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BackgroundGender-related biases in outcomes after thoracic aortic surgery are an important factor to consider in the prevention of potential complications related to aortic diseases and in the analysis of surgical results.MethodsThe aim of this study is to provide an up-to-date review of gender-related differences in the epidemiology, specific risk factors, outcome, and screening and prevention programmes in aortic aneurysms.ResultsFemale patients affected by aortic disease still have worse outcomes and higher early and late mortality than men. It is difficult to plan new specific strategies to improve outcomes in women undergoing major aortic surgery, given that the true explanations for their poorer outcomes are as yet not clearly identified. Some authors recommend further investigation of hormonal or molecular explanations for the sex differences in aortic disease. Others stress the need for quality improvement projects to quantify the preoperative risk in high-risk populations using non-invasive tests such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing.ConclusionsThe treatment of patients classified as high risk could thus be optimised before surgery becomes necessary by means of numerous strategies, such as the administration of high-dose statin therapy, antiplatelet treatment, optimal control of hypertension, lifestyle improvement with smoking cessation, weight loss and careful control of diabetes. Future efforts are needed to understand better the gender differences in the diagnosis, management and outcome of aortic aneurysm disease, and for appropriate and modern management of female patients.

Objective. To test if splenic Doppler resistive index (SDRI) allows noninvasive monitoring of changes in stroke volume and regional splanchnic perfusion in response to fluid challenge. Design and Setting. Prospective observational study in cardiac intensive care unit. Patients. Fifty-three patients requiring mechanical ventilation and fluid challenge for hemodynamic optimization after cardiac surgery. Interventions. SDRI values were obtained before and after volume loading with 500 mL of normal saline over 20 min and compared with changes in systemic hemodynamics, determined invasively by pulmonary artery catheter, and arterial lactate concentration as expression of splanchnic perfusion. Changes in stroke volume >10% were considered representative of fluid responsiveness. Results. A 9% SDRI reduction was a marker of fluid responsiveness with 100% specificity and 100% positive predictive value. A >4% SDRI reduction was always associated with an improvement of splanchnic perfusion mirrored by an increase in lactate clearance and a reduction in systemic vascular resistance, regardless of fluid responsiveness. Conclusions. This study shows that SDRI variations after fluid administration is an effective noninvasive tool to monitor systemic hemodynamics and splanchnic perfusion upon volume administration, irrespective of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac surgery.

Background: The evidence of the benefits of using venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is scarce. Methods: We analyzed the outcomes of patients who received VA-ECMO therapy due to cardiac or respiratory failure after isolated CABG in 12 centers between 2005 and 2016. Patients treated preoperatively with ECMO were excluded from this study. Results: VA-ECMO was employed in 148 patients after CABG for median of 5.0 days (mean, 6.4, SD 5.6 days). Inhospital mortality was 64.2%. Pooled in-hospital mortality was 65.9% without significant heterogeneity between the centers (I-2 8.6%). The proportion of VA-ECMO in each center did not affect in-hospital mortality (p = 0.861). No patients underwent heart transplantation and six patients received a left ventricular assist device. Logistic regression showed that creatinine clearance (p = 0.004, OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99), pulmonary disease (p = 0.018, OR 4.42, 95% CI 1.29-15.15) and pre-VA-ECMO blood lactate (p = 0.015, OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.18) were independent baseline predictors of in-hospital mortality. One-, 2-, and 3-year survival was 31.0%, 27.9%, and 26.1%, respectively. Conclusions: One third of patients with need for VA-ECMO after CABG survive to discharge. In view of the burden of resources associated with VA-ECMO treatment and the limited number of patients surviving to discharge, further studies are needed to identify patients who may benefit the most from this treatment. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The aim of this retrospective multicenter registry study was to investigate age-dependent trends in mortality, long-term survival, and comorbidity over time in patients who underwent isolated CABG from 2003 to 2015. The percentage of patients < 60 years of age was 18.9%. Female sex, chronic pulmonary disease, extracardiac arteriopathy, and neurologic dysfunction disease were significantly less frequent in this younger population. The prevalence of BMI ≥ 30, previous myocardial infarction, preoperative severe depressed left ventricular ejection fraction, and history of previous PCI were significantly higher in this population. After PS matching, at 5 years, patients < 60 years of age reported significantly lower overall mortality (p<0.0001), cardiac-related mortality (p<0.0001), incidence of acute myocardial infarction (p=0.01), and stroke rates (p<0.0001). Patients < 60 years required repeated revascularization more frequently than older patients (p=0.05). Patients < 60 who underwent CABG had a lower risk of adverse outcomes than older patients. Patients < 60 have a different clinical pattern of presentation of CAD in comparison with more elderly patients. These issues require focused attention in order to design and improve preventive strategies aiming to reduce the impact of specific cardiovascular risk factors for younger patients, such as diet, lifestyle, and weight control.

