heterozygous KCNQ2 R201C and R201H gain-of-function variants present with profound neonatal encephalopathy in the absence of neonatal seizures. Neonates present with nonepileptic myoclonus that is often misdiagnosed and treated as seizures. Prognosis is poor. This clinical presentation is distinct from the phenotype associated with loss-of-function variants, supporting the value of in vitro functional screening. These findings suggest that gain-of-function and loss-of-function variants need different targeted therapeutic approaches.
- Published
- 2017
15. Personal and appearance-based rejection sensitivity in body dysmorphic disorder
- Author
-
Katharine A. Phillips, Megan M. Kelly, and Elizabeth R. Didie
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Social Psychology ,Severity of Illness Index ,Article ,Young Adult ,Quality of life ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Interview, Psychological ,mental disorders ,Severity of illness ,Body Image ,medicine ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,Prospective Studies ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Young adult ,Psychiatry ,General Psychology ,Applied Psychology ,Depression ,Appearance based ,Body Dysmorphic Disorders ,medicine.disease ,Mental health ,Psychological Distance ,Body dysmorphic disorder ,Quality of Life ,Female ,General health ,Psychology ,Social Adjustment ,Follow-Up Studies ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Although rejection sensitivity may be an important feature of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), no studies have examined rejection sensitivity in a clinical sample and compared types of rejection sensitivity in individuals with BDD. Personal and appearance-based rejection sensitivity scores in forty-six patients diagnosed with BDD were compared with published norms. Associations between rejection sensitivity, BDD severity, and other clinical variables were examined. Personal and appearance-based rejection sensitivity scores were 0.6 and 1.1 standard deviation units above published norms, respectively. Greater personal rejection sensitivity was associated with more severe BDD and depressive symptoms, poorer mental health, general health, and physical and social functioning. Greater appearance-based rejection sensitivity was associated with more severe BDD and depressive symptoms, and poorer general health. Appearance-based rejection sensitivity contributed more unique variance to BDD severity than personal rejection sensitivity did; however, personal rejection sensitivity contributed more unique variance to general health than appearance-based rejection sensitivity did.
- Published
- 2014
16. Social Anxiety and Its Relationship to Functional Impairment in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Author
-
Katharine A. Phillips, Chris Walters, and Megan M. Kelly
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Social Phobia Inventory ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Cross-sectional study ,Severity of Illness Index ,Arousal ,Interview, Psychological ,mental disorders ,Severity of illness ,medicine ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Social Behavior ,Psychiatry ,Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ,Social anxiety ,Body Dysmorphic Disorders ,medicine.disease ,Anxiety Disorders ,Clinical Psychology ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Body dysmorphic disorder ,Regression Analysis ,Anxiety ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Psychosocial ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Social anxiety appears to be a prominent characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). However, few previous studies have examined social anxiety and its facets (i.e., physiological arousal, fear and avoidance of social situations) and their relationship to psychosocial functioning in BDD. The present study aimed to fill these gaps by examining (a) social anxiety and its facets in BDD, and b) cross-sectional and prospective relationships between social anxiety symptoms and functional impairment in BDD. Individuals with DSM-IV BDD without comorbid social phobia (N=108) completed measures of social anxiety and psychosocial functioning at study intake (T1). Psychosocial functioning was also assessed at a 12-month follow-up interview (T2). Severity of social anxiety (i.e., due to BDD or any other source) was rated with the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). In addition, participants were interviewed with the Duke Brief Social Phobia Scale (BSPS) to assess social anxiety independent of BDD. At T1, participants endorsed high levels of social anxiety on the SPIN and subclinical levels of social anxiety on the BSPS. Greater social anxiety was associated with poorer psychosocial functioning in cross-sectional and prospective analyses, particularly fear and avoidance of social situations. These results suggest that certain aspects of social anxiety, especially social fear and avoidance, may be significant contributing factors to functional impairment in individuals with BDD.
- Published
- 2010
17. Dex/CRH test cortisol response in outpatients with major depression and matched healthy controls
- Author
-
Lawrence H. Price, Megan M. Kelly, Audrey R. Tyrka, George M. Anderson, Linda L. Carpenter, and Nicole S. Ross
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Child abuse ,Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ,endocrine system ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Hydrocortisone ,Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Pituitary-Adrenal System ,Dexamethasone ,Article ,Corticotropin-releasing hormone ,Endocrinology ,Internal medicine ,polycyclic compounds ,medicine ,Humans ,Child Abuse ,Child ,Biological Psychiatry ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Depressive Disorder, Major ,Endocrine and Autonomic Systems ,Repeated measures design ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Mood disorders ,Case-Control Studies ,Major depressive disorder ,Female ,Psychology ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,Glucocorticoid ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Summary Background The dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test has been proposed as a potential tool for identifying endophenotypes relevant to mood disorders. An exaggerated cortisol response to the test during major depressive episodes has been demonstrated for inpatients with melancholic or psychotic features. A diminished hormone response has been observed in chronically depressed outpatients. Methods Following a battery of self-report and interview assessments, 68 adults completed the Dex/CRH test. Thirty-four met structured interview criteria for current major depressive disorder and 34 age- and sex-matched control subjects had no current or lifetime DSM-IV depressive disorder. Effect of diagnosis on cortisol response to the Dex/CRH test was examined in a repeated measures general linear model. Results The matched groups were equivalent with regard to childhood adversity. Cortisol response to the Dex/CRH test among subjects with current MDD was not significantly different from that seen in matched healthy controls. Independent of diagnosis, an exploratory analysis showed a trend-level association between maltreatment history and diminished cortisol response; no interactive effects with depression diagnosis were detected. Conclusions The results do not support the hypothesis that elevated cortisol response to the Dex/CRH test represents a marker for major depressive episodes.
