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Numerous medical findings show that in development of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases in humans, the relationship between two groups of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diet plays a significant role: omega 6 acids whose basic representative is linoleic acid (C18: 2 n-6) and omega 3 acids whose basic representative of α-linolenic acid (C18: 3 n-3). Human needs are approximately two to six times higher in omega 6 than in omega 3 fatty acids, so the optimal ratio of omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids would be 4: 1. In monogastric animals such as poultry and pigs, the fatty acids in feed are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract largely unchanged, which means that the fatty acid profile of the tissue directly reflects the fatty acid profile in the animal's diet. The daily intake of unsaturated fatty acids can be increased by an adequate animal nutrition strategy. The largest amount of unsaturated fatty acids in flax seeds (about 70%) is α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is a precursor of the entire omega 3 series of fatty acids, which makes flax seed an ideal raw material for the production of a wide range of omega 3 enriched food of animal origin. In order to obtain products under the commercial name Domestic chicken omega 3, an experiment was organized with a specific diet for broilers in fattening, with the replacement of classic raw materials rich in omega 6 fatty acids, with exuded flax seed, obtained feed for broilers with an ideal fatty acid profile. Thanks to such a designed meal for broilers, it is possible to get products with a significantly higher amount of omega 3 fatty acids.

Book of Abstracts

There are three main types of hazards significant for feed safety that can be transmitted from feed and animals to human food (meat, milk and eggs) and these are: biological, chemical and physical hazards. As people's health could be endangered by these hazards, also biological, chemical and physical hazards can affect animal health too. In recent years contamination of feed with chemical hazards is becoming more pronounced, considering that the chemical industry is rapidly evolving, and therefore the number of potentially toxic substances increases. Unlike previous years, the sheer volume, frequency, manner and duration of intoxication is quite changed. Frequently toxic substance intake is at the minimum, which leads to the less pronounced, but lasting effects. Such actions are exposed to both domestic and wild animals, bees and humans. A man can be exposed by the direct impact of toxins or by residual effects of many chemical substances that are lagging in animal products (milk. meat, eggs, fish), but which originate from contaminated feed. These include heavy metals and metalloids, pesticides, industrial contaminants, salt in large amounts, the ingredients of rancid fats, solanine, surplus or deficit of a nutrient, veterinary drugs, fertilisers, radionuclides. Zbornik kratkih sadržaja

Конјуговане линолне киселине (CLA) су позициони и геометријски изомери есенцијалне линолне масне киселине. У исхрани људи CLA имају антиканцерогено, антиатерогено, имуномодулаторно и деловање против гојазности. Такође повољно утичу на имуни систем, метаболизам костију и односе ткива у телу. Највеће количине CLА налазе се у месу преживара као последица активности бактерија (Butirovibrio fibrisolvens) које изомеризују линолну киселину. Садржај CLА не разликује се само између врста меса (говеђе, овчије, свињско, живинско), већ и између различитих ткива исте животињске врсте. Исхрана има значајан утицај на садржај CLА у ткивима животиња. Бројне студије су показале да се садржај CLА може повећати како код преживара, тако и код моногастричних животиња. Код моногастричних животиња садржај CLА може да се повећа њеном употребом у исхрани или додавањем у оброк животиња њених прекурсора (вакценска киселина, омега-7 масна киселина). У исхрани живине, препарати CLА додају се најчешће у количини до 2%, што повећава садржај CLА у месу и при том не утиче негативно на производне резултате и параметре квалитета меса. Запажено је да повећан садржај CLА у месу повoљно утиче на његову оксидативну стабилност. Основни циљ употребе CLА у исхрани живине је повећање садржаја CLА у месу, чиме може да се добије производ посебног квалитета (функционална храна). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are positional and geometric isomers of essential linoleic fatty acid. CLA in the human diet have anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic, immunomodulatory and anti-obesity functions. Also, they have a beneficial effects on the immune system, bone metabolism and interrelation of tissues in the body. The highest amounts of CLA have been found in meat of ruminant as a result of bacterial activity (Butirovibrio fibrisolvens) which have the capacity to isomerise linoleic acid. The content of CLA is not different only between various types of meat (beef, sheep, pork, poultry) but also between different tissues of the same animal species. Nutrition has a significant impact on the content of CLA in animal tissue. Numerous studies have shown that content of CLA can be increased in the ruminants such as in monogastric animals. In monogastric animals the content of CLA can be increased by their use in food or by adding in animal meal their precursors (vaccenic acid, an omega-7 fatty acid). In poultry nutrition CLA preparations are usually added in an amount up to 2%, which increases the CLA content in meat without any adverse effect on the performance and meat quality parameters. It was observed that increased content of CLA in meat favorably affect its oxidative stability. The main objective of the use of CLA in poultry nutrition is to increase the CLA content in meat in order to obtain a product of a special quality (functional food).

