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Xanthelasma palpebrarum (XP) is the predominant form of cutaneous xanthoma, as it accounts for greater than 95% of cases. It is characterized by the presence of foam cell clusters containing a large amount of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which are located in the connective tissue of skin, tendons, and fascia. XP lesions commonly present as distinctive yellow-orange macules, papules, or nodules, and are primarily on the upper eyelids as well as the inner canthus. Women are affected twice as often as men, with lesions typically emerging between the ages of 35 and 55. The pathophysiology of XP involves abnormal lipid metabolism and is often associated with hyperlipidemic states like Type II and IV hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, weight gain, and fatty diet. Despite the availability of various treatment methods, current XP management lacks standardization, particularly due to limited comparative research. To address this gap, we conducted an extensive literature review of 45 studies published between 2012 to 2023, which provides an updated overview of current XP treatment modalities. This comprehensive analysis will inform researchers and clinicians on the evolving landscape of XP management., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: It was aimed to determine the knowledge level of ChatGPT, Bing, and Bard artificial intelligence programs related to corneal, conjunctival, and eyelid diseases and treatment modalities, to examine their reliability and superiority to each other., Methods: Forty-one questions related to corneal, conjunctival, and eyelid diseases and treatment modalities were asked to the ChatGPT, Bing, and Bard chatbots. The answers to the questions were compared with the answer keys and grouped as correct or incorrect. Accuracy rates were compared., Results: ChatGPT gave the correct answer to 51.2 % of the questions asked, Bing gave the correct answer to 53.7 %, and Bard gave the correct answer to 68.3 %. There was no significant difference in the rate of correct or incorrect answers to the questions asked for the 3 artificial intelligence chatbots (p = 0.208, Pearson's chi-square test)., Conclusion: Although information about the cornea, conjunctiva, and eyelid diseases and treatment modalities can be accessed quickly and accurately using up-to-date artificial intelligence programs, the answers may not always be accurate and up-to-date. Care should be taken when evaluating this information., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) causes significant patient morbidity as well as economic burden., Objectives: To evaluate a novel eyelid warming and a neuro-stimulating device that delivers heat via low-level infrared radiation to the eyelids of patients with MGD., Methods: In this prospective interventional study, patients with MGD were recruited at a single medical center. The main outcome measures included changes in tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer's test, and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), overall satisfaction, and corneal signs of dry eye. Patients were instructed to use the device twice daily for 5 minutes on each eye for a total of 14 days. Follow-up assessments were performed after the 2-week treatment., Results: A total of 10 patients were included; mean age was 67 ± 16 years; six males (60%). Changes in pre- vs. post-treatment TBUT (5.0-6.11), OSDI (28.1-23.9), and Schirmer score (8.67-7.11) were not statistically significant. Over a course of 243 treatments, 131 (54%) demonstrated improvement in symptoms, 40% found no change, and 6% experienced worsening of symptoms. General satisfaction was observed overall in 80% of the patients. No adverse events were observed., Conclusions: In this first study of a novel eyelid warming device, overall subjective satisfaction was reported in 80% of patients. Potential advantages of this user-friendly device include its ability to improve MGD and tear film stability, as well as symptomatic relief, while allowing the user to continue with normal daily functioning while undergoing treatment.

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a common ocular surface disease. In recent years, the meibomian gland-related examination and treatment technologies have evolved rapidly. In order to further optimize the diagnostic process of MGD in China and improve the treatment efficiency of MGD, the Chinese Branch of the Asian Dry Eye Society has organized relevant experts to discuss the clinical characteristics of MGD in China and the progress of research at home and abroad. Based on the expert consensus formed in 2017, the updated consensus opinions have been developed for clinical physicians to refer to in the diagnosis and management of MGD.

Introduction: Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) is an underdiagnosed condition stereotypically found in obese, middle-aged men, characterized by a lax eyelid tarsus which readily everts without excess mechanical manipulation. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is the most frequently reported comorbidity in patients suffering from FES. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not individuals with FES present with distinct anthropometric characteristics in comparison to patients without FES suspected of having OSA., Methods: A retrospective case-control study in which FES patients and controls all referred for investigation of suspected OSA, matched for sex, ethnicity, residential location, age (± 2 years), date of sleep study (± 1 month), and type of sleep study were compared for anthropometric, comorbidity, and sleep data differences., Results: OSA prevalence and severity, assessed by apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI), revealed no significant differences between patients with FES (n = 39) and those without (n = 75), (85% vs 88%, p = 0.91 and 31.9 ± 28.7 vs 28.5 ± 16.6, p = 0.81 respectively), despite patients with FES being more obese (p = 0.02). Patients with FES had significantly lower Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores after treatment with CPAP (5.3 ± 4.1 vs 9.4 ± 5.0, p = 0.028). Patients with FES exhibited increased prevalence of hernias (15% vs 4%, p = 0.032), dermatological (41% vs 17%, p = 0.006) and rheumatological (15% vs 3%, p = 0.012) comorbidities., Conclusion: FES patients appear to exhibit a distinct phenotype with increased prevalence of comorbidities related to matrix metalloproteinase dysfunction and significant improvement of daytime hypersomnolence with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a common clinical ocular surface disease. In recent years, great progress has been made in basic and clinical research on MGD, and new diagnostic and therapeutic methods have been continuously applied to clinical practice. To improve the understanding of MGD among Chinese ophthalmologists and standardize the diagnosis and treatment of MGD, the Chinese Branch of the Asia Dry Eye Society and relevant academic groups organized experts to discuss the definition and classification of MGD based on recent research progress and clinical experience at home and abroad, forming consensus opinions for the reference of clinicians.