- Published
- 2009
18. Estrogen receptor β mediates increased activation of PI3K/Akt signaling and improved myocardial function in female hearts following acute ischemia
- Author
-
Yue Wang, Jeremy L. Herrmann, Aaron M. Abarbanell, Daniel R. Meldrum, Jiangning Tan, Meijing Wang, Megan L. Kelly, and Brent R. Weil
- Subjects
Male ,STAT3 Transcription Factor ,Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Receptors and Signaling Pathways ,Heart disease ,Physiology ,Myocardial Ischemia ,Ischemia ,Estrogen receptor ,Apoptosis ,Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ,Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins ,Biology ,Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor ,Ventricular Function, Left ,Mice ,Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ,Physiology (medical) ,Internal medicine ,Ventricular Pressure ,medicine ,Animals ,Estrogen Receptor beta ,Receptor ,Estrogen receptor beta ,Mice, Knockout ,Cardioprotection ,Caspase 8 ,Caspase 3 ,Myocardium ,medicine.disease ,Myocardial Contraction ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Endocrinology ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ,Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein ,Heart failure ,Female ,Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ,Signal transduction ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Females have a lower incidence of heart failure and improved survival after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) compared with males. Although estrogen-suppressed cardiomyocyte apoptosis may be mediated through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, it is unclear whether this action is mediated via estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta). Therefore, we hypothesized that ERbeta mediates estrogen-induced cardioprotection through PI3K/Akt and antiapoptotic signaling in females but not in males. Isolated male and female hearts from ERbeta knockout (ERbetaKO) and wild-type (WT) mice (n = 5 mice/group) were subjected to 20-min ischemia followed by 60-min reperfusion (Langendorff). Ablation of ERbeta significantly decreased postischemic recovery of left ventricular developed pressure in female, but not male, hearts. Reduced activation of PI3K and Akt was noted in female ERbetaKO hearts, which was associated with increased expression of caspase-3 and -8, as well as decreased Bcl-2 levels compared with WT. However, myocardial STAT3, SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3), VEGF, and TNF receptors 1 and 2 levels did not change in ERbetaKO of either sex following I/R. Furthermore, deficiency of ERbeta increased myocardial JNK activation in females but increased ERK1/2 activity in males during acute I/R. We conclude that ERbeta mediates myocardial protection via upregulation of PI3K/Akt activation, decreased caspase-3 and -8, and increased Bcl-2 in female hearts following I/R. These findings provide evidence of ERbeta-mediated PI3K/Akt and antiapoptotic signaling in the myocardium and may lend insight into the mechanistic pathways behind the observed variation in clinical outcomes between males and females after myocardial infarction.
- Published
- 2009
19. Interplay between childhood maltreatment, parental bonding, and gender effects: Impact on quality of life
- Author
-
Audrey R. Tyrka, Marcelo Feijó de Mello, Linda L. Carpenter, Lawrence H. Price, Megan M. Kelly, Andrea Feijo Mello, Kobita Rikhye, and Gerard G. Gagne
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Child abuse ,Adolescent ,Personality Inventory ,Psychometrics ,Victimology ,Poison control ,Personality Assessment ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Sex Factors ,Quality of life (healthcare) ,Risk Factors ,Injury prevention ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Parenting styles ,Humans ,Child Abuse ,Child ,Father-Child Relations ,Depressive Disorder, Major ,Parenting ,Child rearing ,Rhode Island ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Child Abuse, Sexual ,Middle Aged ,Anxiety Disorders ,Object Attachment ,Mother-Child Relations ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Quality of Life ,Adult Children ,Female ,Psychology - Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine associations between childhood adversity, parental bonding, gender, depressive symptoms, and quality of life in non-treatment-seeking adults from the community.Effects of differential parental rearing were compared in adults who reported a high degree of childhood maltreatment (n=72) and those who reported no significant adverse events in childhood (n=69). Subjects completed retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment and perceived parenting style, as well as measures of current depressive symptoms and quality of life.The subjects without childhood maltreatment were younger and endorsed less current depressive symptomatology than did subjects with childhood maltreatment. While the subjects without a history of maltreatment reported more "optimal" bonding experiences with their parents, the maltreatment group members were more likely to characterize their early parental bonding experiences in terms of "affectionless control" (p.001 for both maternal and paternal parenting), "affectionate constraint" (p=.025 for maternal parenting and p=.004 for paternal parenting), or "weak or absent" bonding (p.001 for both maternal and paternal parenting). Results of a multiple regression analysis revealed that overall quality of paternal care (p=.015) and current level of depressive symptoms (p.001) were significant independent predictors of adult quality of life. Gender effects between subjects providing parental bonding data were limited to the group with childhood maltreatment.These findings extend previous work documenting a relationship between early life maltreatment and suboptimal parental bonding, suggesting gender-specific effects of maternal and paternal care. Effects of childhood maltreatment on quality of life in adulthood appear to be linked with the quality of childhood paternal care and the occurrence of depressive symptomatology in adulthood, suggesting possible targets for primary or secondary prevention.
