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Vernix caseosa, the white waxy coating found on newborn human skin, is thought to be a uniquely human substance. Its signature characteristic is exceptional richness in saturated branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) and squalene. Vernix particles sloughed from the skin suspended in amniotic fluid are swallowed by the human fetus, depositing BCFA/squalene throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, thereby establishing a unique microbial niche that influences development of nascent microbiota. Here we show that late-term California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) fetuses have true vernix caseosa, delivering BCFA and squalene to the fetal GI tract thereby recapitulating the human fetal gut microbial niche. These are the first data demonstrating the production of true vernix caseosa in a species other than Homo sapiens. Its presence in a marine mammal supports the hypothesis of an aquatic habituation period in the evolution of modern humans.

BACKGROUND Hamburger is a meat-based food that is easy to prepare and is widely consumed. It can be enriched using different ingredients, such as chia's by-product, which is rich in omega-3. Chemometrics is a very interesting tool to assess the influence of ingredients in the composition of foods. A complete factorial design 22 (two factors in two levels) with duplicate was performed to investigate the influence of the factors (1) concentration of textured soy proteins ( TSP) and (2) concentration of chia flour partially defatted ( CFPD) as a partial replacement for the bovine meat and porcine fat mix in hamburgers. RESULTS The results of proximal composition, lipid oxidation, fatty acids sums, ratios, and nutritional indexes were used to propose statistical models. The factors TSP and CFPD were significant, and the increased values contributed to improve the composition in fatty acids, crude protein, and ash. Principal components analysis distinguished the samples with a higher content of chia. In desirability analysis, the highest level of TSP and CFPD was described as the optimal region, and it was not necessary to make another experimental point. CONCLUSION The addition of chia's by-product is an alternative to increase the α-linolenic contents and to obtain nutritionally balanced food. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of different levels of flaxseed oil in increasing the α-linolenic (LNA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids contents in tilapias raised in captivity. Nile tilapia were raised in captivity for a period of five months, receiving increasing levels (0%; 1.25%; 2.50%; 3.75% and 5.00%) of flaxseed oil in substitution for sunflower oil (control). No significant differences (P>0.05) of moisture or total lipids contents were found among fillets from tilapia fed the different diets. Analyses of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were quantitatively measured by capillary gas chromatography against a C23:0 internal standard. Increases of the concentration of LNA, EPA and DHA (in mg/g of total lipids), were well established in the fillets, with a significant difference (P<0.05) among all the treatments, as the replacement of the sunflower oil by flaxseed oil was increased. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim was to improve nutritional quality of cows’ milk and use it as raw material for mozzarella cheese. Three treatments were tested with 23 healthy animals ranging power: control, palm oil and coconut oil. Collection was performed in 21 days and another after 36 days. Proximate composition (moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrates), sensory, color (CIE L*, a*, b*) and texture were made for mozzarella cheese. The fatty acids (FA) present in mozzarella cheese were determined by chromatography. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were the most abundant in cheese. The results point that it is feasible to add various fat sources in animal feed for milk and milk products in dairy cows.

This study aimed to determine and compare the proximate composition and the content of fatty acids in different meat products processed in Brazil. To this end, meat products (formed ham, hamburger, mortadella, ham, salami, sausage) from three different brands for each derivative and from five different lots for each brand have been examined. The total lipids ranged from 1.84% for the ham brand C to 31.61% for the salami brand F; hamburguers presented values in the range of 14% of total lipids, with no significant difference (P