Background: Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) reduces quality-of-life and hinders work productivity of millions of patients, with high direct and indirect societal costs. Thickened meibum obstructs the glands and disrupts ocular surface health. Heating the eyelids to soften and express meibum from the glands can be beneficial. The most accessible method for eyelid warming uses heated, wet towels. However, the efficacy of this treatment is reliant on the methodology, and evidence-based best-practice recommendations are needed., Purpose: To evaluate the literature on hot towels in MGD treatment and recommend a best-practice protocol for future research and patient treatment., Methods: Studies were identified through PubMed on the May 28, 2021, with the search terms: (warm* OR heat* OR thermal* OR towel OR wet towel) AND (meibomian OR MGD OR eyelid OR "dry eye" OR DED). All relevant original articles with English full-text were included., Results: The search yielded 903 results, of which 22 met the inclusion criteria. Across studies, hot towels were found to be effective at reducing ocular symptoms. However, without reheating, the temperature quickly fell below the therapeutic range, which was deemed to be between 40 °C and 47 °C. Towels heated to around 45 °C and reheated every-two minutes were most effective at increasing eyelid temperature, comparable or better than several commercially available eyelid warming devices. No adverse effects were reported in the studies., Conclusion: Hot towel treatment effectively warms the eyelids and reduces ocular symptoms, but must be standardized, and towels reheated to achieve maximum benefit. Future research should assess patient satisfaction with different hot towel treatment methods that reheat or replace the towel at least every-two minutes, to establish which methods yield the greatest compliance. Guidelines or clinical recommendations that do not mention the need for regular reheating during hot towel compress treatment should be updated to include this., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Morten Schjerven Magno: Nothing to disclose. Jonatan Olafsson: Nothing to disclose. Marie Beining: Nothing to disclose. Emily Moschowits: Nothing to disclose. Neil Lagali: Nothing to disclose. James S. Wolffsohn is the Chief Scientific Officer of the International Myopia Institute, on the Executive of the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society and Academic Chair to the BCLA. Honoraria for consultancy received from AtiaVision, Bausch and Lomb, Alcon, CooperVision, Johnson and Johnson Vision, Nevakar, Novartis and Thea Pharmaceutical. He has also received research funding from Alcon, Allergan, Johnson and Johnson Vision, Novartis, M2C Therapeutics, Rayner, and Thea Pharmaceuticals. He is a founder and shareholder in Aston Vision Sciences, Eyoto and Wolffsohn Research ltd. Jennifer P.Craig is founder of the Ocular Surface Laboratory at the University of Auckland, New Zealand which in the last three years has delivered talks for and/or received financial support for research and education in the area of dry eye and ocular surface disease from Alcon, Azura Ophthalmics, E-Swin, Johnson & Johnson Vision, Laboratoires Théa, Manuka Health NZ, Novartis, Resono Ophthalmic, and Topcon. Jelle Vehof has received financial support for talks and education in the area of dry eye and ocular surface disease from Santen. Tramedico, Théa Pharma and Horus Pharma, and is consultant for Santen and Tramedico. Vehofis the Dutch Global Ambassador for Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society (TFOS). Darlene A. Dartt: Nothing to disclose. Tor Paaske Utheim is co-founder and co-owner of The Norwegian dry eye clinic and the Clinic of eye health, Oslo, Norway, which delivers talks for and/or receives financial support from the following: ABIGO, Alcon, Allergan, AMWO, Bausch&Lomb, Bayer, European school for advanced studies in ophthalmology, InnZ Medical, Medilens Nordic, Medistim, Novartis, Santen, Specsavers, Shire Pharmaceuticals and Thea Laboratories. He has served on the global scientific advisory board for Novartis and Alcon as well as the European advisory board for Shire Pharmaceuticals.Utheimis the Norwegian Global Ambassador for Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society (TFOS), a Board Member of the International Ocular Surface Society, a Consultant at the Norwegian Association for the Blind and Partially Sighted, and the Editor-in-Chief of Oftalmolog, an eye journal distributed to all eye doctors in the Nordic region since 1980., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of a single LipiFlow vector thermal pulsation treatment performed before cataract surgery in reducing signs and symptoms of postoperative dry eye disease (DED) in patients with mild-moderate meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)., Setting: Eye Clinic, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy., Design: Prospective unmasked randomized controlled clinical trial., Methods: This study included patients affected by age-related cataract and mild-moderate MGD, who were randomized into 2 groups: (1) a single LipiFlow treatment performed at 5 preoperative weeks and (2) warm compresses and eyelid massages twice a day for 1 preoperative month (control group). Noninvasive break-up time (NI-BUT), Schirmer test, Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) questionnaire, and MG functionality parameters were evaluated at visit 0 (5 preoperative weeks), visit 1 (1 preoperative week), and visit 2 (1 postoperative month). Confocal microscopy of the MG of lower eyelids was performed at visit 0 and visit 2., Results: A total of 46 patients (46 eyes) were enrolled. In the LipiFlow group (n = 23), NI-BUT, SPEED questionnaire, and MG functionality parameters significantly improved at visit 1 ( P < .05) and visit 2 ( P < .05) compared with baseline and remained stable postoperatively. In the control group (n = 23), they did not significantly improve after treatment, while worsened postoperatively. Moreover, the changes in all parameters from baseline were significantly different between the 2 groups. Confocal microscopy imaging highlighted lower postoperative MG alterations in the LipiFlow group., Conclusions: A single preoperative LipiFlow treatment was effective in preventing postcataract surgery DED in patients with mild-moderate MGD. Postoperatively, treated patients displayed a better ocular surface status compared with warm compresses., (Copyright © 2023 Published by Wolters Kluwer on behalf of ASCRS and ESCRS.)

