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The HIV/AIDS cases and proportion in older people are continuously and rapidly increasing in China, especially in males. However, the transmission mechanism is not well understood. This study aims to explore the transmission mechanism of HIV/AIDS and potential ways to prevent or control HIV/AIDS transmission in a city in southwestern China. Data from multiple sources, including HIV/AIDS case reports in 2010–2020, a survey of HIV/AIDS cases in 2020, and sentinel surveillance data of female sex workers (FSWs) in 2016–2020 were analyzed. We explored the transmission mechanism of HIV/AIDS cases aged 50 years and older. In this city, the number of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 50 years and older increased from 2010 to 2019, and decreased in 2020. The number of male and female cases aged 50 years and older both increased rapidly in 2017–2019, though the number of male cases was larger than that of female. The survey data showed that 84.7% of older male cases reported commercial sexual behavior, among whom 87.7% reported never using condom and 37.6% reported more than 10 times of commercial sexual behaviors in 1 year. In terms of price of sexual behavior, 68.3% of older male cases sought low-tier FSWs among whom the HIV/AIDS positive rate was 5.4% from the sentinel surveillance data. These results suggested HIV transmission between older men and low-tier FSWs through commercial sexual behavior. Among female cases aged 50 years and older, most reported non-marital and non-commercial heterosexual (60.5%) or regular sexual partner (31.4%) transmission, suggesting that they were infected by their spouse/regular sexual partner. Data of matched couples showed that most male cases had both marital sexual behavior and commercial sexual behavior, or acquired HIV through commercial sexual behavior, while most female cases had only marital sexual behavior. Based on these findings, we proposed a transmission mode of that local older male people and FSWs are transmitting bilaterally through commercial sexual behavior, and local older male people are spreading to local older female people through spouse or regular sexual partner route. By studying data from multiple sources, we explored the HIV transmission mode among older people. In the meantime, we found that marital status had a different impact on male and female old people in their sex behaviors.

Sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) exhibits important physiological effects including insulin-like, chemoprevention and anticancer activity. However, the effects of NaVO3 on breast cancer and underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, our results revealed that NaVO3 was able to inhibit proliferation of murine breast cancer cells 4T1 with IC50 value of 8.19 μM and 1.92 μM at 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The mechanisms underlying the inhibition activity were that NaVO3 could increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in a concentration-dependent way, arrest cells at G2/M phase, diminish the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), finally promote the progress of apoptosis. Furthermore, NaVO3 also exhibited a dose-dependent anticancer activity in breast cancer-bearing mice that led to the shrinkage of tumor volume (about 50%), lower microvessel density, less propagating cells and more apoptotic cells in vivo, as compared to the saline group. Therefore, NaVO3 may act as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in breast cancer treatment.

To evaluate the performance of China's infectious disease automated alert and response system in the detection of outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth (HFM) disease.We estimated size, duration and delay in reporting HFM disease outbreaks from cases notified between 1 May 2008 and 30 April 2010 and between 1 May 2010 and 30 April 2012, before and after automatic alert and response included HFM disease. Sensitivity, specificity and timeliness of detection of aberrations in the incidence of HFM disease outbreaks were estimated by comparing automated detections to observations of public health staff.The alert and response system recorded 106,005 aberrations in the incidence of HFM disease between 1 May 2010 and 30 April 2012 - a mean of 5.6 aberrations per 100 days in each county that reported HFM disease. The response system had a sensitivity of 92.7% and a specificity of 95.0%. The mean delay between the reporting of the first case of an outbreak and detection of that outbreak by the response system was 2.1 days. Between the first and second study periods, the mean size of an HFM disease outbreak decreased from 19.4 to 15.8 cases and the mean interval between the onset and initial reporting of such an outbreak to the public health emergency reporting system decreased from 10.0 to 9.1 days.The automated alert and response system shows good sensitivity in the detection of HFM disease outbreaks and appears to be relatively rapid. Continued use of this system should allow more effective prevention and limitation of such outbreaks in China.