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using different feed compound for pigs in order to increase content of n-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue, as well as improving relation n-6/n-3 fatty acid that is known to be disordered in the modern way peoples diet. In this trial to view this crossbred pigs were used (Yorkshire × Landrace), with an initial body weight of 60 kg. The pigs were divided into two groups of 10 pigs and fed standard diets for fattening pigs of 60-100 kg (finisher), provided differences between groups only in the S experimental group which had a full-fat soybean in feed mixtures (S), and a second group enriched linseed (L) in the recommended amount of 2.5% in the feed mixture (Vitalan, Vitalac, France). Vitalan contained 85% of extruded linseed and the rest were wheat bran and antioxidants. The mixtures were balanced and fully meet the requirements of the animals at this stage of fattening. Samples were collected for testing of complete mixtures of chemical composition and fatty acid content. Pigs were kept until weight of 105 kg. At the end of the experiment, after slaughtering, processing and cooling carcass samples of adipose tissue (back) were taken of each pig in both groups. The adipose tissue was examined of fatty acid composition. Chemical analysis of fatty acid composition (a gas chromatograph GC/MSD GC 6890, MS 5972/73) complete feed mixtures showed that the feed with linseed (L) had significantly lower (P lt 0.001) content of SFA, and significantly higher content (p lt 0.001) PUFA from feed mixtures with full-fat soybean (S). Also the ratio of n-6/n-3 in feed mixture in L group (5.567) was lower compared to feed mixture in S group (11.00) which is statistically highly significant (P lt 0.001). By analyzing the fatty acid composition of pigs fat statistically significant differences were found between experimental groups. In adipose tissue of pigs in the groups with linseed (L) in mixtures was achieved significantly (p lt 0.001) higher content of n-3 fatty acids, or 1.97% compared to 1.42% in groups receiving full-fat soybean (S) in feed mixtures, and significantly (p lt 0.001) lower content of n-6 fatty acids, or 20.09% compared to 24.91%. Ratio n-6/n-3 in adipose tissue for the L group was significantly lower (p lt 0.001) or 10.23 relative to the group S (17.74).