To analyze fatty acids by gas chromatography, it is necessary to apply esterification procedures to convert fatty acids into more volatile compounds, such as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Esterification methods are usually subdivided into two categories: acidic catalysis and basic catalysis. Due to the possibility of obtaining different concentrations of fatty acids for the same sample as a function of the esterification method used, the efficiency of eight different esterification methods that involve acidic and basic catalysis in the quantitative determination of FAME in olive oil was verified. The selected methods were described by Metcalfe, 1966 (MET); Bannon, 1982 (BAN); Joseph and Ackman, 1992 (JAC); Hartman and Lago, 1973 (HLA); Jham, 1982 (JHA); ISO 5509, 1978 (ISO); Bannon, 1982 (BBA) and Schuchardt and Lopes, 1988 (SLO). The results showed the efficiency of the esterification methods for the main saturated fatty acids that were present in the olive oil analyzed. The most efficient methods for the esterification of unsaturated fatty acids in the oils analyzed were JAC, ISO, and BBA. Nevertheless, the reagent BF3 in methanol, used in the JAC method, is extremely toxic. Thus, when the oil to be analyzed has low acidity, the basic catalysis methods ISO and BBA can be used instead, since they use inexpensive reagents of low toxicity. The results obtained showed that the choice of a method for the analysis of fatty acids also depends on the composition of the oil to be studied.

O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar o ácido alfa-linolênico [LNA, 18:3 (n-3)], avaliar a composição centesimal das folhas e caules de linho (Linum usitatissimum L.) submetidos à secagem e colhidos em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento (40, 80 e 120 dias), e determinar o potencial antioxidante das folhas colhidas aos 80 dias através do teste com o radical DPPH. As folhas obtiveram maiores teores de cinzas, proteína e lipídios totais em relação aos caules. Tanto as folhas quanto os caules apresentaram razões de AGPI/AGS e n-6/n-3 dentro dos valores considerados adequados para a alimentação. Os caules colhidos nos diferentes tempos não apresentaram diferenças significativas (PThe objective of this study was to quantify the alpha-linolenic acid [LNA, 18:3 (n-3)] and to evaluate the proximate composition of leaves and stems of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) dried and harvested at different stages of development (40, 80 and 120 days), and to determine the antioxidant potential of the leaf harvested at 80 days using the test of DPPH radical. The leaves had higher levels of ash, protein and total lipids when compared to the stems. Both the leaves as the stems had ratios of PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 within the values considered suitable for food. Stems in the different stages showed no significant difference (P

The effects of slaughter weight (28, 32, 36, and 40 kg) on muscle composition and fatty acid profile were determined in an experiment using samples of the Longissimus dorsi (LD) of 20 ram lamb (½ Bergamacia and ½ Corriedale). Mean weight was 12.1 ± 1.05 kg at the beginning. Lambs were fed with a mixture of 30% corn silage, 35% soybean meal, 34% oat hay, and 1% vitamins and minerals, ad libitum. Samples of Longissimus dorsi muscle were analyzed for their content in moisture, ash, crude protein, total lipids, and fatty acid profile. Oleic acid (18:1n-9) was in greater concentration than other fatty acids in all samples investigated. The concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA) increased (p < 0.05) with an increase in slaughter weight, while monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased. Lambs slaughtered at either 28 or 36 kg had an n-6/n-3 ratio (2.9 and 2.85, respectively) close to the recommended for humans (4.0 maximum). The overall results showed that slaughtering lamb at 28 kg resulted in the best meat quality as shown by nutritional indexes for humans (PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 ratios) and concentrations of crude protein (16.02%) and total lipids (13.24%).