Purpose: Evaluate the efficacy and safety of LipiFlow ® thermal pulsation treatment system compared with lid massage combined warm compress in Chinese patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)., Methods: Patients (n = 100 eyes, 50 subjects) diagnosed with MGD were recruited for this prospective, randomized, 3-month clinical trial. In Lipiflow group, patients (n = 50 eyes) received a single LipiFlow ® thermal pulsation system treatment. In warm compress group, patients (n = 50 eyes) underwent warm compress daily for two weeks after an initial manual lid massage. Patients' symptoms were evaluated using Standard Patient Evaluation for Eye Dryness (SPEED) questionnaire. Safety parameters included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP) and objective parameters including meibomian glands yielding lipid secretion (MGYLS) number, meibomian glands secretion (MGS) score, lipid layer thickness (LLT), tear-film breakup time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) were measured and presented from baseline and to 3 months post-treatment., Results: Baseline parameters in both groups were comparable (p > 0.05). SPEED score and TBUT improved in two groups from baseline to 3 months. MGYLS number, MGS score, LLT improved in LipiFlow group and these improvements were maintained with no significant regression at 3 months. CFS showed significant improvement in warm compress group at 1 month compared with LipiFlow group. Moreover, the correlation analysis indicated LLT was positively correlated with TBUT, MGS score, and MGYLS number., Conclusion: A single 12-min LipiFlow treatment is an effective therapy for MGD patients and can achieve improvements in symptoms alleviation and meibomian gland lipid secretion function lasting for at least 3 months., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Objective: To evaluate relevant clinical outcomes and conclude possible mechanisms of intense pulsed light (IPL) in eyelid inflammation. Background: IPL devices were primarily applied in cutaneous vascular malformations and have been used in ocular diseases for about 20 years, mostly including meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), blepharitis, and ocular rosacea. Recent findings: Seventy-two original clinical researches were included, 57 for MGD, 4 for blepharitis or blepharitis-related keratoconjunctivitis, and 11 for rosacea. Dry eye symptoms, (tear) break-up time (BUT), and meibomian structure and/or functions were improved in most patients, but production of reactive oxygen species is an important link in the photobiomodulation mediated by IPL, which can influence numerous signal pathways to achieve anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, and prodifferentiation effects. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that IPL is an effective therapeutic tool for most patients with MGD, but more clinical evidence is needed for other indications.

To assess the prophylactic effect of LipiFlow treatment in Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) patients exposed to an adverse environmental humidity. MGD patients were exposed to normal (23 °C; 50% relative humidity; 30 min) and adverse (23 °C; 10% relative humidity; 2 h) controlled environments consecutively during baseline and follow-up visits (3, 6, and 12 months) after a single LipiFlow treatment. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), lipid layer thickness (LLT), fluorescein tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal and conjunctival staining, change in dry eye symptoms questionnaire (CDES-Q), and Meibomian gland yielding liquid secretion (MGYLS), were assessed. Linear mixed-effects and cumulative logit mixed models were fitted to assess the effect of the LipiFlow treatment over time and within the controlled environments. Seventeen females and 4 males (59.6 ± 9.4 years) completed the study. LLT and TBUT did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) after LipiFlow treatment. OSDI, corneal and conjunctival staining, and MGYLS scores were improved (p ≤ 0.01) 12 months after treatment. After the adverse exposure, corneal staining increased at all visits (p = 0.01), and there was no significant improvement in CDES-Q scores after LipiFlow treatment (p ≥ 0.07). One LipiFlow treatment improved objective and subjective outcomes in MGD disease for at least one year. Further studies are needed to support that LipiFlow might also help as an adjuvant to avoid acute flares against an adverse environmental humidity., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: This study investigated structural changes in rat meibomian glands following repeated and sustained application of external pressure on the eyelids using a magnet and then subsequent removal of the external pressure., Methods: Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The upper eyelid was externally compressed using a pair of magnets. One magnet was placed inside the upper eyelid, another was placed outside the eyelid, and varying periods of pressure were investigated. Untreated eyes were used as controls. Meibography was performed, and the transverse eyelid tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and anti-cytokeratin 5 antibody at one hour, two and four weeks after removing the magnets., Results: Meibography showed increased meibomian gland loss (30.0 ± 5.0%), and tissue sections showed decreased area of secretory acini (0.04 ± 0.08 mm 2 ) at one hour after applying external pressure using magnets versus in the control eyes (5.0 ± 5.0% and 0.08 ± 0.08 mm 2 , respectively). On the other hand, there was no meibomian gland loss or reduction of the area of secretory acini at two and four weeks after removing the magnets in comparison with the control eyes., Conclusions: Repeated and sustained application of external pressure on the eyelid could induce meibomian gland loss; however, this meibomian gland loss can be restored when the external pressure is removed. Therefore, the repeated application of external pressure on the eyelid is a safe treatment method for obstructive MGD., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Eyelid warming is an important treatment for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Specialized chambered devices, using warm moist air have been developed., Purpose: To critically evaluate the literature on the safety and efficacy of chambered warm moist air devices in MGD treatment and pinpoint areas of future research., Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched on 06 June 2021. The search term was '(warm OR heat OR steam OR goggle OR spectacle OR moist air) AND (meibomian OR MGD OR blepharitis OR eyelid OR dry eye OR DED)'. All relevant articles with available English full text were included., Results: Eighteen articles assessing the application of chambered warm moist air eyelid warming devices were identified. In single-application studies, steam-based eyelid warming increased the eyelid temperature and improved symptoms, lipid layer thickness, and tear film breakup time (TBUT). In treatment studies, the steam-based devices improved TBUT and symptom scores. However, in the only randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing chambered steam-based heat to hot towel treatment, there was no difference between groups for the primary outcome measure; the proportion of subjects noting symptom improvement after 4 weeks., Conclusion: Currently available chambered warm moist air eyelid warming devices are safe and effective at raising eyelid temperature to therapeutic levels and improving signs and symptoms of dry eye. However, it is not clear if they provide a greater benefit than other eyelid warming therapies. Further well-conducted RCTs comparing moist and dry heat devices should be conducted on patients across the range of DED severities and subtype spectrum., (© 2021 The Authors. Acta Ophthalmologica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation.)