Objective Chest auscultation and chest x-ray commonly are used to detect postoperative abnormalities and complications in patients admitted to intensive care after cardiac surgery. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether chest ultrasound represents an effective alternative to bedside chest x-ray to identify early postoperative abnormalities. Design Diagnostic accuracy of chest auscultation and chest ultrasound were compared in identifying individual abnormalities detected by chest x-ray, considered the reference method. Setting Cardiac surgery intensive care unit. Participants One hundred fifty-one consecutive adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Interventions All patients included were studied by chest auscultation, ultrasound, and x-ray upon admission to intensive care after cardiac surgery. Measurements and Main Results Six lung pathologic changes and endotracheal tube malposition were found. There was a highly significant correlation between abnormalities detected by chest ultrasound and x-ray (k = 0.90), but a poor correlation between chest auscultation and x-ray abnormalities (k = 0.15). Conclusions Chest auscultation may help identify endotracheal tube misplacement and tension pneumothorax but it may miss most major abnormalities. Chest ultrasound represents a valid alternative to chest x-ray to detect most postoperative abnormalities and misplacements.

The aim of this study was to compare the success rate and safety of short-axis versus long-axis approaches to ultrasound-guided subclavian vein cannulation. A total of 190 patients requiring central venous cannulation following cardiac surgery were randomized to either short-axis or long-axis ultrasound-guided cannulation of the subclavian vein. Each cannulation was performed by anesthesiologists with at least 3 years’ experience of ultrasound-guided central vein cannulation (>150 procedures/year, 50% short-axis and 50% long-axis). Success rate, insertion time, number of needle redirections, number of separate skin or vessel punctures, rate of mechanical complications, catheter misplacements, and incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection were documented for each procedure. The subclavian vein was successfully cannulated in all 190 patients. The mean insertion time was significantly shorter (p = 0.040) in the short-axis group (69 ± 74 s) than in the long-axis group (98 ± 103 s). The short-axis group was also associated with a higher overall success rate (96 vs. 78%, p

Background Lung ultrasonography (LUS) has been used for noninvasive detection of pulmonary edema. Semiquantitative LUS visual scores (visual LUS [V-LUS]) based on B lines are moderately correlated with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and extravascular lung water (EVLW). A new computer-aided quantitative LUS (Q-LUS) analysis has been recently proposed. This study investigated whether Q-LUS better correlates with PCWP and EVLW than V-LUS and to what extent positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) affects the assessment of pulmonary edema by Q-LUS or V-LUS. Methods Forty-eight mechanically ventilated patients with PEEP of 5 or 10 cm H 2 O and monitored by PCWP (n = 28) or EVLW (n = 20) were studied. Results PCWP was significantly and strongly correlated with Q-LUS gray (Gy) unit value ( r 2 = 0.70) but weakly correlated with V-LUS B-line score ( r 2 = 0.20). EVLW was significantly and more strongly correlated with Q-LUS Gy unit mean value ( r 2 = 0.68) than with V-LUS B-line score ( r 2 = 0.34). Q-LUS showed a better diagnostic accuracy than V-LUS for the detection of PCWP >18 mm Hg or EVLW ≥ 10 mL/kg. With 5-cm H 2 O PEEP, the correlations with PCWP or EVLW were stronger for Q-LUS than V-LUS. With 10-cm H 2 O PEEP, the correlations with PCWP or EVLW were still significant for Q-LUS but insignificant for V-LUS. Interobserver reproducibility was better for Q-LUS than V-LUS. Conclusions Both V-LUS and Q-LUS are acceptable indicators of pulmonary edema in mechanically ventilated patients. However, at high PEEP only Q-LUS provides data that are significantly correlated with PCWP and EVLW. Computer-aided Q-LUS has the advantages of being not only independent of operator perception but also of PEEP.