Évaluer les résultats du système automatisé d'alerte et d'action pour les maladies infectieuses de la Chine en matière de détection des épidémies de maladie des mains, pieds et bouche (MMPB).Nous avons estimé la taille, la durée et le retard du signalement des épidémies de MMPB à partir des cas notifiés entre le 1er mai 2008 et le 30 avril 2010 et entre le 1er mai 2010 et le 30 avril 2012, c'est-à-dire avant et après l'intégration de la MMPB dans le système automatisé d'alerte et d'action. La sensibilité, la spécificité et la rapidité de la détection des aberrations dans l'incidence des épidémies de MMPB ont été estimées en comparant les détections automatisées aux observations du personnel des services de santé publique.Le système d'alerte et d'action a enregistré 106 005 aberrations dans l'incidence de la MMPB entre le 1er mai 2010 et le 30 avril 2012 – une moyenne de 5,6 erreurs pour 100 jours dans chaque comté qui avait signalé la MMPB. Le système d'action avait une sensibilité de 92,7% et une spécificité de 95,0%. Le retard moyen entre le signalement du premier cas d'une épidémie et la détection de cette épidémie par le système d'action était de 2,1 jours. Entre les périodes de la première et de la seconde étude, la taille moyenne d'une épidémie de MMPB a diminué de 19,4 à 15,8 cas, et l'intervalle moyen entre le début et le signalement initial d'une telle épidémie au système de notification d'urgence des services de santé publique a diminué, passant de 10,0 à 9,1 jours.Le système automatisé d'alerte et d'action présente une bonne sensibilité en matière de détection des épidémies de MMPB et semble être relativement rapide. L'utilisation continue de ce système devrait permettre de prévenir et de limiter plus efficacement ces épidémies en Chine.Evaluar el rendimiento del sistema de alerta y respuesta automática a enfermedades infecciosas de China en la detección de brotes de la enfermedad boca-mano-pie (EBMP).Calculamos la magnitud, la duración y la demora en la notificación de brotes de la enfermedad BMP a partir de casos notificados entre el 1 de mayo de 2008 y el 30 de abril de 2010, y entre el 1 de mayo de 2010 y el 30 de abril 2012, antes y después de que el sistema de alerta y respuesta automáticas incluyera la enfermedad BMP. Se estimó la sensibilidad, especificidad y oportunidad de la detección de aberraciones en la incidencia de los brotes de enfermedad BMP mediante la comparación de las detecciones automáticas con las observaciones del personal de salud pública.El sistema de alerta y respuesta registró 106 005 aberraciones en la incidencia de la EBMP entre el 1 de mayo de 2010 y el 30 de abril de 2012 - una media de 5,6 aberraciones por cada 100 días en cada condado que notificó dicha enfermedad. El sistema de respuesta tuvo una sensibilidad del 92,7 % y una especificidad del 95,0 %. La demora media entre la notificación del primer caso de un brote y la detección de ese brote por el sistema de respuesta fue de 2,1 días. Entre el primer y el segundo período de estudio, las dimensiones medias de un brote de EBMP disminuyeron de 19,4 a 15,8 casos, y el intervalo medio entre el comienzo de un brote y el primer informe en el sistema de notificación de emergencia de salud pública se redujo de 10,0 a 9,1 días.El sistema de alerta y respuesta automática muestra una buena sensibilidad en la detección de los brotes de EBMP y parece ser relativamente rápido. El uso continuado de este sistema debería permitir una prevención y limitación más eficaces de dichos brotes en China.تقييم أداء نظام الإنذار والاستجابة الآلي للأمراض المعدية في اكتشاف فاشيات مرض اليد والقدم والفم في الصين.قمنا بتقدير الحجم والمدة والتأخير في الإبلاغ عن فاشيات مرض اليد والقدم والفم من الحالات التي تم الإخطار بها بين 1 أيار/مايو 2008 و30 نيسان/أبريل 2010 وبين 1 أيار/مايو 2010 و30 نيسان/أبريل 2012، قبل إدراج داء اليد والقدم والفم في الإنذار والاستجابة الآلية وبعده. وتم تقدير حساسية اكتشاف الانحرافات ونوعيتها وتوقيتها في معدل الإصابة بفاشيات مرض اليد والقدم والفم عن طريق مقارنة الاكتشافات والملاحظات الآلية من قبل موظفي الصحة العمومية.