- Published
- 2008
20. Interactions of the gasotransmitters contribute to microvascular tone (dys)regulation in the preterm neonate
- Author
-
Ian M. R Wright, Grażyna Chwatko, Megan A Kelly, Rebecca M. Dyson, Rafał Głowacki, Joanna Latter, Hannah K. Palliser, Dyson Rebecca M., Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Palliser Hannah K., Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Latter Joanna L., Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Kelly, Megan A. Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Chwatko Grazyna, University of Lodz, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Glowacki, Rafal, University of Lodz, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, and Wright, Ian M. R. Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Kaleidoscope Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children’s Hospita
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Neonatal intensive care unit ,lcsh:Medicine ,Gestational Age ,Nitric Oxide ,Medicine ,Humans ,Hydrogen Sulfide ,Intensive care medicine ,lcsh:Science ,Gasotransmitters ,Carbon Monoxide ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Microcirculation ,lcsh:R ,Infant, Newborn ,Gestational age ,Infant newborn ,Tone (literature) ,humanities ,Anesthesia ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,business ,Infant, Premature ,Research Article - Abstract
Background & Aims Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), nitric oxide (NO), and carbon monoxide (CO) are involved in transitional microvascular tone dysregulation in the preterm infant; however there is conflicting evidence on the interaction of these gasotransmitters, and their overall contribution to the microcirculation in newborns is not known. The aim of this study was to measure the levels of all 3 gasotransmitters, characterise their interrelationships and elucidate their combined effects on microvascular blood flow. Methods 90 preterm neonates were studied at 24h postnatal age. Microvascular studies were performed by laser Doppler. Arterial COHb levels (a measure of CO) were determined through co-oximetry. NO was measured as nitrate and nitrite in urine. H2S was measured as thiosulphate by liquid chromatography. Relationships between levels of the gasotransmitters and microvascular blood flow were assessed through partial correlation controlling for the influence of gestational age. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the combination of these effects on microvascular blood flow and derive a theoretical model of their interactions. Results No relationship was observed between NO and CO (p = 0.18, r = 0.18). A positive relationship between NO and H2S (p = 0.008, r = 0.28) and an inverse relationship between CO and H2S (p = 0.01, r = -0.33) exists. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the combination of these effects on microvascular blood flow. The model with the best fit is presented. Conclusions The relationships between NO and H2S, and CO and H2S may be of importance in the preterm newborn, particularly as NO levels in males are associated with higher H2S levels and higher microvascular blood flow and CO in females appears to convey protection against vascular dysregulation. Here we present a theoretical model of these interactions and their overall effects on microvascular flow in the preterm newborn, upon which future mechanistic studies may be based. The authors would like to acknowledge the parents of the neonates enrolled in the 2CANS study for their participation, the staff of the Kaleidoscope Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at the John Hunter Children’s Hospital, and Kimberly-Clark Australia for providing the diapers used in this study
- Published
- 2015
21. Acceptance and commitment therapy smoking cessation treatment for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study
- Author
-
John P. Forsyth, Judith L. Cooney, Megan M. Kelly, Douglas M. Ziedonis, David Kalman, and Hannah Sido
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Mindfulness ,medicine.medical_treatment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Nicotine patch ,Population ,Pilot Projects ,Acceptance and commitment therapy ,Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,Intervention (counseling) ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ,Psychiatry ,education ,media_common ,Veterans ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Addiction ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,Abstinence ,Middle Aged ,Tobacco Use Cessation Devices ,Patient Outcome Assessment ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Treatment Outcome ,Patient Satisfaction ,Smoking cessation ,Female ,Smoking Cessation ,business ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Veterans with PTSD smoke at rates two to three times higher than the general population, while their quit rate is less than half that of the general population. The present study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Tobacco Addiction (ACT-PT), which focuses on helping veterans overcome emotional challenges to quitting smoking.Veterans with current PTSD who smoked 15 or more cigarettes/day (N = 19) participated in an open trial of ACT-PT. Participants attended nine weekly individual counseling sessions and received eight weeks of nicotine patch therapy. Primary outcomes included feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, and secondary outcomes included expired-air carbon monoxide confirmed seven-day point prevalence abstinence, cravings, and PTSD symptoms.The retention rate for ACT-PT was good (74%) and client satisfaction ratings were high. Participants made multiple quit attempts (M = 3.6, SD = 4.2) during the study period and were significantly more confident that they could quit smoking at three-month follow-up. At the end of treatment, 37% of participants were abstinent from smoking and 16% were abstinent at three-month follow-up. Overall, participants reduced their smoking by 62% at the end of treatment and 43% at three-month follow-up. PTSD symptoms and smoking urges significantly decreased from baseline to the end of treatment and three-month follow-up.ACT-PT appears to be a promising smoking cessation treatment for veterans with PTSD. Future research should evaluate ACT-PT in a randomized controlled trial.