Background: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of gender on outcomes after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, in terms of 5-year rates of overall death, cardiac-related death, myocardial infarction, re-hospitalization, repeat percutaneous or surgical revascularization, stroke, new pacemaker implantation, postoperative renal failure, heart failure and need for long-term care. Methods: Two propensity-score matched cohorts, each of 1331 patients, undergoing isolated surgical coronary revascularization at the regional public and private centers of Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) from January 1st 2003 to December 31th 2013, were used to compare long-term outcomes of male (5976 patients) versus female gender (1332 patients). Results: In the matched cohort, males received significantly more bypass grafts (3.0 ± 1.0 vs 2.8 ± 1.0, p = 0.001). Left internal mammary artery use and total arterial revascularization were similarly performed in both matched subgroups. Both groups reported similar cumulative rate of all-cause, cardiac-related mortality and stroke at five years. Females experienced significantly higher rate of myocardial infarction, and not significantly higher occurrence of heart failure, and need for long-term care. Males experienced significantly higher rate of cumulative re-hospitalization and higher need for pacemaker implantation. Female gender was not an independent predictor of death at long-term follow-up. Conclusions: Women are more likely to be readmitted with myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure after CABG but experience survival similar to that observed in men. Female gender was not an independent risk factor for mortality. Prevention of new occurrence of postoperative myocardial infarction and enhancement of complete coronary revascularization should be future endpoints. © 2016 The Author(s).

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare 5-year rates of overall death, cardiac-related death, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, stroke and new occurrence of postoperative renal failure in a large cohort of patients with coronary disease, treated with on- or off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: Two propensity score-matched cohorts, each of 560 patients, undergoing isolated surgical coronary revascularization at the regional public and private centres of Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) over the period 1 January 2003 - 31 December 2013, were used to compare long-term outcomes of on-pump CABG (6711 patients) and off-pump CABG (597 patients). RESULTS: The matched on-pump group received significantly more bypass grafts than the matched off-pump group (2.4 ± 1.1 vs 1.6 ± 0.9, P < 0.0001). The on-pump group reported statistically significant lower cardiac-related mortality. There was a trend towards higher overall mortality and the need for repeat revascularization procedures in the off-pump group. No difference was found for myocardial infarction, stroke or new occurrence of postoperative renal failure between groups in the follow-up. The multivariate analysis of significant predictors of mortality in the overall population confirmed that the off-pump revascularization strategy was an independent predictor of death at long-term follow-up. On-pump CABG reported significantly better results in terms of mortality in the subgroups of patients with a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and in patients with three-vessel disease. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing elective isolated CABG, on-pump strategy conferred a long-term survival advantage compared with off-pump strategy, particularly for patients with more extensive coronary disease. No benefits were found in terms of reduction of postoperative morbidity with the off-pump strategy. On-pump surgery should be the preferred revascularization technique, and off-pump surgery reserved for patients for whom the perioperative risk of cardiopulmonary bypass is greater than the risk of a less complete coronary revascularization. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.

