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Objective: Neurological soft signs (NSS) are a group of minor non-localizable neurological abnormalities found more often in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was investigate whether there is any difference in their manifestation in familial vs. sporadic schizophrenia., Material and Methods: The study sample included 120 patients suffering from schizophrenia according to DSM-5 (71 males and 49 females; aged 32.79 ± 11.11 years old) and 110 normal controls (57 males and 53 females; aged 33.38 ± 10.14 years old). The assessment included the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) and the detailed investigation family history. The statistical analysis included exploratory Analysis of Covariance., Results: The results of the current study suggest that NSS are more frequent in familial cases of schizophrenia and are even more pronounced in cases with family history of psychosis in either first or second degree relatives., Discussion: Overall the results suggest the presence of a spectrum of increasing severity from healthy controls to sporadic cases, to cases with non-psychotic family history and eventually to cases with psychotic family history, rather than a categorical distribution., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Parental drinking has been shown to be associated with offspring drinking. However, the relationship appears to be more complex than often assumed and few studies have tracked it over longer time periods., Aims: To explore the long-term (10-year) transmission of familial drinking during adolescence to offspring drinking patterns in young adulthood., Design: Swedish longitudinal study, assessing the relationship between familial drinking in 2000 and offspring drinking in 2010 using simultaneous quantile regression analysis (n=744)., Data: Data on familial drinking was gathered from the Swedish level-of-living surveys (LNU) and from partner LNU in 2000 while data on offspring drinking in young adulthood was gathered from LNU 2010. Drinking among offspring, parents and potential stepparents was measured through identical quantity-frequency indices referring to the past 12 months in 2010 and 2000 respectively., Results: Young adults whose families were abstainers in 2000 drank substantially less across quintiles in 2010 than offspring of non-abstaining families. The difference, however, was not statistically significant between quintiles of the conditional distribution. Actual drinking levels in drinking families were not at all or weakly associated with drinking in offspring. Supplementary analyses confirmed these patterns., Conclusion: The association between familial drinking and offspring drinking in young adulthood exhibits clear non-linear trends. Changes in the lower part of the familial drinking distribution are strongly related to drinking in young adults, but the actual levels of drinking in drinking families appear less important in shaping the drinking patterns of the offspring in young adulthood., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Eating disorders are complex mental health conditions exacerbated by high mortality rates. International and national guidelines recommend family involvement in the treatment process, recognising the family as an important source of support to young people. Research suggests fathers engage less in the process compared to mothers. In studies exploring parental perspectives, most samples consisted of mothers, with fathers minimally represented. Few studies explore family involvement from the perspective of fathers. This study aimed to explore the experiences of fathers regarding their involvement in the treatment process. Qualitative descriptive methods were used, involving focus group interviews of seven fathers. Interviews were assisted by a semi‐structured interview guide. A qualitative content analysis approach was used to analyse the data regarding paternal experiences of engagement in the treatment process. Fathers understood the importance of the whole family working together but viewed mothers as taking a more central role in the treatment process, with fathers more at the periphery. Gender emerged as an influencing factor in paternal involvement, with mothers primarily taking on responsibility for the child with the eating disorder and fathers providing secondary support. Healthcare providers need to be aware of the contribution of gendered roles within the family system and consider this when working with families within the treatment process. Consequently, mental health nurses have an important role in encouraging fathers to become actively involved in the treatment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted parents' ability to participate in their infants' care during the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay in unprecedented ways. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of parents whose infants was in the NICU during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A qualitative telephone interview survey was conducted. Participants included parents of preterm infants who were born less than 34 weeks' gestation during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020-August 2020). Telephone surveys were conducted through open-ended questions. A thematic content analysis identifying themes was performed after interviews were completed and transcribed. Results: A total of 8 mothers completed the telephone survey. Key themes from this study include parents experiencing increased stress due to the restricted visitation policies, limited opportunities to care for their infant, lack of support, and inconsistent communication regarding their infant status and COVID-19 protocols. Implications for Practice: Suggestions provided to enhance NICU services during the pandemic include increasing parental engagement opportunities to care for their infant in the NICU, enhanced empathy and compassion from the neonatal team, and open and transparent communication. Implications for Research: Further research investigating cultural impact on parents' perspectives, perspectives of fathers, long-term impact of how parents coped after discharge from the NICU, and emotional impact on NICU staff members may be beneficial to aid improvements in NICU service delivery during the ongoing and future pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Web-based learning has transformed education. Its ability to overcome physical barriers and deliver knowledge at the click of a button has made web-based learning popular and ensured that it will continue to be used in the future. The involvement of parents in web-based learning is fundamental to the success of the educational process, but limited attention has been paid to the impact of web-based learning on parents. Objective: This study examined parental experiences with school-aged children receiving web-based learning in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: We sent cross-sectional, anonymous web-based questionnaires to school-aged children's parents. A total of 184 parents completed the survey. Results: Parents' negative experiences of web-based learning (mean 4.13, SD 0.62) exceeded their positive experiences (mean 3.52, SD 0.65). The most negative experience reported by parents was their child's boredom due to prolonged sitting in front of a device (mean 4.56, SD 0.69). The most positive experience was their child's technological skill enhancement (mean 3.98, SD 88). Their child's lack of social interaction and friendship building promoted stress among parents (r=-0.190; P=.01). At the same time, their child's technological skill enhancement reduced stress among parents (r=0.261; P=.001). The