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Background: Eyebrow position affects perceived facial expression and youthfulness, and its modification is a key component of facial rejuvenation., Objective: This investigation aimed to assess the preferred vertical eyebrow position, apex location, and eyebrow shape in Caucasian and Asian individuals and to analyze gaze patterns during aesthetic judgment using eye-tracking technology., Materials and Methods: The study included 76 Asian and Caucasian volunteers with no medical background. Eye movements were captured with a Tobii Pro Nano eye-tracker. Participants viewed AI-generated images of Caucasian and Asian females with varied eyebrow positions (ratios 1:1.3 to 1:2.5), shapes (angles 8° to 20°), and apex positions. Aesthetic preferences were rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Eye-tracking metrics and aesthetic ratings were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and bivariate correlations., Results: Both genders across ethnicities preferred a moderate eyebrow position ratio of 1:1.6. For eyebrow shapes, a 12° angle received the highest ratings, while extremes were less favored, indicating a preference for moderately curved eyebrows. The most appealing apex position was above the lateral canthus for Asians, and halfway between the lateral limbus and lateral canthus for Caucasians. Eye-tracking revealed longer fixations on unattractive features, suggesting more complex cognitive processing, while attractive features were processed more efficiently., Conclusion: The study revealed that aesthetic preferences for eyebrow features are influenced by both ethnic background and gender, with a general preference toward moderately curved eyebrows and subtle variations in preferred positions. These findings suggest a need for culturally sensitive approaches in facial aesthetic procedures and highlight the potential of eye-tracking technology to enhance surgical planning. Surgeons are advised to adopt a conservative, patient-centered approach when modifying eyebrow features, considering individual and cultural aesthetics to maximize patient satisfaction., Level of Evidence V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 ., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no that they have conflict of interest. Ethical Approval: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich (IRB protocol number: 20-1018). Informed Consent: Prior to the enrollment into the study, participants were informed about the aim and the scope of this study and provided written informed consent for the use of their research-related and demographic data., (© 2024. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.)

The periorbital area is one of the most sensitive areas in the face, and many techniques are used to change the eyelid laxity and position of the eyebrows. Recently the use of noninvasive or minimally invasive techniques is developed so, the amount of surgical procedures has decreased. In the present study. We evaluate the effect of Endolift laser as a non-invasive method on upper eyelid laxity and eyebrow position. Nine patients underwent Endolift laser and evaluated for eyelid laxity and change in eyebrow position. Two blinded physicians assessed the cosmetic outcome of improvement in upper eyelid tightening via photography 6 months post-treatment. The physicians evaluated the patient's improvement degree using the photographs by two clinical factors: skin laxity and total cosmetic result. Also, eyebrow height from the center of the pupil (CPEBH), Central eyebrow height (CEBH), Lateral eyebrow height (LEBH), Medial eyebrow height (MEBH) were measured by ImagJ before and 6 months post Endolift laser treatment. Our results showed eyelid laxity and eyebrow height were significantly changed after treatment., (© 2023 The Authors. Skin Research and Technology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Eyebrow descent commonly occurs after ptosis repair or blepharoplasty surgery. The procedures used to correct acquired blepharoptosis are primarily classified into four groups. These procedures target the levator aponeurosis, Müller's muscle, both the aponeurosis and Müller's muscle, or the frontalis muscle. In this study, we used a new technique called external Müller's muscle tucking (EMMT) on 51 patients (94 eyelids), which targets the Müller's muscle for involutional blepharoptosis. The patients were assessed by comparative analysis using pre- and post-operative digital photographs. The distances between the medial canthi, in addition to the eyebrow heights at the medial canthus, pupil and lateral canthus, were measured on a computer screen. Eyebrows descended after surgery at the medial canthus in 53 eyelids (56.4%), at the center of the pupil in 55 eyelids (58.5%) and at the lateral canthus in 48 eyelids (51.1%). The mean distances of eyebrow descent in the 94 eyelids were 0.24, 0.51 and 0.32 mm at the medial, center and lateral positions, respectively. The mean preoperative margin reflex distance (MRD) was -0.05 mm, the mean postoperative MRD was 3.79 mm and the mean change in MRD was 3.83 mm. Preoperative MRD and change in MRD were weakly associated with changes in eyebrow position in 94 eyelids. In conclusion, these findings suggest that eyebrow drooping distance is related to the preoperative severity of ptosis., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Fat grafting can be used to correct age-related volume loss in the face. However, the degree of rejuvenation is difficult to be evaluated., Objectives: The author sought to objectively verify the change in patients' eyebrow position after fat grafting to the upper face., Methods: The charts of 175 consecutive patients who underwent autologous fat grafting to the forehead and temple were reviewed. Perioperative changes in the heights of medial, middle, and lateral segments of the eyebrow and the eyebrow slant were recorded and compared. Key prevention