- Published
- 2014
22. Development of a Questionnaire to Assess Subjective Vision Score in Myopes Seeking Refractive Surgery
- Author
-
Gerard Sutton, Suzanne K. Webber, Ian F Comaish, Karen Byth, Christopher M Rogers, Megan R Kelly, Stewart M. Dunn, Graham Fraenkel, and Michael Lawless
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Psychometrics ,genetic structures ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Vision Disorders ,MEDLINE ,Quality of life ,Sickness Impact Profile ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Refractive surgery ,Myopia ,medicine ,Humans ,In patient ,Vision, Ocular ,Reliability (statistics) ,Vision Tests ,Pilot trial ,Focus group ,eye diseases ,Ophthalmology ,Quality of Life ,Optometry ,Female ,Surgery ,Psychology - Abstract
PURPOSE: To assess vision in patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism before and after refractive surgery. METHODS: A prospective controlled study of visual quality amongst myopes and astigmatic myopes. Focus groups, ophthalmic surgeons, and questionnaire experts devised a Subjective Vision Questionnaire (SVQ), modified after a pilot trial. Participants were administered the SVQ before clinical evaluation. Items answered by over 95%, with factor loadings >0.55 were included. Test-retest reliability was assessed by repeat testing. Factor analysis identified groups of questions measuring particular dimensions of data. RESULTS: Sixty-seven items were answered by 128 patients and reduced to 24 items in a final questionnaire. Factor analysis identified six types of questions within the questionnaire, the most important of which was related to driving. CONCLUSION: The simplicity, low cost, and psychometric properties of the Subjective Vision Questionnaire support its use clinically and in research. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:10-19]
- Published
- 2004
23. Suicidality in a placebo-controlled fluoxetine study of body dysmorphic disorder
- Author
-
Katharine A. Phillips and Megan M. Kelly
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Serotonin reuptake inhibitor ,Poison control ,Placebo ,Article ,law.invention ,Young Adult ,Double-Blind Method ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Fluoxetine ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Somatoform Disorders ,Psychiatry ,Suicidal ideation ,Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ,medicine.disease ,Suicide ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Body dysmorphic disorder ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered the first-line medication for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The relationship between serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment and suicidality in BDD has been only minimally studied, despite high suicidality rates in BDD. Sixty-seven adults with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders edition IV BDD participated in a 12-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine. Suicidality was assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression suicidal ideation item. Analyses examined group differences in worsening and emergence of suicidality, using standard definitions. Among the entire sample, when comparing study baseline with end of week 2 and study endpoint, no patient on fluoxetine had suicidality worsening; a higher proportion of placebo-treated patients had suicidality worsening after 2 weeks of treatment (P=0.014) and at study endpoint (P=0.010). Among patients aged 18-24 years, one patient on placebo had suicidality worsening at the end of week 2, and none in either treatment group had suicidality worsening at study endpoint. With regard to emergence of suicidality at any point during the study, the treatment groups did not significantly differ. Neither suicide attempts nor completed suicides occurred. In summary, fluoxetine and placebo did not significantly differ with regard to emergence of suicidality. Among the entire sample, fluoxetine appeared to exert a protective effect against suicidality worsening.
- Published
- 2009
24. Phytoestrogens in the environment, II: microbiological degradation of phytoestrogens and the response of fathead minnows to degradate exposure
- Author
-
Megan M, Kelly, Nathan T, Fleischhacker, Daniel C, Rearick, William A, Arnold, Heiko L, Schoenfuss, and Paige J, Novak
- Subjects
Male ,Rivers ,Larva ,Cyprinidae ,Animals ,Female ,Phytoestrogens ,Water Microbiology ,Genistein ,Isoflavones ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Phytoestrogens are endocrine active compounds derived from plants, including the isoflavones genistein and daidzein, and their methylated derivatives biochanin A and formononetin. These compounds have been detected at the µg/L level in the effluents of plant-processing industries and municipal treatment plants and at the ng/L level in surface waters worldwide. The present study assessed the persistence of genistein and daidzein in natural aquatic systems, specifically riverine samples. Initial concentration, temperature, sample location, and time of sample collection varied. Genistein and daidzein were found to be readily biodegradable at all tested concentrations, at both 10 °C and 20 °C, in samples collected during different seasons, and in samples from 3 different rivers. In addition, organismal responses in larval and sexually mature fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were quantified following exposure to microbiologically degraded phytoestrogens (genistein, daidzein, and formononetin). Products of the microbiological degradation of parent phytoestrogens did not affect larval survival, growth, or predator avoidance. Female adult fathead minnows exposed to these degradation products produced significantly fewer eggs than those exposed to a control, but no other morphological, physiological, or behavioral changes were observed with male or female minnows. The present research suggests that although phytoestrogens are not likely to persist in aquatic systems, they may pseudo-persist if discharges are continuous; in addition, caution should be exercised with respect to high-concentration effluents because of the potentially antiestrogenic effects of phytoestrogen degradates.