Espinhaços de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) são partes do peixe de composição desconhecida. A composição lipídica dos espinhaços não é citada na literatura, bem como a estabilidade da farinha do espinhaço durante o armazenamento. Nesse sentido, realizou se estudo de processamento dos espinhaços envolvendo etapas de cocção, trituração, secagem, peneiramento e armazenamento da farinha. A farinha ficou armazenada sob refrigeração por um período de 90 dias, sendo sua qualidade monitorada por meio da composição em ácidos graxos, índice de acidez e análises microbiológicas. Os resultados da composição centesimal foram de 14,2% (umidade), 40,8% (proteína), 18,3% (resíduo mineral fixo) e 25,3% de lipídios totais. Nos lipídios totais foi identificado um total de 24 ácidos graxos, com predominância dos ácidos graxos (porcentagem média) de 27.4% (ácido palmítico, 16:0), 35,15% (ácido oléico, 18:1n-9) e 11,82% (ácido linoléico, 18:2n-6) e, em menor proporção: 0,88% (ácido alfa-linolênico, 18:3n-3), 0,08% (ácido eicosapentaenóico, 20:5n-3) e 0,59 (ácido docosahexaenóico, 22:6n-3). Durante os 90 dias de armazenamento, foram observadas algumas alterações no índice de acidez e composição de alguns ácidos graxos, no entanto, para 60 dias de armazenamento, não foram observadas alterações na composição de nenhum ácido graxo, do índice de acidez e nas análises microbiológicas.The composition of the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fishbone is unknown. Lipid composition fishbone is not cited in the literature, and neither is the stability of the flour of the fishbone during storage. We studied the processing of fishbone cooking, grinding, drying, sieving and the storage of the flour. The flour was stored in a refrigerator for a period of 90 days, and its quality was monitored through fatty acid composition, acid index and microbiology control. The results of the proximate composition were of 14.2% (moisture), 40.8% (protein), 18.3% (ash), and 25.3% total lipids. In the total lipids identified 24 fatty acids were identified, with predominance of the fatty acids (medium percentage) of 27.4% (palmitic acid, 16:0), 35.15% (oleic acmid, 18:1n-9) and 11.82% (linoleic acid , 18:2n-6) and, in smaller proportion: 0.88% (alpha-linolenic acid, 18:3n-3), 0.08% (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3) and 0.59 (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3). During the 90 days of storage some alterations were observed in the acid index and composition of some fatty acids, however, for 60 days of storage no alterations were observed in the fatty acids composition, acid index, and microbiology control.

The effects of slaughter weight (28, 32, 36, and 40 kg) on musclecomposition and fatty acid profile were determined in an experiment using samples of the Longissimus dorsi (LD) of 20 ram lamb (½ Bergamacia and ½ Corriedale). Mean weight was 12.1 ± 1.05 kg at the beginning. Lambs were fed with a mixture of 30% corn silage, 35% soybean meal, 34% oat hay, and 1% vitamins and minerals, ad libitum. Samples of Longissimus dorsi muscle were analyzed for their content in moisture, ash, crude protein, total lipids, and fatty acid profile. Oleic acid (18:1n-9) was in greater concentration than other fatty acids in all samples investigated. The concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA) increased (p < 0.05) with an increase in slaughter weight, while monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased. Lambs slaughtered at either 28 or 36 kg hadan n-6/n-3 ratio (2.9 and 2.85, respectively) close to the recommended for humans (4.0 maximum). The overall results showed that slaughtering lamb at 28 kg resulted in the best meat quality as shown by nutritional indexes for humans (PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 ratios) and concentrations of crude protein (16.02%) and total lipids (13.24%).Os efeitos do peso de abate (28, 32, 36 e 40 kg) sobre a composição centesimal e perfil de ácidos graxos foram determinados em um experimento com amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi (LD), de 20 cordeiros (½ Bergamácia e ½ Corriedale). Os cordeiros com peso médio inicial de 12,1 ± 1,05 kg foram alimentados com uma mistura de 30% silagem de milho, 35% farelo de soja, 34% de feno de aveia e 1% de vitaminas e minerais, ad libitum. As amostras de Longissimus dorsi foram submetidas as análises de umidade, cinza, proteína bruta, lipídios totais e perfil de ácidos graxos. O ácido graxo majoritário em todas as amostras foi o oleico (18:1 n-9). A concentração de ácidos graxos saturados (AGS) aumentou (p < 0,05) com o peso de abate, enquanto os monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados (AGPI) diminuiram. Os cordeiros abatidos com 28 e 36 kg apresentaram razão n-6/n-3 (2,9 e 2,85, respectivamente) dentro das recomendações para humanos (máximo 4,0). Os resultados globais mostram que o abate de cordeiros com 28 kg resultou em melhor qualidade da carne como demonstrado por índices nutricionais para uso humano (AGPI/AGS e razão n-6/n-3) e concentrações de proteína bruta (16,02%) e lipídios totais (13,24%).

