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©. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0/ This document is the Published, version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in [International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]. To access the final edited and published work see[https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020621] Introduction: birth size is affected by diverse maternal, environmental, social, and economic factors. Aim: analyze the relationships between birth size—shown by the indicators small for gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational age (LGA)—and maternal, social, and environmental factors in the Argentine province of Jujuy, located in the Andean foothills. Methods: data was obtained from 49,185 mother-newborn pairs recorded in the Jujuy Perinatal Information System (SIP) between 2009 and 2014, including the following: newborn and maternal weight, length/height, and body mass index (BMI); gestational age and maternal age; mother’s educational level, nutritional status, marital status and birth interval; planned pregnancy; geographic-linguistic origin of surnames; altitudinal place of birth; and unsatisfied basic needs (UBN). The dataset was split into two groups, SGA and LGA, and compared with adequate for gestational age (AGA). Bivariate analysis (ANOVA) and general lineal modeling (GLM) with multinomial distribution were employed. Results: for SGA newborns, risk factors were altitude (1.43 [1.12–1.82]), preterm birth (5.33 [4.17–6.82]), older maternal age (1.59 [1.24–2.05]), and primiparous mothers (1.88 [1.06–3.34]). For LGA newborns, the risk factors were female sex (2.72 [5.51–2.95]), overweight (1.33 [1.22–2.46]) and obesity (1.85 [1.66–2.07]). Conclusions: the distribution of birth size and the factors related to its variability in Jujuy are found to be strongly conditioned by provincial terrain and the clinal variation due to its Andean location

Depending on the geographical altitude the purpose of this work was to analyze in two argentine populations the variation of birth weight (BW) and adverse perinatal outcomes, adjusting for maternal and obstetric factors.Data from 4000 births in the provinces of Jujuy and 4000 in Buenos Aires (Sarda Maternity Hospital) (1996-2000) recruited and randomized from the Perinatal Information System was used. The data were grouped according to an altitudinal gradient composed by Sarda Maternity (20 masl) and the geographic regions of Jujuy province: Ramal (500 masl), Valle (1200 masl), Quebrada (2500 masl) and Puna (3500 masl). Outcome variables were BW3000 g, BW2500 g, ponderal index (PI), prematurity, small for gestational age (SGA) and intrauterine growth restriction (FGR), while potentially confounding variables were: age, type of partner, education, overweight, obesity, smoking, hypertension, preeclampsia, urinary infection, growth restriction and cesarean section.An increasing altitudinal gradient for adolescent mothers (19 years) and decreasing for the rest of the maternal obstetric variables was observed. The BW, BW3000 g, BW2500 g and PI were negatively associated with altitude (p0.001). Prematurity, SGA and FGR showed an opposite trend (p0.001). Adjusted for confounding variables BW3000 g, SGA, FGR0.90 and PI2.53 showed an increased risk with geographical altitude (p0.05).Altitude was independently associated with BW restriction and adverse perinatal outcomes. Given the impact of BW reduction in the risk of chronic no communicable diseases this relationship in other populations, regardless of their location altitude, should be assess.Introducción: existe poca información sobre la relación entre tamaño al nacer y altura geográfica ajustada para factores maternos y obstétricos potencialmente confusores. Objetivo: analizar la variación, en función de la altitud geográfica, del Peso al Nacimiento (PN) y resultados perinatales adversos, en dos poblaciones argentinas. Material y Métodos: 4000 registros de recién nacidos (RN) de Jujuy y 4000 de Buenos Aires (Maternidad Sardá) (1996-2000), seleccionados y aleatorizados del Sistema Informático Perinatal. Los datos provenían de la Maternidad Sarda (20 msnm) y las regiones jujeñas: Ramal (500 msnm), Valle (1200 msnm), Quebrada (2500 msnm) y Puna (3500 msnm). Variables resultado: PN3000 g, PN2500 g, Índice Ponderal (IP), prematurez, pequeño para edad gestacional (PEG) y restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (FGR). Variables confusoras: edad, tipo de pareja, educación, sobrepeso-obesidad, tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial, preeclampsia, infección urinaria, restricción del crecimiento y terminación cesárea. Resultados: Se observó un gradiente altitudinal creciente para madres adolescentes y decreciente para las variables obstétrico-maternas. El PN, PN3000 g, PN2500 g e Índice Ponderal se asociaron negativamente con altitud (p0.001). La prevalencia de prematurez, PEG y FGR mostraron un comportamiento opuesto (p0.001). Ajustados para variables confusoras el PN3000 g, PEG, FGR0.90 e IP2.53 mostraron mayor riesgo con la altitud geográfica (p0.05). Conclusiones: La altitud se asoció independientemente con restricción del PN y resultados perinatales adversos. Dado el impacto de la reducción del PN en el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, se debería evaluar esta relación en otras poblaciones, independientemente de su localización altitudinal.