The concept of self-assess it's a central mechanism in human agency for behavior change and should translate to desirable practice patterns. There are no many studies that have investigated the relationship between the perception of the ability to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and the quality of the same. The aim of this work is to investigate the relation between physiological and psychosocial variables in cardiac resuscitation in order to improve the involvement and motivation of professionals in training courses.During the year 2012, 322 medical staff of Ospedale-Universitario of Parma were trained to basic life support defibrillation (BLSD). Before started the course the partecipants were randomly selected among the staff working in the same department to create a team of two persons and involved in a simulation that reproduced the first five minutes that occurs for a cardiac arrest in a medical or surgical department in our hospital before the intervention of the hospital emergency team. Before and after simulation to each participant was asked to answer a self-efficacy questionnaire on a 10-point scale on the management of cardiac. During simulation were registered the activation time of the emergency response system, hands-on time, defibrillation time, number of compression and correct compression rate.Activation time of the emergency response system was 70.52 ± 78.77 seconds. In 55 teams was not made the allert. The defibrillation time was 148.63 ± 58.43 seconds. In 44 teams the defibrillator were used within 120 seconds, in 36 (22.1%) it was not used. Hands-on time average was of 166.20 ± 62.9 seconds. The mean number of compression was 216.22 ± 115.57. The percentage of satisfactory compression was 9.97 ± 21.23 %. The level of self-efficacy was under the average for the 35.6%, while the 26.8% of the participants had a medium level of 5 and the 38.5% of the sample declared to feel an efficacy level included in 6-10. The sense of self efficacy after the simulation was constant in the 38.3% of the sample, while increased in the 30.5% and decreased in the 31.2%. We found no significant correlations between self-efficacy levels and specific results in scenario acting before simulation, instead, after the simulation the skills performances are much more correlated with self-efficacy.The medical staff reported an individual's perception of good efficacy in the management of simulation of cardiac arrest, but it does not correspond to a high skills. An open question is if and how these psychosocial variables may play a role in improving the quality of CPR and if knowledge of the low capacity to manage a cardiac arrest can be translated into the need for the medical staff to be regularly engaged in BLSD retraining.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether direct assessment of splenic circulation by splenic Doppler resistive index (Doppler RI) is a clinically useful noninvasive method for an early detection of occult hemorrhagic shock after polytrauma in adult patients. Splenic Doppler RI was measured in 49 hemodynamically stable adult patients admitted to the emergency department because of polytrauma. Renal Doppler RI was also determined in 20 patients. Spleen size, Injury Severity Score, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, blood lactate, standard base excess, pH, hemoglobin, and inferior vena cava diameter values were recorded at admission and at 24 h. Patients were grouped according to whether signs of hemorrhagic shock did (n = 22) or did not (n = 27) occur within the first 24 h from admission. Patients who developed hemorrhagic shock had significantly higher splenic and renal Doppler RI, higher Injury Severity Score, and lower standard base excess at admission. By multivariate logistic regression, splenic Doppler RI resulted to be a predictor of hemorrhagic shock development within the first 24 h from admission. Splenic Doppler RI may represent a clinically useful noninvasive method for early detection of occult hemorrhagic shock and persistent occult hypoperfusion after polytrauma in adult patients.

To investigate whether renal Doppler resistive index (RI) changes occur early during posttraumatic bleeding and may be predictive of occult hypoperfusion-and thus hemorrhagic shock-in patients with polytrauma.This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. The renal Doppler RI was measured in 52 hemodynamically stable adult patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) because of polytrauma. Renal Doppler RI, hemoglobin, standard base excess, lactate, systolic blood pressure, pH, heart rate, and inferior vena cava diameter values were recorded at admittance and correlated with outcome (progression or nonprogression to hemorrhagic shock). Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factors for progression to hemorrhagic shock.Twenty-nine patients developed hemorrhagic shock, and 23 did not. At univariable analysis, the hemorrhagic shock group, as compared with the nonhemorrhagic shock group, had higher renal Doppler RI (mean, 0.80 ± 0.10 [standard deviation] vs 0.63 ± 0.03; P.01), injury severity score (mean, 36 ± 11 vs 26 ± 5; P.01), and standard base excess (mean, -4.0 mEq/L ± 4 vs 1 mEq/L ± 3; P = .04) values. At logistic regression analysis, a renal Doppler RI greater than 0.7 (vs less than or equal to 0.7) was the only independent risk factor for progression to hemorrhagic shock (odds ratio, 57.8; 95% confidence interval: 10.5, 317.0) (P.001).In polytrauma patients who are hemodynamically stable at admittance to the ED, renal cortical blood flow redistribution occurs very early in response to occult bleeding and might be noninvasively detected by using the renal Doppler RI. A renal Doppler RI greater than 0.7 is predictive of progression to hemorrhagic shock in polytrauma patients.