Evaluate the improvement in clinical signs and symptoms in patients with moderate-to-severe meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) treated with intense pulsed light (IPL) using an acne filter. A retrospective chart review of 70 eyes of 35 patients with moderate-to-severe MGD treated with IPL using the acne filter was performed. IPL treatment was administered using the acne filter four times at 2- to 3-week intervals to upper and lower eyelids. We evaluated tear break-up time (TBUT), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, Sjögren's International Clinical Collaborative Alliance (SICCA) staining score, and Oxford staining grade. We performed Schirmer's test I without topical anesthesia, slit-lamp microscopic examination of lid margin and meibomian gland, and patient's symptom score assessment and evaluated the incidence of adverse effects in the ocular and periocular areas at baseline and 30 days after the final treatment. Significant improvements (P < 0.001) were observed in TBUT, SICCA staining score, Oxford staining grade, quality of meibum, consistency of meibum, lid margin telangiectasia, MGD grade, and patient's symptom scores after acne filter IPL treatment. Furthermore, the positivity (100 to 71.43%, P = 0.002) and level (2.43 ± 0.98 to 1.14 ± 0.78, P < 0.001) of MMP-9 significantly decreased after treatment. However, there was no significant improvement in Schirmer's test I (P = 0.224). No systemic or regional adverse effects were observed in any patient. IPL treatment using the acne filter is an effective and safe therapeutic modality for treating moderate-to-severe MGD, especially for lid margin telangiectasia and MMP-9., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: Thermal pulsation (LipiFlow®, Johnson&Johnson, Santa Ana, CA, USA) has been advocated for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) treatment and was found to be useful in many studies. The aim of this study was to show the efficacy of the method and to compare it to a daily eyelid margin massage in a non-university institution., Methods: A non-blinded, single-center interventional study comparing thermal pulsation with eyelid margin massage for the treatment of MDD. In this study 30 patients were recruited during daily office hours. Symptoms (OSDI) and ocular surface (NIK-BUT, tear ferning test, tear meniscus height, LIPCO folds, meibography, meibomian gland evaluator) were assessed before treatment. A total of 15 patients (9 women) underwent thermal pulsation (single session), while 15 patients (8 women) performed eyelid margin massage (once daily) as instructed for 3 months., Results: Before the two treatment methods, there were no differences in the above parameters, gender and age were also normally distributed. After treatment, both subjective and objective criteria improved in the two groups but significantly more in the thermal pulsation arm. In particular, the limited compliance of 30% in the eyelid margin massage arm should be noted. Safety parameters, such as visual acuity and intraocular pressure (IOP) remained normal in all patients., Conclusion: A single session of thermal pulsation showed significantly better results in the efficacy and safety profile after 3 months compared to eyelid margin massage once daily; however, the high costs for the patients due to the single use mode of the activators must be taken in account., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of IPL (intense pulsed light) treatment in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)., Methods: Clinical data of 25 patients with MGD who underwent IPL treatment at the department of ophthalmology of Ludwig-Maximilians-University between 2016 and 2018 were analyzed. Demographics, clinical history, examination findings (eyelid vascularization, meibomian gland findings, conjunctival redness, tear film break-up time [TFBUT], corneal staining (Oxford grading scale [OGS]), and subjective patients' findings (including ocular surface disease index [OSDI]) were collected from each visit (D1, D15, D45, D75)., Results: All included patients underwent three sessions of IPL treatment in both eyes (D1, D15, D45). There was a significant improvement after IPL treatment (D75) in TFBUT (p < 0.001), corneal staining (OGS) (p < 0.001), conjunctival redness (p < 0.001), lid margin edema (p < 0.001) and redness (p < 0.001), meibum quality (p < 0.001), lid margin telangiectasia (p = 0.005), meibomian gland obstruction (p = 0.001), and OSDI score (p = 0.004). Even after the first IPL session, significant improvements in TFBUT (p < 0.001), corneal staining (OGS p < 0.001), conjunctival redness (p < 0.022), lid margin edema (p < 0.001) and redness (p < 0.016), meibum quality (p = 0.014), and OSDI score (p < 0.013) were noted. There were no relevant negative side effects. Subgroup analysis for age, sex, duration or severity of disease, and associated diagnosis of rosacea showed no significant difference in effectiveness., Conclusion: IPL is an effective and safe treatment for patients with MGD, which can be used as a supportive therapeutic option., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Significance: The clinical features of meibomian gland disease include altered tear film stability, damage to the ocular surface, symptoms of ocular surface irritation, and visual fluctuations. Finding an adequate treatment to alleviate a patient's signs and symptoms is vital to caring for those with dry eye disease resulting from meibomian gland disease., Purpose: The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether the controlled heating of meibomian glands with the SmartLid devices (TearCare) combined with evacuation of the liquefied meibum using a handheld clearance assistant would improve a patient's dry eye symptoms (as measured by the Standardized Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness [SPEED] questionnaire) and signs (as measured by meibomian gland expression [MGE] scores)., Methods: This study involved a retrospective analysis of data gathered in a single-center ophthalmology/optometry practice. The symptom frequency and severity were assessed using the SPEED questionnaire, and the signs were assessed via MGE scores before and after (8 to 12 weeks) treatment. A further analysis evaluating efficacy in subgroups based on age, race, and sex was performed. A statistical analysis was performed with t tests for group comparisons., Results: A SPEED questionnaire was answered by 92 patients with dry eye disease. In addition, each patient's meibomian gland function was recorded as MGE scores for each eye (176 eyes). These procedures were completed before and approximately 8 weeks after a single bilateral TearCare treatment. The median total SPEED score was reduced from 16 to 9, and the total MGE scores improved from 5.0 to 9.0 in the right eye and 4.0 to 9.0 in the left eye after a single TearCare treatment., Conclusions: A single TearCare treatment was effective in reducing both the signs and symptoms of dry eye in all subjects., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest Disclosure: TC has received honoraria and consulting fees from Sight Sciences, Shire (Novartis), Allergan, Sun, and Johnson & Johnson. This study was funded by a grant from Sight Sciences., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Optometry.)

The eyelids and orbit encompass intricate bony and soft tissue structures that work harmoniously in concert to protect, support, and nourish the eye in order to facilitate and maintain its function. Insult to periorbital and orbital anatomy can compromise orbital and ocular homeostasis. This article provides a foundational overview of eyelid and orbital anatomy, as well as common and key disorders that may confront internists and medical subspecialists., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors do not have any commercial or financial conflicts of interest to disclose. E. Li is the endowed James L. Hargiss, MD, Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Fellow., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Stevens-Johnson syndrome and its more severe form, toxic epidermal necrolysis, are immunologic disorders that cause widespread blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Its incidence is higher in children and can lead to long-term disabling ocular surface complications that can be averted with amniotic membrane transplantation early in the disease. To introduce an amniotic membrane treatment technique that is time efficient and minimally invasive but still allows for extensive coverage of the ocular mucosal surfaces to prevent and lessen the severity of the complications from ocular surface sequelae., Methods: The procedure was undertaken in the operating room under general anesthesia. Symblephara were divided before an amniotic membrane-covered conformer was placed into the fornices. Fibrin glue was used to secure the conformer and to keep the palpebral aperture closed. Topical chloramphenicol 0.5% and prednisolone 0.5% were prescribed 4 times a day., Results: After 7 days, the conformers were removed and new amniotic membrane-covered conformers were reapplied in both eyes for a further week. After the second round of treatment, the conformers were left out for 3 days. Inferior symblephara reformed in the left lower fornix, and therefore, a third round of treatment was undertaken in the left eye only, which was then removed after 7 days. A follow-up at 8 weeks revealed 20/20 vision with minimal symblephara in either eye., Conclusions: This novel technique, using an amniotic membrane-covered conformer in combination with fibrin glue, allows for the coverage of the entire ocular surface and protection of the lid margins while requiring minimal preparation and surgical time. This technique could also be used in patients with other cicatrizing ocular surface conditions, such as chemical or thermal injuries or postreconstructive surgery of the fornices.