- Published
- 2013
25. Phytoestrogens in the environment, I: occurrence and exposure effects on fathead minnows
- Author
-
Daniel C, Rearick, Nathan T, Fleischhacker, Megan M, Kelly, William A, Arnold, Paige J, Novak, and Heiko L, Schoenfuss
- Subjects
Male ,Larva ,Cyprinidae ,Animals ,Female ,Phytoestrogens ,Genistein ,Isoflavones ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Naturally occurring phytoestrogens may mimic biogenic estrogens and modulate endocrine action in vertebrates. Little is known, however, about their temporal and spatial variability in the environment and the biological effects associated with exposures. The present study assessed the environmental presence of phytoestrogens in human-impacted and relatively pristine areas. The response in larval and sexually mature fathead minnows to environmentally relevant concentrations of 3 common phytoestrogens (genistein, daidzein, and formononetin), both singly and in mixture, was also quantified. Phytoestrogens were only present in the human-impacted surface waters. When detected, mean concentrations were low (± standard deviation) in an urban lake: 1.4 ± 0.5 ng/L, 1.6 ± 0.7 ng/L, and 1.1 ± 0.2 ng/L for genistein, daidzein, and formononetin, respectively, and in treated wastewater effluent: 1.6 ± 0.4 ng/L, 1.8 ± 1.3 ng/L, and 2.0 ng/L. Biochanin A was detected twice, whereas zearalenone and coumestrol were never detected. No clear temporal trends of aqueous phytoestrogen concentration were evident. Larval survival was significantly reduced in genistein, formononetin, and mixture treatments, whereas adult male fish only exhibited subtle changes to their anatomy, physiology, and behavior. Daidzein-exposed adult females produced greater quantities of eggs. The present study indicates that genistein, daidzein, and formononetin are likely attenuated rapidly and are unlikely to cause widespread ecological harm in the absence of other stressors.
- Published
- 2013
26. A comparison study of body dysmorphic disorder versus social phobia
- Author
-
Kristy Dalrymple, Katharine A. Phillips, Mark Zimmerman, and Megan M. Kelly
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ,Comorbidity ,Article ,Phobic disorder ,Feeding and Eating Disorders ,Young Adult ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,Young adult ,Age of Onset ,Psychiatry ,Biological Psychiatry ,Marital Status ,Social anxiety ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Body Dysmorphic Disorders ,Anxiety Disorders ,Hospitalization ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Phobic Disorders ,Body dysmorphic disorder ,Marital status ,Educational Status ,Female ,Age of onset ,Psychology ,Anxiety disorder ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) shares many characteristics with social phobia (SP), including high levels of social anxiety and avoidance, but to our knowledge no studies have directly compared these disorders’ demographic and clinical features. Demographic and clinical features were compared in individuals with BDD (n=172), SP (n=644), and comorbid BDD/SP (n=125). SP participants had a significantly earlier age of onset and lower educational attainment than BDD participants. BDD participants were significantly less likely to ever be married than SP participants, had a greater likelihood of ever being psychiatrically hospitalized, and had significantly lower mean GAF scores than SP participants. The two groups had different comorbidity patterns, which included a greater likelihood for BDD participants to have comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or an eating disorder, versus a greater likelihood for SP participants to have a comorbid non-OCD anxiety disorder. The comorbid BDD/SP group had significantly greater morbidity across several domains than the SP only group, but not the BDD only group. In summary, although BDD and SP were similar across many demographic and clinical features, they had important differences. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and address similarities and differences between these disorders across a broader range of variables.
- Published
- 2012
27. Attributions of intentions and fairness judgments regarding interracial peer encounters
- Author
-
Noah Simon Jampol, Melanie Killen, Cameron B. Richardson, and Megan Clark Kelly
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Psychology, Adolescent ,Ethnic group ,Intention ,Eleventh ,Peer Group ,Developmental psychology ,Judgment ,Bias ,Social cognition ,Wrongdoing ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Demography ,media_common ,Equity (law) ,Analysis of Variance ,Psychological Tests ,Racial Groups ,Social relation ,Social Perception ,Female ,Prejudice ,Attribution ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
To investigate how adolescents interpret ambiguous actions in hypothetical interracial peer encounters, we conducted a study in which 8th- and 11th-grade students (N = 837) evaluated 4 interracial peer encounters in which the intentions of the protagonist were ambiguous. The sample was evenly divided by gender and included both African American and European American adolescents. European American students, male adolescents, and 8th graders were more likely to attribute negative intentions to the protagonist in interracial exchanges than were African American students, female adolescents, and 11th graders. Although all participants viewed peer and teacher accusations of wrongdoing in ambiguous situations as unfair, ethnic minority students as well as female adolescents rated accusations of wrongdoing as more unfair than did ethnic majority or male adolescents. Eleventh graders were more likely to view accusations of wrongdoing for protagonists with a prior history of transgression as fair than were 8th graders. The findings are discussed in light of efforts to reduce prejudice and to facilitate positive intergroup peer interactions.
