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Acute renal failure that is associated with macroscopic hematuria (ARF-MH) is a widely known complication of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Although spontaneous recovery of renal function after cessation of MH has been described, no long-term outcome studies have been performed. The outcome of patients who had biopsy-proven IgAN and presented an ARF-MH episode in the period 1975 through 2005 was studied. Thirty-six episodes of ARF-MH that occurred in 32 patients were identified. A complete recovery of baseline renal function after cessation of MH was observed in 27 (group 1); in the remaining nine episodes (25%; group 2), estimated GFR (eGFR) did not reach the baseline value. Final eGFR was 89 +/- 28 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) in group 1 patients and 38 +/- 12 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) in group 2 patients (P = 0.0005). The duration of MH was significantly longer in group 2 patients: 33.7 +/- 25.3 versus 15.4 +/- 18.4 d (P = 0008). A high proportion of tubules that were filled by red blood cell casts and had signs of acute tubular necrosis were the most striking histologic abnormalities. In conclusion, a significant proportion (25%) of ARF-MH in IgAN did not recover the baseline renal function after the disappearance of MH. Duration of MH longer than 10 d, age >50 yr, decreased baseline eGFR, absence of previous episodes of MH, and the severity of tubular necrosis were significant risk factors for an incomplete recovery of renal function.

Renal oncocytoma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) are closely related tumors. They are considered the extremes of a spectrum with several variants. Ultrastructural examination of the mitochondria is a helpful procedure in the diagnosis of these neoplasms. Renal oncocytomas show mitochondria with piled lamellar cristae, and CRCC exhibited mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae. In a series of 23 histologically diagnosed renal oncocytomas examined by electron microscopy, the authors found 5 tumors exhibiting more cells with mitochondria showing tubulovesicular cristae. The authors believe these 5 cases present a submicroscopic appearance intermediate between renal oncocytoma and CRCC, although with benign clinical behavior.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been described in association with various types of glomerular diseases, usually type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and rarely membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN). In this article, we describe the first series of MGN exhibited in renal transplant patients and associated with HCV infection.From January 1980 to December 1994, 2045 kidney transplantations were performed in our renal transplant units. A retrospective analysis demonstrated an overall 20% prevalence of HCV virus-positive patients; 409 transplanted patients were HCV positive (ELISA and RIBA).Fifteen patients developed an allograft MGN (3.66%) 24 months after renal transplantation. MGN appeared in the form of significant proteinuria (1.5 g/24 h) with stable renal function. In all cases, graft biopsy demonstrated a thickening of the capillary wall, subepithelial electron-dense deposits, and IgG and C3 diffuse granular deposits along the basal membrane. Ten cases were considered de novo, two cases were considered recurrent MGN, and three cases were considered undetermined because the primary renal disease was chronic glomerulonephritis. All patients showed negative antinuclear antibodies and cryoglobulins, normal complement, and negative rheumatoid factors. During follow-up (an average of 2 years), 12 patients developed a progressive worsening of renal function, with increased serum creatinine and persistent proteinuria; 8 of the 12 patients returned to dialysis. Of the remaining three cases, two patients showed partial remission of nephrotic syndrome after high doses of steroids, and one patient persisted with stable renal function and proteinuria (2 g/24 h.).In summary, HCV is preferentially associated with MGN in renal transplant patients, rather than with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis as in the normal adult population. MGN associated with HCV infection has a similar clinical picture and outcome to posttransplant idiopathic de novo MGN, with persistent massive proteinuria and progressive deterioration of renal function.