AIM: The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of lipid extraction and to evaluate the fatty-acid composition in total lipids from human plasma, using a new technique and the established Folch, Lees and Stanley (FLS), Bligh and Dyer (BD), Rose-Gottlieb (RG), and Gerber (GM) methods. METHOD: A new technique, the alternative method, to extract total lipids using a microwave was proposed and evaluated. RESULTS: The total lipids extracted from human plasma varied between 0.19% and 0.41%; the highest total lipid extracted were obtained by the Folch, Lees and Stanley (0.41%), alternative method (0.37%) and Rose-Gottlieb (0.36%) methods. The Gerber method was ineffective to extract total lipids from human plasma. A total of 24 fatty-acid species were quantified by gas chromatography. Of the methods studied, the highest concentrations were found using the Folch, Lees and Stanley method (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The alternative method is a fast lipid-extraction technique that can be used for the identification of human plasma fatty acids, but it is not suitable for their measurement.OBJETIVO: O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar a eficiência da extração lipídica e avaliar a composição em ácidos graxos nos lipídios totais (LT) no plasma humano usando uma nova técnica e os métodos já conhecidos: Folch, Lees e Stanley (FLS), Bligh e Dyer (BD), Rose-Gottlieb (RG) e Gerber (MG). MÉTODO: A nova técnica para extração de lipídios totais utiza o micro-ondas, método Alternativo (MA). RESULTADOS: Os lipídios totais (LT) extraídos do plasma variaram de 0,19% a 0,41%, os maiores teores foram obtidos por FLS (0,41%), MA (0,37%) e RG (0,36%). O MG foi ineficaz na extração dos lipídios totais do plasma. Um total de 24 espécies de ácidos graxos foi quantificado no plasma por cromatografia em fase gasosa. Entre os métodos estudados, as maiores concentrações de ácidos graxos foram obtidas usando-se o método de FLS (p< 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O método Alternativo foi considerado uma técnica rápida de extração lipídica, a qual poderá ser utilizada somente na identificação de ácidos graxos em plasma humano, mas não adequado para a quantificação dos mesmos.

Avaliação de diferentes métodos de extração lipídica sobre a composição de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados em leite de vaca. Estudos comparativos entre 4 (quatro) diferentes métodos de extração de lipídios totais foram avaliados em relação à eficiência de extração lipídica e as implicações sobre a composição de ácidos graxos no leite de vaca. As extrações de lipídios totais foram realizadas de acordo com métodos convencionalmente utilizados no mundo, essas metodologias incluem os métodos de: Bligh e Dyer (BD), Folch et al. (FLS), Roese-Goottlieb (RG) e Gerber (GE). Os resultados mostram que não houve diferença significativa (pComparative studies among 4 (four) different methods of total lipids extraction were carried out to evaluate the lipid extraction efficiency and fatty acids contents in cow milk. Total lipids extraction methods were Bligh e Dyer (BD), Folch et al. (FLS), Roese-Gottlieb (RG) and Gerber (GB). There were non-significant (p