- Published
- 2010
28. Acute postischemic treatment with estrogen receptor-alpha agonist or estrogen receptor-beta agonist improves myocardial recovery
- Author
-
Aaron M. Abarbanell, Megan L. Kelly, Nicholas D. Vornehm, Meijing Wang, Jiangjing Tan, Brent R. Weil, Jeremy L. Herrmann, Daniel R. Meldrum, and Yue Wang
- Subjects
Agonist ,Male ,Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.drug_class ,Interleukin-1beta ,Ischemia ,Estrogen receptor ,Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ,In Vitro Techniques ,Ventricular Function, Left ,Article ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Phenols ,Internal medicine ,Lactate dehydrogenase ,Coronary Circulation ,Nitriles ,Medicine ,Animals ,Estrogen Receptor beta ,Estrogen receptor beta ,Cardioprotection ,Sex Characteristics ,L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ,business.industry ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Myocardium ,Estrogen Receptor alpha ,medicine.disease ,Myocardial Contraction ,Rats ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Estrogen ,Pyrazoles ,Surgery ,Female ,business ,Estrogen receptor alpha - Abstract
Background After ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, female hearts demonstrate improved functional recovery compared with male, which suggests a protective role for estrogen. Acute postischemic treatment with 17-β-estradiol (E2) attenuates myocardial dysfunction. However, it is unknown by which estrogen receptor (ER) E2 mediates this acute cardioprotection during I/R. Therefore, we hypothesize that postischemic infusion of the selective ER-α agonist (4,4',4''-[4-propyl-(1H)-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl]tris-phenol [PPT]) or the selective ER-β agonist (2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile [DPN]) will improve myocardial function after I/R injury. Methods Isolated, perfused hearts (Langendorff) from adult male rats were subjected to 25 minutes of ischemia followed by 40 minutes of reperfusion. Hearts (n = 4–6 per group) were randomly infused with either perfusate, PPT or DPN at 1, 10, or 100 nmol/L throughout reperfusion. After I/R, heart tissue was analyzed for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Results Postischemic treatment with 10 nmol/L of PPT significantly improved myocardial function. Additionally, 10 or 100 nmol/L of DPN significantly increased myocardial functional recovery after I/R injury, with maximum benefit at the 10 nmol/L dose. A trend toward lower levels of LDH was noted in DPN- and PPT-treated groups after I/R injury. Neither PPT nor DPN affected myocardial production of TNF-α or IL-1β. However, higher levels of myocardial VEGF were noted in the PPT-treated group compared with controls. Conclusion Both ER-α and ER-β are involved in mediating E2-induced rapid cardioprotection after I/R injury. Advancing our understanding of both ER subtypes may be useful for the development of novel strategies that may benefit both males and females in response to myocardial ischemia.
- Published
- 2009
29. Associations between emotional avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, and reactions to an observational fear challenge procedure
- Author
-
Megan M. Kelly and John P. Forsyth
- Subjects
Psychometrics ,Adolescent ,Emotions ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Anxiety ,Fear-potentiated startle ,Developmental psychology ,Arousal ,Young Adult ,medicine ,Humans ,Panic ,Fear ,Galvanic Skin Response ,medicine.disease ,Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Distress ,Inhibition, Psychological ,Anxiety sensitivity ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Anxiety disorder - Abstract
Research has shown that emotional avoidance and anxiety sensitivity are associated with more self-reported fear and distress in response to laboratory fear challenge procedures. The present study aimed to expand upon this work and examined how emotional avoidance and anxiety sensitivity are related to emotional and physiological responses to an observational fear challenge procedure. To accomplish this aim, a carefully screened, non-clinical sample (N=43) was administered the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ), a measure of emotional avoidance, and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI). Participants then engaged in an observational fear challenge paradigm. During the fear challenge, participants watched mock panic attacks while emotional (e.g., fear and panic) and skin conductance levels were assessed. Consistent with expectation, emotional avoidance and anxiety sensitivity were positively associated with more self-reported fear and more severe panic symptoms to the challenge procedure. However, anxiety sensitivity was more highly associated with self-reported fear and panic symptoms in response to the challenge procedure than emotional avoidance. Emotional avoidance and anxiety sensitivity were not associated with levels of physiological arousal to the observational fear challenge procedure. Discussion focuses on the interplay between emotional avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, and the development of vicarious fear responses and how these constructs may contribute to the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders.