strategies to avoid potential complications were discussed., Results: The eyebrow slant was increased by 2.4° after the operation which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the medial eyebrow height was decreased, while the middle and lateral eyebrow heights were increased after the surgery which were of no significance. No major complications such as vision loss or vascular compromise were noted., Conclusions: Simultaneous autologous fat grafting to the temple and forehead significantly increased the slant of the eyebrows and corrected the loss of upper facial fullness as well. Collectively, these changes made the patient look younger and aesthetically more pleasant., Level of Evidence Iv: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Although we commonly observe eyebrow drooping during and after blepharoptosis surgery, it may not occur in some cases. After levator resection was performed in 47 patients (84 eyelids) with blepharoptosis, the eyebrow heights at the medial canthus, the center of the pupil, and the lateral canthus were measured using scanned photographs obtained preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. In the 84 eyelids, after levator resection, the eyebrow position was lowered at the medial canthus in 76 patients (90%), at the center of the pupil in 75 (89%), and at the lateral canthus in 76 (90%). The mean distance of eyebrow drooping in the 84 pupils was 2.74 mm at the medial canthus, 2.91 mm at the center of the pupil, and 2.58 mm at the lateral canthus. In addition, there was a significant difference between the extra skin excision group and the no skin excision group at the medial canthus (p = 0.027), the center of the pupil (p = 0.001), and the lateral canthus (p < 0.001) (Mann-Whitney test). Unfortunately, there was a significant difference in ages between the extra skin excision group and the no skin excision group. In conclusion, eyebrow drooping was caused after levator resection in most cases. However, it is difficult to anticipate eyebrow drooping distance before surgery., (Copyright © 2016 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Patients often develop eyebrow drooping after blepharoplasty or ptosis repair. After aponeurosis advancement was performed in 53 patients (100 eyelids) with blepharoptosis, the eyebrow heights at the medial canthus, center of the pupil, and lateral canthus were measured using scanned photographs obtained preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. In the 100 eyelids subjected to aponeurosis advancement, the eyebrow position was lowered at the medial canthus in 81 eyelids (81%), at the center of the pupil in 84 eyelids (84%), and at the lateral canthus in 80 eyelids (80%). The mean distance of eyebrow drooping in the 100 eyelids was 2.80 mm at the medial canthus, 2.87 mm at the center of the pupil, and 2.50 mm at the lateral canthus. The preoperative margin reflex distance (MRD) was significantly associated with the distance of eyebrow drooping at the medial canthus, the center of the pupil, and the lateral canthus in the 100 eyelids, but the postoperative MRD was not significantly associated with these parameters in the 100 eyelids. In conclusion, eyebrow drooping developed after aponeurosis advancement in most cases, and the distance of eyebrow drooping was associated with the severity of blepharoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the first signs of facial ageing appears in the forehead, with the descent of the lateral part of the brow. This is a troubling condition for all patients and elevation of the lateral part of the brow becomes a more and more frequent demand. The authors present their experience in 350 consecutive cases of direct eyebrow lift ('butterfly wing' incision) alone or in combination with rhytidectomy and/or blepharoplasty. The majority of the patients were female (90%). The age ranged from 43 to 85 years. Eighty per cent of the cases were performed simultaneously with rhytidectomy and blepharoplasty, 16% were performed in association with blepharoplasty and eyebrow lift alone represented 4%. The most common complication was epidermal cyst (3.4%) and suture dehiscence (2%). The 'butterfly wing' incision provides a useful alternative to correction of eyebrow ptosis. Indication for surgery is dependent more on the ageing signs than on the patient's chronological age. The final results are consistently very gratifying to the patient and to the plastic surgeon alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Great diversity exists among individuals with respect to eyebrow position and shape, and the notion of an “ideal” eyebrow has changed quite significantly over the past several decades. This study compared three different variations of eyebrows. One variation was the arched eyebrow with the maximum height in the middle. The other two variations had their maximum height in the lateral third, but differed in their position (high vs low). For each of the seven female portraits presented, three variations were generated using morphing software. A total of 357 subjects 12 to 85 years of age compared these variations and ranked each woman individually with respect to perceived attractiveness. The data show that the preference for a specific eyebrow shape depends on a person’s age. Young subjects up to 30 years of age preferred eyebrows in a lower position, and ruled out arched eyebrows. Subjects older than 50 years stated exactly the opposite preference. First, there is not one single beauty ideal for eyebrows, but at least three. The ideal a person prefers depends on his or her age. Second, because trends are generally introduced by young people and not by older individuals, and the young tend to prefer eyebrows in a lower position, it seems plausible to assume that the trend currently appears to be moving away from arched eyebrows toward lower positioned eyebrows with a maximum height in the lateral third. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]