This study analyzed the effects of different concentrations of flaxseed oil (FO) on the proximate composition and the contents of alpha-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3) fatty acids in the liver of cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). During the fivemonth culture period, tilapias were given diets with incremental concentrations of FO (0.00%; 1.25%; 2.50%; 3.75%, and 5.00%) as a replacement of sunflower oil (control). There was no significant difference in moisture and ash content in the liver between treatments. Protein values ranged from 12.1% (treatment II) to 13.9% (treatment V) and total lipids ranged from 5.6% (treatment V) to 7.2% (treatment II). There was no significant difference between most treatments. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were quantitatively analyzed by capillary gas chromatography against a C23:0 internal standard. Variations in concentrations (in mg g-1 of total lipids) of fatty acids between treatment I and treatment V ranged from 4.2 to 51.2 (LNA), from 0.2 to 2.3 (EPA), and from 10.6 to 56.2 (DHA), respectively. This experiment demonstrated that increasing amounts of LNA in feed may markedly increase the amounts of LNA, EPA, and DHA in the liver of Nile tilapiaEfecto de la dieta com aceite de linaza sobre la composición de ácidos grasos en el hígado del tilapia de Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Este estudio analiza los efectos de diversas concentraciones del aceite de linaza (AL) en la composición centesimal y el contenido del ácido alfa-linolenico (LNA, 18:3 n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3), y (DHA, 22:6 n-3), los ácidos grasos docosahexaenoic en el hígado del tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) criada em cautiverio. Durante un período de cinco meses, a las tilapias le fueron administradas dietas con concentraciones crecientes de AL (0,00%; 1,25%; 2,50%; 3,75%, y 5,00%) como reemplazo del aceite de girasol (control). No se encontró diferencia significativa en el contenido de humedad y de ceniza en el hígado entre los tratamientos. Los valores de la proteina variaron entre 12,1% (tratamiento II) y (al tratamiento 13,9% V) y los lípidos totales entre el 5,6% (tratamiento V) y 7,2% (tratamiento II). No se encontró diferencia significativa entre la mayoría de los tratamientos. Los ésteres metílicos de los ácidos grasos (FAMEs) fueron analizados cuantitativamente por cromatografía de gas capilar contra la CA. 23:0 estándares internos. Las variaciones en concentraciones (en mg g-1 de lípidos totales) de ácidos grasos entre el tratamiento I y el tratamiento V variaron entre 4,2 y 51,2 (LNA), 0,2 y 2,3 (EPA), y 10,6 a 56,2 (DHA), respectivamente. Esto experimento demostró que cantidades crecientes de LNA en la alimentación puede aumentar significativamente las cantidades de LNA, de EPA, y de DHA en el hígado de la tilapia del Nilo

Este estudo foi realizado para determinação da composição centesimal e do perfil de ácidos graxos do camarão-d'água-doce Macrobrachium amazonicum visando à análise de seu potencial nutritivo. Seis lotes (100 g cada um) de camarões inteiros e com massas individuais de 0,9 a 1,2 g foram triturados, armazenados e, posteriormente, analisados quanto aos teores de umidade, cinzas, PB e lipídios totais (70,3; 1,5; 24,8 e 1,5%, respectivamente). Foram detectadas 36 variedades de ácidos graxos, sendo o mais freqüente o ácido palmítico-16:0 (18,2%). Entre os da série ômega-3, os mais encontrados foram o eicosapentaenóico-20:5n-3, di-homo-alfa-linolênico-20:3n-3, docosahexaenóico-22:6n-3 e alfa-linolênico-18:3n-3 (frequências de 13,9; 9,5; 6,8 e 4,2%, respectivamente). As freqüências de somatórias de ácidos graxos foram de 36,9% para os ômega-3 e de 46,8% para os poliinsaturados. As razões entre os ácidos graxos ômega-6/ômega-3 (n-6/n-3) e os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados/ácidos graxos saturados (AGPI/AGS) foram de 0,3 e 1,6, respectivamente. Todos os parâmetros observados indicaram bom potencial nutritivo para a carne do camarão-d'água-doce.The aim of this work was to determine the centesimal composition and fatty acids profile of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium amazonicum) for determination of its nutrient potential. Six lots (each one with 100 g) containing whole prawns with individual mass ranging from 0.9 to 1.2 g were triturated and stored for posterior chemical analysis. The average values for moisture, ash, CP and total lipids were as follows: 70.3, 1.5, 24.8, and 1.5%, respectively. It was detected 36 varieties of fatty acids, and the most abundant was the palmitic -16:0 acid with 18.2%. The major omega-3 fatty acids were: eicosapentaenoic-20:5n-3, dihomo-alpha-linolenic-20:3n-3, docosahexaenoic-22:6n-3 and alpha-linolenic-18:3n-3 with frequencies of 13.9, 9.5, 6.8, and 4.2%, respectively. The total frequencies of fatty acids were of 36.9% for omega-3 and 46.8% for polyunsaturated fatty acids. The omega-6/omega-3 (n-6/n-3) ratio and polyunsatured to satured (PUFA/SFA) ratio were of 0.3 and 1.6, respectively. All parameters indicated a good nutritional value of the M.amazonicum meat.