Mineralne materije su neophodne za odvijanje bioloških funkcija i izgradnju tkiva biljaka, životinja i ljudi. Do sada je u živoj prirodi otkriveno ukupno 89 hemijskih elemenata, od koji su 27 esencijalni, a 16 ima značajnu ulogu u normalnim fiziološkim funkcijama organizma. Prirodni faktori životne sredine kao i različiti antropogeni zagađivači, utiču na funkcije reproduktivnog trakta i na kvalitet sperme životinja i ljudi. Termin „metali u tragovima“ podrazumeva koncentraciju u tkivima nižu od koncentracije gvozđa. Toksično dejstvo teških metala se zasniva na stimulaciji formiranja slobodnih radikala i reaktivnih kiseoničnih vrsta u organizmu što uzrokuje oksidativni stres i dovodi do lipidne peroksidacije membrane. Na taj način, oni mogu da izazovu oštećenja ćelija, poremećaje funkcija enzima ili genetskog materjala (DNK). U organizam se unose hranom, vodom ili dospevaju preko vazduha. Teški metali koji su toksični za spermu su Pb, Cd, Hg i Ni. Najmanje količine ovih elemenata oštećuju spermatozoide i dovode do smanjenja njihove pokretljivosti i broja. Oni negativno utiču na proces kapacitacije i akrozomsku reakciju, smanjuju aktivnost enzima koji učestvuju u odbrani od oksidativnog stresa i dovode do promena u tkivu testisa. Cilj naših istraživanja je bio određivanje koncentracija cinka, olova, žive i kadmijuma u hrani i vodi za priplodne bikove, vodi korišćenoj za izradu razređivača kao i u sadržaju otopljenih pajeta i analiza njihovog mogućeg uticaja na parametre kvaliteta sperme. Koncentracija spermatozoida i broj spermatozoida po dozi su bili u zadovoljavajućem opsegu kao i prosečne vrednosti procenta ukupno pokretljivih spermatozoida, ukupnog broja pokretljivih spermatozoida u dozi, procenta i broja progresivno pokretljivih spermatozoida i između grupa bikova nisu dokazane statistički značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima. Prosečan broj brzih spermatozoida u dozi je bio manji u odnosu na standardne vrednosti u svim grupama bikova. Srednje prosečne vrednosti procenta živih spermatozoida u dozi, živih spermatozida sa inaktnim akrozomom, ukupnog broja oštećenih ćelija u dozi, spermatozoida sa protoplazmatskom kapljicom, primarno i sekundarno abnormalnih formi ćelija i ukupno patološki promenjenih spermatozoida su bile u prihatljivim granicama. Između grupa bikova nisu dokazane statistički značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima. Prosečne vrednosti procenta živih spermatozoida sa oštećenim akrozomom su takođe bile u prihvatljivom opsegu, ali su između pojednih grupa bikova utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima. Srednje vrednosti procenta spermatozoida sa neoštećenim hromatinom su bile nešto niže, a sa oštećenim hromatinom nešto više u odnosu na utvrđene standardne vrednosti. Između pojedinih grupa su utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima. Prosečne vrednosti procenta živih spermatozoida u dozi i procenta živih spermatozoida sa intaktnim akrozomom su bile zadovoljavajuće u grupama B i D, a značajno manje u grupama A i C... Minerals are necessary for maintaining biological functions and also are incorporated in plants, animals and human tissues. So far, presence of 89 chemical elements is documented in live organisms, and out of it, 27 are essential, while 16 plays significant role in normal physiological functions. Environmental factors and also antropogenic pollutants influence functions of the reproductive tract and quality of the human and animals semen. Term „trace elements“ is used for those with lower concentration than the iron has. Toxic effects of so called „heavy metals“, are based on their ability to stimulate free radicals and reactive oxygen species formation in the body. This leads to oxidative stress and membrane lipid peroxidation. By this mechanism, they can cause cells damage, enzyme dysfunction and DNK damage. These elements may reach live organisms by food, water and air. Toxic heavy metals are: Pb, Cd, Hg and Ni. Vary small amounts of theese metals in ejaculates can damage sperm cells lower their number and motility. They also exert negative effects on the capacitation process and acrosomal reaction, decrease activity of enzymes involved in antioxidative defense causing changes in testicular tissue. The aim of our investigations was to determine concentrations of zinc, lead, mercury and cadmium in feed and water for breeding bulls, water used for extender preparation and in the content of thawed straws and to analyse their possible influence on the semen quality parametrs. In the all examined samples of feed and water, concentrations of heavy metals were below the acceptable levels, as regulated by appropriate adapted roles and regulations. Sperm concentration and number of sperm cells in a dose were in the satisfactory range as were mean values of the total motile sperm cells, total number of motile cells in a dose and percent and number of cells showing progressive motility. Between groups no statistically significant differences were noted. Mean number of the fast sperm cells was lower in comparison with standard values in all tested groups. Mean values of the percentage of live sperm cells, live cells with intact acrosome, total number of damaged cells per dose, sperm cells with protoplasmic droplet, cells with primary and secondary abnormal forms and total number of pathologically changed spermatozoa were within the acceptable limits. Between groups no statistically significant differences were noted. Mean values of live sperm cells with damaged acrosomes were also in acceptable range but between groups we were able to note statistically significant differences. Mean percentage of the sperm cells with intact chromatin were lower and, with damaged chromatin, were higher in comparison to standard values. We were able to note statistically significant differences between groups...