- Published
- 2008
30. Effects of Military Trauma Exposure on Women Veterans’ Use and Perceptions of Veterans Health Administration Care
- Author
-
Jessica Wolfe, Megan M. Kelly, Dawne Vogt, Emily M. Scheiderer, Paige Ouimette, and Jennifer Daley
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Victimology ,Combat exposure ,Health Services Accessibility ,Interviews as Topic ,Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Psychiatry ,health care economics and organizations ,Veterans ,Combat Disorders ,Social perception ,business.industry ,Public health ,Sex Offenses ,Middle Aged ,Veterans health ,humanities ,United States ,United States Department of Veterans Affairs ,Women's Health Services ,Sexual abuse ,Patient Satisfaction ,Original Article ,Female ,Sex offense ,business ,Administration (government) - Abstract
Few studies have addressed how military trauma exposure, particularly sexual assault and combat exposure, affects women veterans' use and perceptions of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) care.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of military sexual assault and combat exposure on women veterans' use and perceptions of different aspects of VHA care.Cross-sectional telephone survey of a national sample of women veterans.Women from the VA's National Registry of Women Veterans.Sociodemographic characteristics, VHA care utilization, perceptions of care.Women veterans with histories of military sexual assault reported more use of VHA services, but less satisfaction, poorer perceptions of VHA facilities and staff, and more problems with VHA services compared to women veterans without histories of sexual assault. Combat exposure was related to more problems with VHA staff, although few other differences were observed for women with and without histories of combat exposure.Findings provide information on areas that can be targeted with respect to caring for women veterans exposed to military sexual trauma and combat exposure, including improving interactions with VHA staff and the ease of using VHA services.
- Published
- 2008
31. Sex differences in the use of coping strategies: predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms
- Author
-
Audrey R. Tyrka, Linda L. Carpenter, Megan M. Kelly, and Lawrence H. Price
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Coping (psychology) ,Psychometrics ,Adolescent ,Personality Inventory ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,Article ,Young Adult ,Sex Factors ,Adaptation, Psychological ,medicine ,Humans ,Young adult ,Psychiatry ,Temperament ,Depressive symptoms ,Internal-External Control ,Problem Solving ,media_common ,Aged ,Depressive Disorder ,Middle Aged ,Anxiety Disorders ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Anxiety ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Personality Assessment Inventory ,Psychology ,Psychopathology - Abstract
This study examined sex differences in the use of coping strategies and their relationship to depression and anxiety-related psychopathology. Responses on measures of coping strategies, depression, and anxiety were obtained from a carefully screened nonclinical sample (N = 107). The results demonstrated that women who used less positive reframing had higher levels of depressive symptoms compared with women who used more positive reframing and to men irrespective of their use of more or less positive reframing. In addition, women who reported the use of more self-blame had elevated levels of trait anxiety, although a similar effect was not found for men. The observed sex differences in the use of coping strategies and their association with depression and anxiety-related problems underscores differences in the clinical presentation of anxiety and depression between women and men.
- Published
- 2007
32. Observational fear conditioning in the acquisition and extinction of attentional bias for threat: an experimental evaluation
- Author
-
John P. Forsyth and Megan M. Kelly
- Subjects
Adolescent ,Conditioning, Classical ,Emotions ,Observation ,Attentional bias ,Extinction, Psychological ,Conflict, Psychological ,medicine ,Reaction Time ,Observational learning ,Humans ,Attention ,Fear conditioning ,General Psychology ,Reinforcement, Verbal ,Panic ,Association Learning ,Cognition ,Fear ,Galvanic Skin Response ,Cognitive bias ,Semantics ,Inhibition, Psychological ,Reading ,Set, Psychology ,Anxiety ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Arousal ,Color Perception ,Stroop effect ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Anxious persons show automatic and strategic attentional biases for threatening information. Yet, the mechanisms and processes that underlie such biases remain unclear. The central aim of the present study was to elucidate the relation between observational threat learning and the acquisition and extinction of biased threat processing by integrating emotional Stroop color naming tasks within an observational differential fear conditioning procedure. Forty-three healthy female participants underwent several consecutive observational fear conditioning phases. During acquisition, participants watched a confederate displaying mock panic attacks (UCS) paired with a verbal stimulus (CS+), but not with a second nonreinforced verbal stimulus (CS-). As expected, participants showed greater magnitude electrodermal and verbal-evaluative (e.g., distress, fear) conditioned responses to the CS+ over the CS- word. Participants also demonstrated slower color-naming latencies to CS+ compared to the CS- word following acquisition and showed attenuation of this preferential processing bias for threat following extinction. Findings are discussed broadly in the context of the interplay between fear learning and processing biases for threat as observed in persons suffering from anxiety disorders.
- Published
- 2007
33. Childhood maltreatment and adult personality disorder symptoms: influence of maltreatment type
- Author
-
Lawrence H. Price, Audrey R. Tyrka, Linda L. Carpenter, Margaret C. Wyche, and Megan M. Kelly
- Subjects
Child abuse ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sadistic personality disorder ,Personality Disorders ,Article ,Neglect ,Young Adult ,Depressive personality disorder ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,medicine ,Personality ,Humans ,Child Abuse ,Psychological abuse ,Psychiatry ,Child ,Biological Psychiatry ,media_common ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Physical abuse ,Sexual abuse ,Female ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
The present study examines the effects of different types of childhood maltreatment on personality disorder symptoms in a sample of adults with no Axis I psychopathology. Participants reporting a history of moderate to severe maltreatment on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (n = 70) were grouped by type of abuse and compared with a non-abused group (n = 35) with regard to the number of personality disorder symptoms endorsed. Physical/sexual abuse and emotional abuse/neglect each were associated with elevated symptoms of all three personality disorder clusters. Elevated symptoms of several specific personality disorders were also seen, including paranoid, borderline, avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and depressive personality disorder. There were no significant differences between the maltreatment groups. These findings indicate that emotional abuse/neglect and physical/sexual abuse are risk factors for a broad array of personality outcomes in a non-clinical sample.