The fatty acid profile of the carcass of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings fed diets enriched with different soybean, canola, sunflower, flaxseed, rice, and corn oils was examined. The results showed that palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1n-9), linoleic (18:2 n-6), and linolenic (18:3 n-3) acids were the predominant fatty acids in all vegetable oil, diet, and fish carcass samples analyzed. Flaxseed oil presented the highest amount of linolenic acid (45.63%), while the other vegetable oils had percentages lower than 5.0%. Neither of the vegetable oils used affected the performance of tilapia fingerlings and they can be utilized in Nile tilapia fingerling diets. However, in relation to the carcass fatty acid profile, the use of flaxseed oil in Nile tilapia fingerling diet is recommended. Foram examinados o perfil de ácidos graxos nas carcaças de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com diferentes óleos vegetais (soja, canola, girassol, linhaça, arroz e milho). Os resultados indicaram que o ácido palmítico (16:0), esteárico (18:0), oléico (18:1n-9), linoleico (18;2n-6) e linolênico (18:3n-3) foram os ácidos predominantes em todas as frações analisadas (no óleo vegetal, dietas e carcaças dos peixes). O óleo de linhaça apresentou o maior valor de ácido linolênico (45,63%), quanto aos outros óleos vegetais tiveram uma percentagem menor que 5,0%. Todos os óleos vegetais não afetaram a performance dos alevinos e podem ser utilizados nas dietas, entretanto, em relação a qualidade nutricional o uso do óleo de linhaça é recomendado em dietas de alevinos de tilápia.

Foram examinados o perfil de ácidos graxos nas carcaças de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com diferentes óleos vegetais (soja, canola, girassol, linhaça, arroz e milho). Os resultados indicaram que o ácido palmítico (16:0), esteárico (18:0), oléico (18:1n 9), linoleico (18;2n 6) e linolênico (18:3n 3) foram os ácidos predominantes em todas as frações analisadas (no óleo vegetal, dietas e carcaças dos peixes). O óleo de linhaça apresentou o maior valor de ácido linolênico (45,63%), quanto aos outros óleos vegetais tiveram uma percentagem menor que 5,0%. Todos os óleos vegetais não afetaram a performance dos alevinos e podem ser utilizados nas dietas, entretanto, em relação a qualidade nutricional o uso do óleo de linhaça é recomendado em dietas de alevinos de tilápia

Foi avaliada a composição química de vísceras de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) criadas em cativeiro Os teores de umidade, cinza, proteína bruta e lipídios totais foram de 64,4%; 1,3%; 6,3% e 18,0%, respectivamente, caracterizando alta concentração de lipídiostotais em relação a outros resíduos de peixes. Foram identificados 49 ácidos graxos, sendo majoritários os ácidos: oléico, (32,8%), seguido do palmítico, (19,9%) e linoléico, (18,2%). As razões entre n-6/n-3 e ácidos poliinsaturados/saturados foram de 5,5 e 0,9, respectivamente. As quantificações dos ácidos graxos alfa-linolênico, eicosapentaenóico e docosahexaenóico, em mg/g de lipídios totais, foram de 10,4, 1,4 e 9,3, respectivamente. O elevado teor de lipídios totais das vísceras contribuiu significativamente para as quantidadesde ácidos graxos n-3. Todos os parâmetros analisados foram satisfatórios sob o ponto de vista nutricional e neste sentido as vísceras de tilápias poderão ser utilizadaa para alimentar peixes ou outros animais.The chemical composition was evaluated in visceras of tilapias raised in captivity. The moisture, ash, crude protein and total lipids contents were 64.4%; 1.3%; 6.3% and 18.0%, respectively, characterizing high total lipids concentration in relation other residues of fish. Forty nine fatty acids were detected, the major fatty acids were oleic (32.8%), palmitic (19.9%) and linoleic-1 (18.2%) and oleic (9.4%). The ratio n-6/n-3 and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids, showed the values 5.5 and 0.9, respectively. The quantifications of alfa-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (in mg/g of total lipids), were 10.4, 1.4 and 0.3, respectively. The higher contents of total lipids in visceras contributed significantly for amounts of n-3 fatty acids. All the parameters analyzed were shown nutritional value satisfactory in this sense visceras of tilapias can be used in the feed of fish and other animal.