A 7-month-old intact female Persian cat was diagnosed with symblepharon accompanied by epiphora, brownish ocular discharge, and ocular discomfort in the left eye. Superficial keratectomy (SK) was performed to remove adhesions between the conjunctiva and cornea. To prevent re-adhesion after SK, the detached conjunctival tissue was sutured to the corneal limbus, and a soft contact lens (SCL) was inserted and a partial temporary tarsorrhaphy was performed. The SCL and tarsorrhaphy sutures were maintained for 22 days, and symblepharon did not recur 347 days postoperatively. SK combined with SCL is a relatively easy and cost-effective surgical option for feline symblepharon., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest and there was no financial support by the manufacturer of the products used in the case report., (© 2021 The Korean Society of Veterinary Science.)

Purpose of Review: Glaucoma patients commonly suffer from ocular surface disease (OSD). As treatment strategies, medications and devices for the treatment of OSD as well as glaucoma surgical approaches evolve rapidly, it is important to consider their application to these patients., Recent Findings: OSD in glaucoma patients may lead to reduced reliability of diagnostic tests, decreased medication compliance, poor surgical outcomes, and overall decreased quality of life. Chronic use of topical glaucoma medications has been linked to the development of limbal stem cell deficiency, and the role of preservatives in OSD continues to be demonstrated. Preservative free glaucoma medications as well as new anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of OSD are now available. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and punctal plugs have been shown to benefit glaucoma patients with OSD. Drop burden may be reduced through the use of the new sustained-release delivery systems, selective laser trabeculoplasty, and minimally invasive glaucoma surgery., Summary: There are multiple emerging strategies for managing OSD that may be applied to patients with glaucoma. With continued research and clinical experiences, we hope to better understand the multifaceted relationship between glaucoma and OSD and develop evidence-based algorithms for the management of these complex patients., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The eyelids are a delicate and complex dynamic structure with primary function to protect the eye surface. The term «meibomian gland dysfunction» (MGD) first appeared in the mid-1980s. This lesion is known to result in a disturbance of the tear film, eye irritation symptoms, clinically significant inflammation and diseases of the eye surface. The progression of MGD leads to hyperosmolarity of the tear film, its instability, an increase in the bacterial load of the eyelid margin, blepharitis and generalized inflammation of the ocular surface. For patients who require surgical treatment, a healthy eyelid is very important. Despite postoperative functional recovery, most of these patients experience dry eye syndrome (DES), which can lead to symptoms of eye irritation and deterioration of visual acuity due to instability of the tear film. In the early stages of MGD, it is advisable to begin treatment with a conversation about correct frequent blinking, rest during visual activity, adequate water intake, and a specific diet. Later, patients are advised to use an ultrasonic air humidifier, warm dry compresses, practice proper eyelid hygiene and perform massages, apply preservative-free lubricants, azithromycin, omega-3 preparations, and undergo local anti-inflammatory therapy. In case of a tick-borne infestation, the International Expert Group recommends the use of scrubs with 50% tea tree oil for treating the eyelids. In order to achieve a long-term effect or permanent remission, it is necessary to practice daily eyelid hygiene with the help of gels, special napkins and shampoos over a long period of time. Correctly selected medical treatment in accordance with the stage of the disease supplemented with massages and warm dry compresses lead to a significant improvement in the quality of life of patients with MGD and DES. The simplicity of eyelid hygiene is currently ensured by the availability of tools specially designed for the safe treatment of its edges, which have a complex histological and anatomical structure.

PRéCIS:: Ocular surface disease (OSD) in glaucoma is an area for improvement in the management of patients with glaucoma. This study explores the knowledge of glaucoma subspecialists toward OSD in glaucoma, then provides a suggested treatment algorithm., Purpose: To assess the attitudes, knowledge, and level of comfort of Canadian glaucoma specialists with respect to the assessment and management of OSD among patients with glaucoma., Methods: Ophthalmologist members of the Canadian Glaucoma Society with fellowship training in glaucoma were contacted to participate in this cross-sectional survey study. Responses were recorded to statements regarding attitudes toward OSD in glaucoma, and assessment and management modalities. These were recorded primarily in the form of a Likert scale rated 1 to 7 from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." Descriptive statistics were generated, and mean and SD for responses on Likert scales., Results: Thirty-six responses were included. All respondents agreed that comprehensive management of OSD could improve quality of life, 97% agreed it could lead to better glaucoma outcomes, whereas only 22% agreed it is presently being adequately managed in glaucoma practices. Respondents were asked to list all treatment modalities they felt knowledgeable about, ranging from 100% for optimizing topical glaucoma therapies to 31% for serum tears. Nearly all respondents (92%) agreed that a suggested algorithm for the treatment of OSD in glaucoma could improve their approach to management., Conclusion: OSD is a common comorbidity of glaucoma. Although respondents overwhelmingly agreed that comprehensive management of OSD may lead to improved quality of life and glaucoma-related outcomes, only a small percentage felt it was presently adequately managed. Increasing knowledge related to the assessment and management of OSD in glaucoma may in the future improve patient care.

Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare malformation involving aberrant connections between the dural venous sinuses and extracranial veins. Classically considered congenital pathology, there are reported instances of post-traumatic SP in adults. Very rarely, the upper eyelid is involved and the resulting ptosis can obstruct the visual axis. In these cases, surgical removal may be warranted. Because of the high risk of massive intraoperative hemorrhage, careful preoperative identification and diagnostic workup is essential. The authors report a patient with new onset, asymmetric eyelid ptosis referred for evaluation, and subsequently diagnosed with SP. Through a multi-disciplinary assessment, deferring surgical intervention was determined to be appropriate management. The lesion was monitored clinically, and at 6 months follow-up, there were no noted adverse outcomes.

Objective: To describe a population of dogs treated with blend electrolysis for distichiasis at The Royal Veterinary College and report the complications seen., Methods: In part 1, records were reviewed from 2012 to 2017 and a population of 78 dogs with distichiasis treated using blend electrolysis (Sterex SX-B blend epilator) analysed. In part 2, 18 dogs treated with blend electrolysis were re-examined prospectively by a diplomate of the European College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (ECVO)., Results: In part 1, brachycephalic breeds accounted for 62 per cent. English bulldog was the most common breed (42 per cent). In this population, 88 per cent of dogs were successfully treated with one treatment of electrolysis (successful treatment defined as resolution of clinical signs). Forty-five dogs had recurrent distichia on follow-up, mostly fine distichia without clinical discomfort. Twelve per cent required repeat electrolysis. Complications were infrequent: five dogs had scarring or hypopigmentation of the eyelid margin. In part 2, 18 dogs were re-examined. Ten had distichia recurrence, six had eyelid scarring and five had depigmentation associated with electrolysis. Two dogs had occasional clinical signs thought to be related to distichiasis. All owners perceived their dogs' ocular comfort to be improved following blend electrolysis., Conclusions: Brachycephalic breeds, most notably English bulldogs, are over-represented in this population. Blend electrolysis appears an effective treatment for resolution of clinical signs., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© British Veterinary Association 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Purpose: To compare the long-term visual outcomes of different management strategies in children and adults with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)-induced chronic lid-related keratopathy., Design: Retrospective comparative case series., Methods: This study included 705 eyes of 401 patients (81 children and 320 adults) with SJS who presented with chronic lid-related keratopathy between 1990 and 2015. Affected eyes received either conservative therapy [topical medications (n = 363)] or definitive management (n = 342) that included mucous membrane grafting (MMG), prosthetic replacement of the ocular surface ecosystem (PROSE) contact lenses, or both. The primary outcome measure was change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) over time. The secondary outcome measure was the odds of developing corneal ulceration or perforation in the first year., Results: The treatment subgroups were comparable at baseline in terms of BCVA and previous management (P > .10). Over 10 years, children and adults who received conservative therapy lost at least 5 lines of median BCVA and carried a 3 times higher risk of developing corneal ulceration in the first year. Conversely, definitive therapy provided significant benefit by improving median BCVA (P < .0001). In children, MMG was more effective than PROSE (P = .009), whereas PROSE was more effective than MMG in adults (P = .028). However, the combination of MMG followed by PROSE provided the best results in both children and adults (P < .036)., Conclusions: Both MMG and PROSE changed the natural course and helped in preserving and improving vision in eyes with SJS-induced lid-related keratopathy. Regardless of age, those who received both MMG and PROSE had the best long-term visual outcomes., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate the natural history and ophthalmologic morbidity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis (MIRM) and propose a treatment algorithm., Design: Retrospective, interventional case series., Methods: Retrospective chart review of all MIRM patients examined by the department of ophthalmology at a tertiary children's hospital. Diagnosis was established clinically concomitant with either positive Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM or PCR testing from January 1, 2010, until December 31, 2019. The main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity, long-term ocular sequelae, and duration and type of ophthalmic intervention., Results: There were 15 patients (10 male and 5 female) aged 10.9 ± 4.2 years who had primary episodes of MIRM; of those, 4 had multiple episodes. All patients required topical steroid treatment, 3 required amniotic membrane transplantation, and 1 patient underwent placement of a sutureless biologic corneal badage device. There were no patients who suffered visual loss, but 1 was left with mild symblephara near the lateral canthus in each eye and 2 others had scarring of the eyelid margins and blepharitis., Conclusions: The ocular morbidity is significantly less in MIRM than in other closely related syndromes such as erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. However, these patients still require close observation and a low threshold for intervention to avoid permanent ophthalmic sequelae and possible blindness., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The objective of this was to determine the efficacy of different patterns of intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)., Materials and Method: IPL treatment was administered in 124 eyes of 62 patients with MGD-associated dry eye disease (DED). These patients were divided randomly into two groups treated with different IPL patterns. The first group was treated with "Optimal Pulse Technology" (OPT) (n = 29) and received three consecutive treatments (10-14 J/cm 2 ) with three weeks between treatments. The other group was treated with "Intense Regulated Pulsed Light" (IRPL) (n = 33) and received four treatments (9-13 J/cm 2 ) on days (D)1, D15, D45, and D75. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), fluorescein breakup time (FTBUT), first and the average of noninvasive keratograph tear breakup times (NIKBUT), Schirmer I tests, conjunctival hyperemia, corneal fluorescent staining (CFS), tear meniscus height (TMH), MG secretion, and dropout were examined before each treatment and at one and three months after treatment., Results: Compared to baseline, the clinical symptoms and signs in both groups were significantly improved at one and three months after IPL treatment. However, compared to the IRPL group, the OPT-treated group showed significant improvement in the clarity of MG secretions (P = 0.001), the number of MGs yielding clear or cloudy liquid secretions (P < 0.001), the total MG secretion score (P < 0.001) in lower eyelid, the lid margin score in upper (P < 0.001) and lower eyelids (P = 0.013), the first NIKBUT (P = 0.009), and FTBUT (P = 0.006)., Conclusions: These results suggest that IPL has significant clinical value in treating patients with MGD. OPT IPL treatment was more effective in improving MG function in lower eyelids and partial tear film signs than IRPL IPL treatment., Trial Registration: The study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov, and the clinical trial accession number is NCT02481167.