- Published
- 2007
34. Sex differences in emotional and physiological responses to the Trier Social Stress Test✰
- Author
-
George M. Anderson, Audrey R. Tyrka, Linda L. Carpenter, Megan M. Kelly, and Lawrence H. Price
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ,Adolescent ,Hydrocortisone ,Personality Inventory ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,Pituitary-Adrenal System ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Anger ,Irritability ,Article ,Life Change Events ,Sex Factors ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Heart Rate ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Adaptation, Psychological ,Trier social stress test ,medicine ,Humans ,Psychiatry ,media_common ,Aged ,Social stress ,Depressive Disorder ,Stressor ,Fear ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Anxiety Disorders ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Mood disorders ,Anxiety ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Psychosocial ,Stress, Psychological - Abstract
Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with depression and anxiety-related disorders, and it has been hypothesized that this difference is related to sex differences in stress reactivity. Women typically report higher levels of negative affect than men in response to psychosocial stressors, but the evidence for sex differences in physiological reactivity to stressful situations is not consistent. The present study sought to expand this work by evaluating sex differences in reactivity to a social stress challenge across neuroendocrine, autonomic and affective response domains. Participants (32 women, 30 men) completed a standardized psychosocial stress challenge (i.e., the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)), during which several physiological (e.g., cortisol reactivity, heart rate) and psychological (e.g., depression, irritability, anger, fear) measures were assessed. The findings demonstrated that cortisol reactivity and the magnitude of autonomic responding failed to reliably discriminate between women and men. However, women reported more fear, irritability, confusion and less happiness immediately following the TSST compared to men. The broader implications of these results and how they relate to sex differences in the etiology and clinical presentation of anxiety and mood disorders are discussed.
- Published
- 2007
35. Sex differences in response to an observational fear conditioning procedure
- Author
-
Megan M. Kelly and John P. Forsyth
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Neutral stimulus ,Observation ,Audiology ,Developmental psychology ,Sex Factors ,Subjective units of distress scale ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Conditioning, Psychological ,medicine ,Humans ,Fear conditioning ,Habituation ,Panic ,Fear ,Galvanic Skin Response ,medicine.disease ,Clinical Psychology ,Distress ,Anxiety ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Anxiety disorder - Abstract
The present study evaluated sex differences in observational fear conditioning using modeled "mock" panic attacks as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Fifty-nine carefully prescreened healthy undergraduate participants (30 women) underwent 3 consecutive differential conditioning phases: habituation, acquisition, and extinction. It was expected that participants watching a confederate display mock panic attacks (UCS) paired with a previously neutral stimulus (CS(+)) would learn to respond fearfully to the CS(+), but not to the CS(-) (i.e., a stimulus never associated with displays of panic). Women also were expected to report more distress and ratings of panic to the CS(+) than the CS(-) compared to men, but no sex differences were anticipated on autonomic indices of conditioning (i.e., electrodermal responses). Consistent with expectation, aversive conditioning was demonstrated by greater magnitude electrodermal and verbal-evaluative (e.g., subjective units of distress scale, panic ratings) responses to the CS(+) over the CS(-), with women reporting more distress to the CS(+) over the CS(-), but not greater autonomic conditioning, compared to men. Overall, the results support the notion that modeled panic attacks can serve as a potent UCS for both men and women. Discussion focuses on sex differences in observational fear conditioning and its relation to the clinical presentation of anxiety disorders.
- Published
- 2006
36. Repeated exposure to 20% CO2 challenge and risk for developing panic attacks: a controlled 6- and 12-month follow-up in a nonclinical sample
- Author
-
Megan M. Kelly, John P. Forsyth, Jason M. Prenoveau, and Velma Barrios
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Periodicity ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Severity of Illness Index ,Risk Factors ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,mental disorders ,Severity of illness ,Administration, Inhalation ,medicine ,Humans ,Risk factor ,Psychiatry ,Panic ,Carbon Dioxide ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Healthy individuals ,Ethical concerns ,Panic Disorder ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Anxiety disorder ,Month follow up ,Psychopathology ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Among ethical concerns associated with biological challenge procedures is the risk of potentiating panic attacks in otherwise healthy persons who have no history of panic. The aim of the present study was to determine if repeated exposure to 20% CO2 challenge increases the risk of developing panic attacks in a nonclinical sample. One hundred and fifty-five (39.5%) of 392 participants who underwent a 20% CO2 challenge procedure and 51 (63.0%) of 81 controls who breathed only room air were evaluated for panic attacks using the Panic Attack Questionnaire-Revised both at 6 and 12 months after the experiment. The percentage of participants who developed subsequent panic attacks did not differ significantly between the CO2 challenge group and the room air controls. High dose CO2 challenge does not increase the risk of subsequent panic attacks in nonclinical populations; it is a safe paradigm for use in psychopathology research with healthy individuals.
- Published
- 2005
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.