Studies were carried out to evaluate the fatty acids composition of Longissimus dorsi muscle, with or without fat thickness, of Bos indicus and Bos indicus x Bos taurus crossbred steers finished in millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) or star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus Pilger) pasture systems with mineral or mineral protein supplementation. Neither the treatment nor the genetic group had effect on meat fatty acids composition. The cut had effect on meat fatty acid composition. The meat without fat thickness had 11% of PUFA, 43% of MUFA and 45% of SFA. The meat with fat thickness had 5% of PUFA, 44% of MUFA and 50% of SFA. PUFA/SFA ratio was 0.10 and 0.25 and n-6/n-3 ratio was 0.80 and 1.27 for cuts with and without fat thickness.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição em ácidos graxos do músculo Longissimus dorsi, com ou sem gordura de cobertura, de novilhos Bos indicus e mestiços Bos indicus x Bos taurus, terminados em pastagem de milheto (Pennisetum americanum L.) ou grama estrela (Cynodon plectostachyus Pilger), com suplementação mineral ou protéica e mineral. A composição em ácidos graxos da gordura intramuscular e da gordura de cobertura do músculo Longissimus dorsi foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa. Não houve efeito do tratamento e do grupo genético sobre a composição em ácidos graxos da carne. Houve efeito de corte na composição em ácidos graxos da carne. A carne sem gordura de cobertura apresentou 11% de AGPI, 43% de AGMI e 45% de AGS. A carne com gordura de cobertura apresentou 5% de AGPI, 44% de AGMI e 50% de AGS. A relação AGPI/AGS foi de 0,10 e 0,25 e a relação n-6/n-3 foi de 0,80 e 1,27 para os cortes com e sem gordura de cobertura.

This study was carried out to determine the chemical composition, cholesterol contents and fatty acids profile of Brazilian commercial chicken giblets. The analysis were performed in gizzard, liver and heart in natura and also in cooked gizzard, fried liver and roasted heart. Fat and cholesterol contents ranged from 0.88% and 72.68 mg/100g, in cooked gizzard, to 22.19% and 213.18 mg/100g, in roasted heart. As the fat content gets higher, so does the cholesterol content. Palmitic (C16:0) and stearic acids (C18:0) were the predominant saturated fatty acids (SFA). The C16:0 ranged from 6.39% in cooked gizzard to 18.51% in fried liver. The C18:0 level ranged from 6.62% in roasted heart to 19.19% in cooked gizzard. Linoleic acid (C18:2omega 6) was the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The data revealed that the three different analysed giblets presented a good PUFA/SFA ratio, with values of 1.11, 1.14 and 1.40 for cooked gizzard, fried liver and roasted heart, respectively.Colesterol y perfil de ácidos grasos en vísceras de pollos comerciales brasileños. Este estudio fue realizado para determinar la composición química, contenido de colesterol y perfil de ácidos grasos en vísceras de pollos comerciales brasileños. Los análisis fueron hechos en mollejas, hígados y corazones al natural y también en mollejas cocidas, hígados fritos y corazones asados a las brasas. El contenido de grasas y colesterol varió de 0,88g/100g y 72,68 mg/100g en mollejas cocidas a 22,19g/100g y 213,18 mg/100g en corazones asados a las brasas. Se observó que a mayor contenido de grasa, mayor el contenido de colesterol. Entre los ácidos saturados (AGS) presentes, los principales fueron los ácidos palmítico (C16:0) y esteárico (C18:0). El nivel de C18:0 varió de 6,39% en molleja cocida hasta 18,51% en hígado frito. El nivel de C18:0 varió de 6,62% en corazón asado a la brasa hasta 19,19% en hígado cocido. Entre los ácidos grasos polinsaturados (AGPI), el predominante fue el ácido linoleico (C18:2omega 6). Los resultados mostraron que los tres tipos de vísceras analizadas presentaron una buena relación AGPI/AGS, a cuales fueron 1,11, 1,14 y 1,40 para mollejas cocidas, higados fritos y corazones asados, respectivamente.