The potential for gender-related bias in the provision of medical treatments has gained increased interest in recent years. The aim of this retrospective, observational study was to evaluate the association between gender and clinical outcome in an Italian mixed medical-surgical ICU population.Data on 1978 patients admitted to the ICU during a 3-year period were analyzed. Demographics, diagnosis, and hospital stay details were recorded.Male ICU admissions were predominant over female ones (64% vs 36%). Neither ICU survival rate (80% in group male, 79% in group female; P = 0.602) nor hospital survival rate (72% in group male, 72% in group female; P = 0.820) showed gender-related differences. A statistically significant difference was found in terms of mean (SD) age (57 [19] years in group male, 62 [18] years in group female; P0.001), ICU length of stay (7.0 [9.1] days in group male, 5.7 [7.7] days in group female; P0.001) and length of mechanical ventilation (6.3 [8.4] days in group male, 5.3 [7.5] days in group female; P = 0.001). Severity of illness, measured through the simplified acute physiology score II, was not statistically different between gender groups; nor was the incidence of infective complications. After stratifying for diagnostic subgroups a few gender differences were pointed out, but none of them affecting ICU and hospital survival rates. A Kaplan-Meier 30-day ICU survival analysis revealed no differences between the male and female groups of the study population.According to our results, mortality among critically ill patients was not influenced by gender. Despite a higher frequency of men admitted, women were older than men. Moreover, men were treated for a longer period of time than women. Limitations of the study were the inability to establish causal relations and to account for variables with important effects on the reported associations. Moreover, the sample size was small if compared to similar multicenter studies.

To determine the usefulness of ultrasound to evaluate central venous catheter misplacements and detection of pneumothorax, thus obviating postprocedural radiograph. After the insertion of a central venous catheter, chest radiograph is usually obtained to ensure correct positioning of the catheter tip and detect postprocedural complications.Prospective observational study.Adult intensive care unit.111 consecutive patients undergoing central venous catheter positioning, using a landmark technique and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.A postprocedural chest radiograph was obtained for all patients and was considered as a reference technique. At the end of the procedure, a B-mode ultrasonography was first performed to assess catheter position and detect pneumothorax. Right atrium positioning was detected in 19 patients by ultrasonography, and an additional six by contrast enhanced ultrasonography. Combining ultrasonography and contrast enhanced ultrasonography yielded a 96% sensitivity and 93% specificity in detecting catheter misplacement. Concordance was 95% and kappa value was 0.88 (p.001). Pneumothorax was detected in four patients by ultrasonography and in two by chest radiograph (concordance = 98%). The mean time required to perform ultrasonography plus contrast enhanced ultrasonography was 10 +/- 5 mins vs. 83 +/- 79 mins for chest radiograph (p.05).The close concordance between ultrasonography plus contrast enhanced ultrasonography and chest radiograph justifies the use of sonography as a standard technique to ensure the correct positioning of the catheter tip and to detect pneumothorax after central venous catheter cannulation to optimize use of hospital resources and minimize time consumption and radiation. Chest radiograph will be necessary when sonographic examination is impossible to perform by technical limitations.