Malacoplakia is a chronic inflammatory disease the etiology of which remains obscure. It has a very low incidence and affects primarily the genitourinary tract, although it has been described in some other organs. This paper presents a historic insight of the clinical cases diagnosed in this centre, and includes a review and update of several issues related to this entity such as pathogenesis, pathological anatomy and treatment. Also, the peculiarities related to the involvement of each separate organ with regard to diagnosis, prognosis and treatment are described.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an uncommon tumour with high mortality mainly due to late diagnosis. The various morphological variables and the clinico-pathological stage, however, induce highly different evolutions. Awareness of these characteristics would be a significant part of deciding the most appropriate therapy for each case. The pathological anatomy of 130 renal cell carcinomas obtained through nephrectomy was reviewed. A follow-up of at least 5 years was done in 121 patients. Also, a survival study related to the various clinical and pathological parameters was carried out. A significantly lower survival rate was observed for solid tumours with spindle or giant cells and nuclear degrees superior to 2, over 10 mitosis in 10 fields and staging higher than II. A significant correlation was also found between number of mitosis and staging, presence of metastatic disease, survival interval, degree of tumoral necrosis, histological type, cell type and nuclear grade. Our results indicate that staging, histological type, cell type, microscopic vascular infiltration, nuclear grade and number of mitosis can be highly predictive of the evolution and prognosis of RCC patients.

We have studied ten normotensive patients (nine male and one female, aged between 28 and 51 years) who each had a solitary functioning kidney and proteinuria. Six had undergone unilateral nephrectomy, and four unilateral renal agenesis. In each case, intravenous pyelography revealed only one functioning kidney with compensating hypertrophy. Mild to moderate chronic renal failure was present in six, and microhematuria in two. Proteinuria ranged from 1.10 to 4.10 g/24 hr, being in the nephrotic range in three patients. In seven patients, a renal biopsy showed focal glomerulosclerosis. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated granular deposits of IgM in three and C3 in six cases, over the sclerotic areas. We suggest that the appearance of proteinuria and focal glomerulosclerosis in a patient with a solitary kidney could be due to chronic glomerular hyperfiltration.

The age limit of the cadaver kidney donors is increasing in response to the growing demand for renal transplantation. Simultaneous double kidney transplantation (SDKT) with kidneys obtained from elderly adults has been proposed to increase the transplantation number and improve its results. However, if SDKT is performed when there are no clear indications, a negative effect could be produced on the total number of transplanted patients as both kidneys would be used for only one recipient.In December 1996 we designed a transplantation protocol to be able to extend the selection of cadaver kidney donors with normal serum creatinine levels without establishing any age limit. A pregraft renal biopsy was always performed to analyze the glomerulosclerosis (GE) percentage whenever the donors were 60 years of age or older. A SDKT was performed in a single recipient when the donor age was 75 years or older or when the donors between 60 and 74 years old had a GE rate of more than 15%. On the contrary, a single kidney transplantation was performed in two different recipients for kidneys from donors between 60 and 74 years of age with a GE rate of less than 15%. Kidneys having GE rates of more than 50% were discarded for transplantation. Donor kidneys from subjects younger than 60 years of age were always used for a single kidney transplantation.Based on the above mentioned protocol, from December 1996 to May 1998, 181 patients received a kidney transplantation in our hospital. These patients were divided into three groups: group I which included the SDKT recipients (n=21), group II or single kidney recipients from 60- to 74-year-old donors (n=40), and group III or recipients from60-year-old donors (n=120). The mean follow-up time was 15+/-5 months (range 6-24). Mean donor age was 75+/-7 years in group I, this was significantly higher than in group II (67+/-4, P0.001) and group III (37+/-15, P0.001). The primary nonfunction rate was low in the three groups, there being no statistically significant differences (5, 5, and 4%, respectively). A significantly greater percentage of patients from group I (76%) presented immediate renal graft function as compared with group II (43%, P0.01) and III (50%, P0.05). The acute rejections rate was very low in all three groups (9.5, 7.5, and 22%, respectively) with significant differences between groups II and III (P0.05). No significant differences between the different groups were observed for one year actuarial patient survival (100, 95, and 98%, respectively) or graft survival rates (95, 90, and 93%, respectively). The 6-month serum creatinine levels were excellent in the three groups, although there were significant differences between groups I and II (1.6+/-0.3 vs. 1.9+/-0.6 mg/dl, P0.05), II and III (1.9+/-0.6 vs. 1.4+/-0.4 mg/dl, P0.001), and I and III (P0.05).Simultaneous double kidney transplantations make it possible to use kidneys from extremely elderly donors (75 years) or those whose GE15%. In addition, kidneys from donor 60-74 years old in which the GE15% can be used for single kidney transplantations in two different recipients with excellent results.