سجل نظام الإنذار والاستجابة 106005 انحرافاً في معدل الإصابة بمرض اليد والقدم والفم بين 1 أيار/مايو 2010 و30 نيسان/أبريل2012 - المتوسط 5.6 انحرافاً لكل 100 يوم في كل مقاطعة أبلغت عن مرض اليد والقدم والفم. وكانت حساسية نظام الاستجابة 92.7 % ونوعيته 95.0 %. وكان متوسط التأخير بين الإبلاغ عن الحالة الأولى لإحدى الفاشيات واكتشاف تلك الفاشية عن طريق نظام الاستجابة 2.1 يوم. وانخفض متوسط حجم فاشية مرض اليد والقدم والفم بين الفترتين الدراسيتين الأولى والثانية من 19.4 حالة إلى 15.8 حالة وانخفض متوسط الفاصل بين بداية هذه الفاشية والإبلاغ الأولي عنها إلى نظام الإبلاغ عن حالات الطوارئ في الصحة العمومية من 10.0 إلى 9.1 يوماً.يشير نظام الإنذار والاستجابة الآلي إلى حساسية جيدة في اكتشاف فاشيات مرض اليد والقدم والفم ويبدو أنه سريع نسبياً. وينبغي أن يسمح الاستخدام المتواصل لهذا النظام بزيادة فعالية الوقاية وتقييد هذه الفاشيات في الصين.评价中国传染病自动预警与响应系统在探测手足口疾病（HFM）爆发方面的表现。我们利用2008年5月1日和2010年4月30日之间以及2010年5月1日和2012年4月30日之间（即自动预警与响应系统将手足口病纳入之前和之后）报告的病例估算了手足口病病爆发的规模、持续时间和报告延迟时间。将预警与响应系统自动探测的结果与公共卫生工作人员的观察结果进行比较，评估该系统用于探测手口足病爆发的灵敏度、特异度和及时性。在2010年5月1日至2012年4月30日期间，预警和响应系统发出了106005条预警信号，——在每个有手足口病病例报告的县，平均每100天产生5.6条手足口病预警信号。响应系统敏感度为92.7%，特异度为95.0%。从爆发的第一例病例报告至自动预警与响应系统探测到爆发之间的平均时间间隔是2.1天。在自动预警与响应系统将手足口病纳入之前和之后，手足口病爆发的平均规模从19.4例下降到15.8例，从爆发首例病例发病至向突发公共卫生事件报告系统进行报告之间的平均时间间隔从10.0天下降到9.1天。自动预警与响应系统在探测手足口病爆发方面具有良好的灵敏度和及时性。持续使用该系统应该能够更有效地预防和控制中国手足口病的爆发。Оценить эффективность автоматизированной системы оповещения и реагирования в Китае, используемой для обнаружения вспышек вирусной пузырчатки полости рта и конечностей (HFM — от англ. hand, foot and mouth disease).Размер, продолжительность вспышек и задержка сообщений о вспышках HFM оценивались на основе случаев, зарегистрированных в период с 1 мая 2008 года по 30 апреля 2010 года и в период с 1 мая 2010 года по 30 апреля 2012 года, как до, так и после начала использования системы автоматического оповещения и реагирования о данном заболевании. Чувствительность, специфичность и своевременность обнаружения отклонений в уровне заболеваемости HFM оценивались путем сравнения данных автоматизированной системы обнаружения с наблюдения специалистов общественного здравоохранения.Системой оповещения и реагирования было зарегистрировано 106 005 отклонений в уровне заболеваемости HFM в период с 1 мая 2010 года по 30 апреля 2012 года, что составило в среднем 5,6 отклонений на 100 дней в каждом округе, сообщившем о случаях заболевания HFM. Чувствительность и специфичность системы реагирования составляли 92,7% и 95,0% соответственно. Средняя задержка между сообщением о первом случае вспышки заболевания и выявлением данной вспышки системой реагирования составила 2,1 дня. Между первым и вторым периодами исследования средний размер вспышки HFM уменьшился с 19,4 до 15,8 случаев, а средний интервал между началом вспышки и первоначальным сообщением о данной вспышке в систему аварийной отчетности здравоохранения уменьшился с 10,0 до 9,1 дней.Автоматизированная система оповещения и реагирования продемонстрировала хорошую чувствительность при обнаружении вспышек вирусной пузырчатки полости рта и конечностей и относительно высокую скорость реагирования. Дальнейшее использование этой системы должно обеспечить более эффективное предотвращение и ограничение вспышек данного заболевания в Китае.

A B S T R A C T Vanadium-containing products are manufactured and widely used in the modern industry. Yet the neurobehavioral toxicity due to occupational exposure to vanadium remained elusive. This crosssectional study was designed to examine the neurotoxic effects of occupational vanadium exposure. A total of 463 vanadium-exposed workers (exposed group) and 251 non-exposed workers (control group) were recruited from a Steel and Iron Group in Sichuan, China. A WHO-recommended neurobehavioral core test battery (NCTB) and event-related auditory evoked potentials test (P300) were used to assess the neurobehavioral functions of all study subjects. A general linear model was used to compare outcome scores between the two groups while controlling for possible confounders. The exposed group showed a statistically significant neurobehavioral alteration more than the control group in the NCTB tests. The exposed workers also exhibited an increased anger-hostility, depression-dejection and fatigue-inertia on the profile of mood states (p < 0.05). Performances in the simple reaction time, digit span, benton visual retention and pursuit aiming were also poorer among exposed workers as compared to unexposed control workers (p < 0.05). Some of these poor performances in tests were also significantly related to workers’ exposure duration. P300 latencies were longer in the exposed group than in the control (p < 0.05). Longer mean reaction times and more counting errors were also found in the exposed workers (p < 0.05). Given the findings of our study and the limitations of neurobehavioral workplace testing, we found evidence of altered neurobehavioral outcomes by occupational exposure to vanadium.