most reported (63/184, 34.2%) obstacle to web-based learning was having multiple learners in the same household. Conclusion: Web-based learning is a fundamental learning method and will continue to be used in the future because of its ability to overcome many barriers to education. Parental involvement in the continuity and success of the web-based learning process is crucial. However, the findings of this study illustrated that parents' experiences of web-based learning were more negative than positive. Parents who reported negative experiences reported an increase in stress and faced more obstacles due to web-based learning. Thus, more attention and intervention are needed to promote positive web-based learning experiences among parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic illness such as epilepsy in children tends to affect the entire family. Siblings of these children, who are usually in the same age group cohort, may have various psychological consequences. Data are sparse on the psychological state of siblings who share the same family environment as the child suffering from epilepsy. Aim: To explore the emotional impact and psychosocial domains of siblings of children suffering from epilepsy. Materials and Methods: This was a qualitative study. The siblings of the children with epilepsy were interviewed with the help of a semistructured questionnaire exploring the domains of their perceived severity of the sibling's epilepsy, their psychological reactions, their perception of parental behavior, family environment, and social life. Their narratives were transcribed into themes. The psychological reactions of the children were analyzed for correlation with sociodemographic factors, epilepsy characteristics, and the themes generated from other domains. Results: Overall, 80.48% children reported a feeling of anxiety, 60.97% reported parental negligence, 63.41% perceived high expectations from them by parents, and 31.7% perceived a disturbed family environment. The psychological reaction of anxiety correlated significantly with the perceived severity of illness (P = 0.005), whereas loneliness correlated with perceived harsh and punitive parenting (P = 0.003), a disturbed family environment (P = 0.024), and lack of recreation (P = 0.047). Conclusion: Children with siblings suffering from epilepsy have various psychological effects that are influenced by their perception of parental behavior and family environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose Of Review: This review surveys our current understanding of the impact of parental migraine on children. Understanding the impact of migraine on others in a family unit is critical to describing the full burden of migraine and to developing psychosocial supportive interventions for patients and their families.Recent Findings: Having a parent with migraine is associated with several early developmental features including infant colic. Adolescent children of parents with migraine self-report their parent's migraine interferes with school and activities and events. Further, migraine is perceived to impact the relationship between the parent and child. Having a parent with migraine increases a child's risk of having migraine, and having more severe migraine disease. However, children with migraine whose parent also has migraine appear to receive more early and aggressive treatment. The impact of migraine extends beyond the parent with migraine and influences children across biological, psychological, and social domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol use among adolescents has been found to be associated with parental alcohol abuse, but it's relation to more prevalent forms of hazardous drinking patterns among parents has been less explored. Few studies have included area factors when investigating alcohol use across generations. Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate whether adolescent intoxication was associated with parental heavy episodic drinking (HED) and intoxication, area-level socioeconomic status (SES), and rates of area-level HED. Methods: General Estimation Equations (GEE) was applied to analyze data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (2006–08) including 2,306 adolescents. Adolescent alcohol use was defined by self-reported frequency of intoxication. Parental alcohol use was defined by parental self-reports of drinking five glasses of alcohol at one occasion (HED), whether they had been strongly intoxicated, and adolescent reports of seeing parents intoxicated. Area-level SES and HED were based on data from HUNT3 and Statistics Norway. Results: Parental and offspring alcohol use were associated, although this varied to some extent with gender and exposures. The strongest associations were found between offspring intoxication and offspring reports of seeing their parent intoxicated (girls: OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.3–4.7; boys: OR 3.4, 95% CI 2.4–4.7). Intoxication was more common among girls, who lived in areas with a higher level of adult HED. Living in areas with higher SES was associated with less intoxication among adolescents. Conclusion: Intoxication in adolescence was associated with factors at both family and area level, which emphasize the need of both population and high risk preventive approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental participation and cooperation in children's educational experiences is positively related to important student outcomes. It is becoming increasingly evident that context is a significant factor in understanding academic achievement, and the setting in which a child, family, and school is situated is among the salient contexts influencing performance. Although the family-school partnership research literature has increased over recent decades, it has been conducted primarily in urban and suburban settings. The goals of this paper are to (a) review the empirical literature on family involvement and family-school partnerships in rural schools, (b) provide a synthesis of the state of the science, and (c) point to a research agenda in this area. Eighteen studies were identified that met the criteria for this review. A critique of the research methods and analytical approaches is provided, along with a call for more research on the topic of family-school partnerships in rural settings, including rigorous and systematic studies pertaining to the effects of family-school involvement and partnerships in rural schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an action-theoretical conceptualization, this research examined the family career development project in Chinese Canadian families. Six families, each composed of a parent and adolescent, participated in a videotaped conversation to determine a family career development project that was subsequently monitored over a 6-month period and followed up with a second videotaped conversation. The further analysis of these data from a larger data set of 20 Chinese Canadian and European Canadian families resulted in the delineation of several properties of the career development project in Chinese Canadian families, including the importance of the parental agenda, the adolescent’s involvement, parental communication of convincing reasoning, and the adolescent’s withholding and withdrawing response. The findings also indicated that a family career development was central to other higher order projects in the family, including the relationship and cultural projects. The data supported the understanding of project as joint goal-directed action over time and as the basis on which career development influence was organized in these families. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]