Introduction: Xanthelasma palpebrarum (XP) is a common xanthomatous lesion of the eyelid and periorbital skin. Several methods of treatment have been reported in the literature, each having its own indications and risks. We present a new treatment method for removing XP using a plasma exeresis device (Plexr®, GMV, Italy)., Methods: Fifteen patients with a total of 27 treated XPs were assessed and clinically identified by the treating dermatologist. Patients were photographed and assessed by a dermatologist prior to and immediately after treatment. A patient survey was conducted 12 months after the procedure, which assessed the outcome of the procedure (redness, pigmentation disorders, and scars)., Results: After just a single treatment session using a plasma sublimation, all 27 XPs showed complete clearance. There were no reports of scars, pigmentary alteration, or recurrence of lesions up to 12 months., Conclusions: We present plasma sublimation as a new method for the treatment of XP. During the procedure, the method allows to control the depth of tissue destruction and the presence of xanthoma tissue, and to minimize pain and trauma, making it particularly ideal for treating areas around the eye.

Sebaceous cell carcinoma is well known as the "great masquerader" mimicking other benign or malignant eyelid conditions and lesions. We present a case of a middle age male presenting with a subacute left upper lid abscess who was ultimately diagnosed with malignant sebaceous cell carcinoma after incision and drainage and treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics. This case highlights the deceptive clinical and radiographic appearance of this tumor and the importance of histologic examination in atypical or refractory periorbital abscesses.

Purpose: To investigate the eyelid temperature (Temp) and tissue blood flow (TBF) changes in healthy eyes using wheat hot pack (WHP) and pottery hot pack (PHP)., Methods: A randomized, double-blind, within-subject crossover study design was conducted in a Thai tertiary care center. All healthy subjects received warm compress treatment with WHP and PHP. The subjects were randomized to receive the WHP or the PHP at the first sequence. Temp and TBF measurements were taken at baseline, and every 2 min during the 10-min application of the heated compresses, and every 2 min for a 10-min duration after the compresses were removed., Results: There were 29 females (96.7%) and 1 male. The mean (SD) age of the subjects was 33.17 (5.21) years. Two warm compresses were able to increase the surface lid Temp significantly from the baseline Temp at every time point of measurement and location. For the WHP application, the maximum surface Temp (SD) of the outer upper lid, outer lower lid, and inner lower lid were 40.07 (0.80) °C, 38.44 (0.91) °C, and 35.83 (0.71) °C, respectively (all P value < 0.001) and under the PHP application, the highest surface Temp (SD) were 40.63 (0.97) °C, 38.32 (1.27) °C, and 35.82 (0.71) °C, respectively (all P value < 0.001). Both WHP and PHP were able to increase TBF significantly with no adverse events and these effects can be sustained until 20 min., Conclusions: The results of this study suggest the potential of using these warm compresses for meibomian gland dysfunction. Further clinical research is needed.

Subgaleal haematoma in adulthood and periorbital necrotising fasciitis are unusual occurrences that have not been reported together. We discuss the first observed case of a 35-year-old female with periorbital necrotising fasciitis postulated to be caused by subgaleal haematoma following head trauma that was successfully managed with antibiotics and surgery.

Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) is defined as eyelid hyperlaxity with reactive palpebral conjunctivitis. It is a common condition that can be associated with significant ocular irritation. FES presents with easily everted eyelids and chronic papillary conjunctivitis in the upper eyelids. It is frequently associated with ocular and systemic diseases, notably keratoconus and obstructive sleep apnea, respectively. This comprehensive review describes the epidemiology, pathological changes, proposed pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and a variety of treatment options for this condition. Conservative treatment of FES includes aggressive lubrication, nighttime eye shield, and avoiding sleeping on the affected eye. Patients with FES and obstructive sleep apnea may have an improvement in their ocular signs and symptoms after long-term therapy with continuous positive airway pressure. In refractory cases, a corrective surgery that addresses the eyelid laxity can result in significant improvement. All patients with ocular irritation should be evaluated for the presence of FES., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To describe the long-term effect of a treatment protocol for ocular involvement in acute Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), including focused ocular examination and pathology-appropriate use of lubrication, topical corticosteroids, topical antibiotics, and amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT)., Design: Retrospective, comparative case series., Methods: A total of 48 patients (96 eyes) were included in this study. Nine of 48 patients (18 eyes) had acute SJS/TEN from 2000 to 2007 and did not receive protocol care (Group I). Thirty-nine of 48 patients (78 eyes) had acute SJS/TEN from 2008 to 2017 and received protocol care (Group II). The main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at final follow-up visit and incidence of complications in the chronic phase., Results: No eyes in Group I received AMT for SJS/TEN, compared to 87% of qualifying eyes in Group II (P < .0001) There was a significant difference in the proportion of eyes with BCVA ≥20/40 at last follow-up between Group I and Group II (33% vs 92%, P < .001). The proportion of eyes with vision-threatening complications in the chronic phase was significantly higher in Group I versus Group II (67% vs 17%, P = .002), with most complications occurring in the first 2 years after disease onset in both groups., Conclusions: A specific protocol for acute ocular care in SJS/TEN, including aggressive use of AMT, was highly successful in reducing corneal blindness and severe vision-threatening complications of the disorder., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

A young girl with constant exotropia was planned for surgery. Thorough preoperative workup was done and the patient underwent strabismus surgery. The girl developed preseptal haematoma on the third postoperative day with marked chemosis and oozing of blood from the conjunctival cul-de-sac. A history of factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency was later revealed by the caretakers. The patient was admitted and fresh frozen plasma was transfused for 5 days along with intravenous tranexamic acid. Orbital ultrasound and CT scan were done to confirm the location of the haematoma. The child improved significantly after 5 days and the proptosis subsided. FXIII deficiency is a rare form of bleeding disorder that is not revealed on routine coagulation profile tests. Fresh frozen plasma and recombinant FXIII are now available for treatment., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Patients with eyelid lesions often present in the primary healthcare setting. Although most eyelid lumps are benign, accurate diagnosis and early recognition of sinister lesions leads to improved patient outcomes., Objective: The aim of this article is to provide an overview of common eyelid lesions presenting to the general practitioner., Discussion: The majority of eyelid lesions are benign, ranging from innocuous cysts (cysts of Moll, Zeis and epidermoid cyst) and chalazion/hordeolum to naevi and papillomas. Key features that should prompt further investigation include gradual enlargement, central ulceration or induration, irregular borders, eyelid margin destruction or loss of lashes, and telangiectasia. The presence of these features should prompt referral to an ophthalmologist for further evaluation.