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of management with and without pond on the chemical composition and fatty acids profile of the commercial loin and ham cuts of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris hydrochaeris L. 1766) meat. Eighteen animals were used (12 males and 6 females) in the experiment and slaughtered at 9 months of age with a live weight of 20kg. The animals were randomly distributed in the following treatments: nine animals were in a picket with pond, nine animals in a picket without pond. The animals were maintained in a semi confinement system during 4 months and were fed grass in the trough (Carex riparia, Panicum grumosum, sugar-cane, leaves from the banana plant, elephant grass, corn, pelletized diets for rabbits “ad libitum”), mineral salt and pasture with Cynodon dactylon. Lipids contents presented differences with values ranging from 1.81% to 2.26% for loin and 3.93% to 4.74% for ham, with and without pond management, respectively. The cholesterol contents were similar for loin and ham, but different for with (45.7mg/100g) and without pond (52.1mg/100g) management. By maintaining the natural habits of capybaras (with pond), the cuts presented lipids with lower saturated fatty acids contents, higher monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids contents and lower cholesterol contents. However, the management without pond does not significantly damage the quality of the meat, and therefore can be used by producers that do not possess water resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The meat fatty acids (FA) profiles of caprines submitted to different dietary treatments were determined by gas chromatography. The data were treated by Chemometrics to consider all variables together. The contents of saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), omega-3 (n-3) FA, and omega-6 (n-6) FA in 32 samples were analyzed. PUFA:SFA and n-6:n-3 ratios were also considered. The multivariate methods of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the experimental results. HCA can group samples according to their basic composition, and PCA can explain the relationship among the dietary treatments according to the meat fatty acid composition. Treatment 1 presented the highest n-6 FA concentration, PUFA:SFA, and n-6:n-3 ratios, and the lowest MUFA and n-3 concentrations. Opposite results were observed for treatment 4. Treatments 2 and 3 were highly similar with differences mainly in SFA and MUFA concentrations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Different brands of sardines canned in soybean oil and tomato sauce, that are commercialized in Brazil, had their proximate composition, cholesterol content and fatty acids composition analyzed. Protein contents were equivalent to the values found for sardines in natura, ranging from 19.8 to 24.4%. High variations of the total lipids content (5.30–16.8%) were verified; the highest levels were found for sardines canned in soybean oil. The cholesterol content ranged from 50.4 to 65.1 mg/100 g. The highest levels of essential C18:2n - 6 and C18:3n - 3 fatty acids were found in sardines canned in soybean oil. The EPA (C20:5n - 3) and DHA (C22:6n - 3) concentrations ranged from 5.39 to 15.1% and from 3.89% to 9.51%, respectively, and the highest levels were observed in sardines canned in tomato sauce. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of the present study was to analyze the nutritional composition of Bombyx mori (L.) chrysalis (worm) toast. The results have revealed that this sub-product of the silk thread industry is a rich source of protein (51.1%); lipid (34.4%); essential fatty acids such as the linolenic acid (C18: 3n-3, 24.4%); zinc (244 μg g−1) and potassium (4.77 mg g−1). The composition of this sub-product shows good polyunsaturated/saturated (0.99) and n-6/n-3 (0.30) fatty acids ratios. Chrysalis (worm) toast could balance human nutrition and could be used as an alternative dietary supplement of proteins and fatty acids, or could be used as animal feed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]