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The reduction in saccade latency when the fixation point is removed (fixation offset effect–FOE) reflects the degree to which fixation neurons are under influence by a stimulus at fixation. Strategic manipulations of oculomotor readiness that bring these neurons under endogenous control reduce the magnitude of the FOE. Using an aging foreperiod paradigm, and the FOE as a marker for cortical control of reflexive fixation, we showed that, for both prosaccades and antisaccades, increasing preparation across the foreperiod reduced both saccade latency and the FOE. Consistent with Los’s trace conditioning account, these effects reflected greater preparation for trials when the current short foreperiod was preceded by a trial with a short foreperiod. The FOE was also smaller for antisaccades than for prosaccades demonstrating strategic modulation. However, the effects of trace conditioning were comparable in the two tasks, demonstrating that strategic and unconscious priming effects both independently modulate the control of ocular fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To investigate the role of the basal ganglia in integrating voluntary and reflexive behaviour, the current study examined the ability of patients with Parkinson''s disease to voluntarily control oculomotor reflexes. We measured the size of the fixation offset effect (the reduction in saccadic reaction time when a fixation point is removed) during a block of pro- and a block of anti-saccades. Healthy controls showed the expected reduction of the FOE during the anti-saccades, which results from efforts to suppress reflexive eye movements (a preparatory set characterized by increased internal control and reduced external control). However, there was no reduction of the FOE in the anti-saccade task in Parkinson''s patients, indicating that they are impaired in exerting control over oculomotor reflexes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]