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), as a chronic,diffuse Meibomian gland disease,is one of the most common ophthalmological clinical diseases. Symptoms can be mild,such as ocular discomfort, but severe cases resulting in ocular surface damage could affect patients' visual function. Moreover,with the absence of a thorough examination of eyelid status and Meibomian gland prior to ocular surface surgery, it could cause severe postoperative complications. As a usual but easily overlooked disease, MGD and its associated ocular surface diseases have drawn greater attention,on the other hand,some emerging therapies,in addition to the clinically recognized treatments, provided doctors with more effective treatments at their disposal,and plenty of research achievements have been published. This article emphasizes on new physical approaches in the treatments of MGD and its associated ocular surface diseases. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2019,55:465-468) .

Purpose: Meibomian gland dysfunction is the main cause of dry eye disease (DED) and is traditionally managed using warm compress treatment (WCT). Vectored thermal pulsation treatment (VTPT) is a novel method for treating DED., Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of VTPT and WCT in treating DED. The primary outcome was the gland function. The secondary outcomes were the tear breakup time, Schirmer test, tear osmolarity, lipid layer thickness, Standard Patient Evaluation for Eye Dryness, and the improvement of subjective symptoms as assessed by using the Ocular Surface Disease Index. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov registries were searched for studies published before July 2018., Results: This study consisted of 4 trials with 385 patients. Significantly greater improvement was observed in meibomian gland function [mean difference (MD): 2.19 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.95, 3.43)], tear breakup time [MD: 1.08 (95% CI, 0.06, 2.10)], and Standard Patient Evaluation for Eye Dryness [MD: -2.76 (95% CI, -4.22, -1.30)] at 2 to 4 weeks in the VTPT group than in the WCT group. A significantly greater decrease in Ocular Surface Disease Index was observed at 2 to 4 weeks [MD: -8.61 (95% CI, -13.62, -3.61)] and 3 months [MD: -6.92 (95% CI, -11.95, -1.89)] in the VTPT group than in the WCT group., Conclusions: A single 12-minute VTPT was more efficacious than traditional WCT in treating DED either in objective or subjective measurements. We recommended choosing an appropriate treatment after shared decision-making.

Purpose of Review: The prevalence and burden of dry eye disease continues to grow at a rapid pace, creating an increased need for new therapies. In a sector once limited to only a handful of treatments, clinicians now have multiple options available for patients who fail traditional therapies. This review summarizes the various treatment options available to clinicians treating complex dry eye disease patients., Recent Findings: As we better understand the multifactorial mechanisms leading to dry eye disease, treatments increasingly focus on the amelioration of the underlying deficiencies and inflammation, rather than on transient symptomatic relief alone. Most topical medications seek to replace deficient growth factors and/or decrease inflammation on the ocular surface. The majority of new devices and procedures seek to treat meibomian gland dysfunction, with one new device stimulating tear production through utilizing the nasolacrimal reflex pathway., Summary: Clinicians have more options at their disposal in the treatment of dry eye disease than ever before, including topical medications and devices.

Purpose: To assess the role of nuclear factor kappa-B (NFKB) in cutaneous specimens of rosacea and unaffected tissue., Methods: Immunohistochemical staining was performed for the activated, phosphorylated variant of NFKB (pNFKB) in eyelid specimens of rosacea (n = 12) and normal, healthy tissue (n = 12). The numbers of positively staining cells/40× microscopic field were counted across 5 consecutive fields. Additionally, quantitative Western blotting was carried out for pNFKB and NFKB in specimens of rosacea (n = 15) and normal controls (n = 14). Statistical comparisons were performed via a dedicated software package., Results: The mean number of cells/40× microscopic field that stained positively for pNFKB was 18.4 (standard deviation = 15.3) for control patients and 39.3 (standard deviation = 16.9) for rosacea patients, and the difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (P = .0024). On Western blotting, the mean ratios of pNFKB:NFKB for control and rosacea patients measured 0.58 (standard deviation = 0.81) and 3.11 (standard deviation = 3.53), respectively. The 2 groups were statistically significantly different (P = .0002)., Conclusions: The activated form of NFKB is enriched in rosacea, indicating a role for this pathway in the pathogenesis of this disease. Interference with NFKB signaling may represent a novel therapy for rosacea as clinical agents become available. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of the MGDRx EyeBag in managing meibomian gland dysfunction., Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled, observer-masked, bilateral eye study that enrolled 29 participants. Participants were randomized into either the EyeBag group or the control group. The EyeBag group used the EyeBag 10minutes 2x/day, and the control group remained on their own dry eye treatment regimen (if applicable). All participants were observed at baseline, 2 weeks (2wk) and 4 weeks (4wk). At 4wk, participants in the EyeBag group were asked to stop using the EyeBag. All participants were seen again at 8 weeks (8wk). Primary outcomes were the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Current Symptoms Questionnaire (CSQ), meibomian gland score (MG score), and non-invasive tear breakup time (NIBUT)., Results: Twenty-five participants completed the study (mean age 38±15 years, 7 male). There was a significant change in OSDI over time for the EyeBag group (mean[lower 95% CI, upper 95% CI], baseline: 39.1[31.1,47.0], 2wk: 26.8[19.7,33.9], 4wk: 26.6[16.5,36.7], 8wk: 27.7[18.4,37.0]; p=0.01), but not in the control group (p=0.22), but no significant difference between groups at all time points (all p>0.27). Symptoms immediately improved after conducting the EyeBag based on at-home CSQ scores (Δ=-5.0 points, p<0.01), but not in the control group. For both groups, there was no significant change (p-value EyeBag,p-value control) in MG score (0.21,0.17) and NIBUT (0.49,0.06) over time., Conclusions: The EyeBag may relieve symptoms of dry eye, but the effect on meibomian gland function and tear stability when used for only 4 weeks was undetectable., (Copyright © 2018 Spanish General Council of Optometry. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)