Xiaodan He,1 Li Li,2 Hong Su,1 Dinglun Zhou,3 Hongmei Song,4 Ling Wang,1 Xuehua Jiang1 1West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 2National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 3West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 4HitGen Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China Background: Effective anticancer drug delivery to the tumor site without rapid body clearance is a prerequisite for successful chemotherapy. 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine-N-(methoxy[polyethyleneglycol]-2000) (DSPE-PEG2000) has been widely used in the preparation of stealth liposomes. Although PEG chains can efficiently preserve liposomes from rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), its application has been hindered by poor cellular uptake and unsatisfactory therapeutic effect.Methods: To address the dilemma, we presented a facile approach to fabricate novel stealth nanoparticles generated by poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL), soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), and cholesterol, namely LPPs (L represented lipid and PP represented PEG-b-PCL), for the delivery of anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX). LPPs were prepared using the thin film hydration method. Two PEG-b-PCL polymers with different molecular weights (MW; PEG2000-b-PCL2000, MW: 4,000 Da and PEG5000-b-PCL5000, MW: 10,000 Da) were used to fabricate stealth nanoparticles. Conventional PEGylated liposome (LDP2000, L represented lipid and DP2000 represented DSPE-PEG2000) composed of SPC, cholesterol, and DSPE-PEG2000 was used as the control. The physical properties, cellular uptake, endocytosis pathway, cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, tumor accumulation, and anticancer efficacy of free PTX, PTX-loaded LPPs, and LDP2000 were systemically investigated after injection into 4T1 breast tumor–bearing mice.Results: LPPs were vesicles around 100 nm in size with negative zeta potential. With enhanced stability, LPPs achieved sustainable release of cancer therapeutics. The cellular uptake level was closely related to the PEG chain length of PEG-b-PCL; a shorter PEG chain resulted in higher cellular uptake. Moreover, the cellular internalization of LPP2000 modified by PEG2000-b-PCL2000 on 4T1 cells was 2.1-fold higher than LDP2000 due to the improved stability of LPP2000. The cytotoxicity of PTX-loaded LPP2000 was also higher than that of LDP2000 and LPP5000 as observed using a WST-8 assay, while blank LPPs showed negligible toxicity. Consistent with the results of the in vitro study, in vivo experiments showed that LPPs allowed significantly improved bioavailability and prolonged T1/2ß as compared to free PTX injection. More importantly, LPPs mainly accumulated at the tumor site, probably due to the enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR effect). As a nanomedicine, LPP2000 (tumor inhibition rate of 75.1%) significantly enhanced the therapeutic effect of PTX in 4T1 breast tumor–bearing mice by inhibiting tumor growth compared to LDP2000 and LPP5000 (tumor inhibition rates of 56.3% and 49.5%, respectively).Conclusion: Modification of liposomes with PEG2000-b-PCL2000 can simultaneously improve drug accumulation at the target tumor site and tumor cells, showing great promise for utilization as a PEG modification tool in the fabrication of stealth nanoparticles for cancer chemotherapy. Keywords: nanoparticles PEG-b-PCL, phospholipid, murine breast cancer chemotherapy, paclitaxel

Background Some experimental animal studies reported that vanadium had beneficial effects on blood total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG). However, the relationship between vanadium exposure and lipid, lipoprotein profiles in human subjects remains uncertain. This study aimed to compare the serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles of occupational vanadium exposed and non-exposed workers, and to provide human evidence on serum lipid, lipoprotein profiles and atherogenic indexes changes in relation to vanadium exposure. Methods This cross-sectional study recruited 533 vanadium exposed workers and 241 non-exposed workers from a Steel and Iron Group in Sichuan, China. Demographic characteristics and occupational information were collected through questionnaires. Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured for all participants. The ratios of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to HDL-C and apoB to apoA-I were used as atherogenic indexes. A general linear model was applied to compare outcomes of the two groups while controlling possible confounders and multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between low HDL-C level, abnormal atherogenic index and vanadium exposure. Results Higher levels of HDL-C and apoA-I could be observed in the vanadium exposed group compared with the control group (P