In order to describe the isonymic structure of Paraguay, the distribution of 4,843,868 surnames of 2,882,163 persons was studied in the 18 departments and 237 districts of the nation. The correlations between isonymic and geographic distances for departments were r = 0.713 ± 0.052 for Euclidean distance, 0.597 ± 0.074 for Nei's and 0.582 ± 0.076 for Lasker's, and for districts r = 0.320 ± 0.007, 0.235 ± 0.009 and 0.422 ± 0.008, respectively. Average α was 151 for the entire country, 140.6 ± 6.5 for departments and 108.2 ± 2.7 for districts. The geographical distribution of districts'α is compatible with the settlement of subsequent groups of migrants moving from South towards the Centre and North of Paraguay. The geographical analysis of the first three components of Lasker's isonymy distance matrix is in agreement with such a process. The prevalence of Spanish-Amerindian ethnic groups and the relative absence of indigenous surnames (absence due mainly to the forced surname change of 1848) is in agreement with the diffusion of Spanish speaking males over a low-density area populated by indigenous groups. The present distribution of Y-markers and mt-markers in the available studies in most Latin American populations is compatible with this process.

A total of 154 individuals belonging to three populations located at different altitude levels in northwest Argentina (San Salvador de Jujuy, 1,200 m; Tilcara, 2,500 m; Abra Pampa, 3,500 m) were studied for the GM, KM, HP, GC, PI and TF genetic systems. Individuals were selected on the basis of ethnocultural affiliation. Gene frequency values were found to be comparable to those reported for other South American populations. The populations studied showed a close genetic identity and an absence of interpopulation heterogeneity. Distribution of the GM phenotypes and haplotypes corresponds to historical data on human settlements in Jujuy Province. The presence of some alleles and the anthropological significance of the allele distribution are discussed, as are the effects of the admixture with Africans and Spaniards. The genetic pattern appears to be the result of a varying admixture due to the genetic isolation in populations located at various altitude levels.

We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome DNA polymorphisms to analyze the ethnic origin of maternal and paternal lineages in two Amerindian subpopulations from northwestern Argentina. One of the subpopulations was from San Salvador de Jujuy, located 1200 m above sea level. The second subpopulation inhabits the Quebrada de Humahuaca area at altitudes ranging from 2500 to 3500 m. Both subpopulations have the same ethnic background. All mtDNA haplotypes were identified as Amerindian with a frequency of 64.6% of the B form (9-bp deletion in mtDNA region V). Because all Central Andean Amerindian populations studied so far exhibit high frequencies of the B haplotype, we propose that they probably are derived from a common ancestral population that inhabited the Central Andes 6000-8000 years B.P. The presence of paternal directional mating (asymmetric contribution of one parental lineage to interethnic gene mixtures) was demonstrated by the finding of an average introgression of 40.5% Spanish Y chromosomes into our Amerindian sample. This introgression was more evident at low altitude than at high altitude, with frequencies of 64.3% in San Salvador de Jujuy (low altitude) and 27.6% in Quebrada de Humahuaca (high altitude) (p0.05). The San Salvador de Jujuy subpopulation also showed a significantly higher Y-chromosome gene variability than the Quebrada de Humahuaca subpopulation. These findings are in good agreement with historical reports indicating that the colonization of South America was undertaken by men who usually practiced polygamous unions with Amerindian women and that San Salvador de Jujuy was the main northwestern Argentinian region of European to Amerindian gene admixture. We found 16.7% of cases with Spanish Y chromosomes and Amerindian family names, and the same percentage with Amerindian Y chromosomes and Hispanic names. The former group probably is the result of unions between Hispanic men, who transmitted the Y chromosome, and Amerindian women, who transmitted the family name to the progeny. The latter group likely illustrates the practice of changing names from Amerindian to Hispanic during the baptism of native Americans in colonial times.

Chagas disease constitutes the main zoonosis in the province of Jujuy, Argentina, where it is one of the most important issues in public health. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the results of a serologic evaluation carried out for a seven-year period among schoolchildren in the Jujenean capital city. The population under study consisted of all seventh grade students of all schools in San Salvador de Jujuy. They were classified into three socioeconomic levels: High, Medium and Low levels. Indirect hemagglutination and immunofluorescence tests were performed. Percentages of seroprevalence were determined by sex, age group, and socioeconomic level. To analyze and check results, the following tests were applied: ANOVA, Tukey's and chi-square test. General prevalence was 1.95% with inter-annual statistically non-significant variations. Statistically significant variations were found among: 1) sex, where the feminine sex exhibited higher seroprevalence; 2) age groups, in which 12-year-olds showed higher seroprevalence; 3) socioeconomic levels, where seroprevalence increased as socioeconomic level decreased. Chagasic seroprevalence in children populations is an indicator that allows assessing both transmission risks in the community and the efficiency of preventive measures to control the vector. Data resulting from this study would indicate: 1) an adequate control both of non-vectorial transmission as well as of the vector, since no temporal variation was recorded in seroprevalence in the age-group analyzed; 2) higher seroprevalence in children belonging to a lower socioeconomic level, probably due to migrations of already-infected mothers coming from neighboring endemic, less epidemiologically controlled areas.