Introduction The study was aimed at verifying whether the occurrence of hypernatremia during the intensive care unit (ICU) stay increases the risk of death in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). We performed a retrospective study on a prospectively collected database including all patients consecutively admitted over a 3-year period with a diagnosis of TBI (post-resuscitation Glasgow Coma Score ≤ 8) to a general/neurotrauma ICU of a university hospital, providing critical care services in a catchment area of about 1,200,000 inhabitants. Methods Demographic, clinical, and ICU laboratory data were prospectively collected; serum sodium was assessed an average of three times per day. Hypernatremia was defined as two daily values of serum sodium above 145 mmol/l. The major outcome was death in the ICU after 14 days. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used, with time-dependent variates designed to reflect exposure over time during the ICU stay: hypernatremia, desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) administration as a surrogate marker for the presence of central diabetes insipidus, and urinary output. The same models were adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results We included in the study 130 TBI patients (mean age 52 years (standard deviation 23); males 74%; median Glasgow Coma Score 3 (range 3 to 8); mean Simplified Acute Physiology Score II 50 (standard deviation 15)); all were mechanically ventilated; 35 (26.9%) died within 14 days after ICU admission. Hypernatremia was detected in 51.5% of the patients and in 15.9% of the 1,103 patient-day ICU follow-up. In most instances hypernatremia was mild (mean 150 mmol/l, interquartile range 148 to 152). The occurrence of hypernatremia was highest (P = 0.003) in patients with suspected central diabetes insipidus (25/130, 19.2%), a condition that was associated with increased severity of brain injury and ICU mortality. After adjustment for the baseline risk, the incidence of hypernatremia over the course of the ICU stay was significantly related with increased mortality (hazard ratio 3.00 (95% confidence interval: 1.34 to 6.51; P = 0.003)). However, DDAVP use modified this relation (P = 0.06), hypernatremia providing no additional prognostic information in the instances of suspected central diabetes insipidus. Conclusions Mild hypernatremia is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with severe TBI. In a proportion of the patients the association between hypernatremia and death is accounted for by the presence of central diabetes insipidus.

The main parameters of muscle acid-base, water and energy metabolism were studied in ten patients undergoing low-flux (1.5 l/min/m2), low-pressure (40 to 60 mmHg) hypothermic (26 degrees C) cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for aortocoronary grafting; absolute gas exchange and haemodynamic data were also measured throughout the entire CPB period. At the end of CPB a substantial preservation of water and energy metabolic indexes was found; a condition of extracellular metabolic acidosis was apparently sustained by muscle cell anaerobic glycolysis enhancement with a consequent increase of both muscle and plasma lactate content. Subnormal cell phosphocreatine levels as well as reduced bicarbonate buffer stores and decreased intracellular pH, were detected. Direct limiting effects of hypothermia on tissue O2 delivery and muscle oxidative metabolism as well as vasoconstriction and arteriovenous shunting associated with CPB procedures are likely to be involved in the above mentioned alterations of cell metabolism.

The relationships between cell metabolism and both hemodynamics and oxygen transport/utilization (VO2/DO2) pattern were evaluated intra and postoperatively in eight patients undergoing major valvular heart surgery with the aid of moderately hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Quadriceps femoris specimens were obtained by the needle biopsy technique for muscle ATP, ADP, AMP, phosphocreatine (PCr), creatine and lactate determination at anesthesia induction, after CPB, as well as in the ICU 18 h after surgery. Moreover, hemodynamic variables, oxygen transport and utilization indices, and plasma lactate were measured at the same intervals and throughout the CPB period. After CPB, muscle ATP and PCr contents were reduced (p less than .05) as compared to those of both pre-CPB patients and healthy control subjects; muscle and plasma lactate levels were increased (p less than .05). Mean VO2 and DO2 values measured during CPB significantly decreased (p less than .05), but VO2 reduction was proportionally greater than that of DO2 (-62% vs. -41%). No correlation was found between VO2 and DO2 at that time, but a significant relationship (p less than .05) was found at the end of CPB. A further decrease in muscle ATP and PCr levels was measured in the ICU, as muscle and plasma lactate levels were still elevated. At that time, VO2 and DO2 were not significantly different from pre-CPB values, but were significantly (p less than .05) correlated with each other.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

In eight patients undergoing open heart surgery for elective myocardial revascularization, extra-intracellular acid-base and water metabolism parameters were studied before and after cardiopulmonary bypass procedures. All patients presented a different degree of metabolic acidosis related to plasma lactate increase. Intracellular acid-base indexes did not change significantly, though all but one patient showed an intracellular buffers consumption. Both total muscle and extracellular water increased, while intracellular water did not change. It was concluded that low flux-low pressure perfusion CPB was related to a substantial preservation of cell integrity.