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Purpose: Rosacea is one of the most common conditions affecting the ocular surface. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the pathogenesis and treatment of rosacea based on the dermatology and ophthalmology literatures., Methods: Literature searches were conducted for rosacea and ocular rosacea. Preference was given to systematic reviews, meta-analysis, case-controlled studies, and documented case reports while excluding poorly documented case studies and commentaries. The data were examined and independently analyzed by more than two of the authors., Results: Rosacea is a complex inflammatory condition involving the pilosebaceous unit. Its underlying mechanism involves an interplay of the microbiome, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, environmental triggers, and neurovascular sensitivity. The latest classification of rosacea includes three dermatologic subgroups and a fourth subgroup, ocular rosacea. Ocular rosacea clinically displays many features that are analogous to the cutaneous disease, such as lid margin telangiectasia and phlyctenulosis. The role of environmental triggers in the exacerbation of ocular rosacea appears to be understudied. While lid hygiene and systemic treatment with tetracycline drugs remain the mainstay of treatment for ocular rosacea, newer dermatologic targets and therapies may have potential application for the eye disease., Conclusions: Ocular rosacea appears to embody many of the manifestation of the dermatologic disease. Hence, the basic pathophysiologic mechanisms of the ocular and cutaneous disease are likely to be shared. Better understanding of the ocular surface microbiome and the immunologic mechanisms, may lead to novel approaches in the management of ocular rosacea.

Purpose of Review: This article reviews the importance of ocular surface management in patients undergoing cataract surgery. The current strategies for the diagnosis and management of ocular surface disease in cataract surgery patients are discussed., Recent Findings: The current trend is to diagnose and treat ocular surface disease before cataract surgery using a stepwise regimen tailored to the individual patient and disease severity., Summary: Maintaining a healthy ocular surface is essential for achieving the best visual outcome in cataract patients. Ocular surface preparation is beneficial not only in patients with established ocular surface disease, but also in those with minimal signs or symptoms of surface disease.

Purpose : Cellular senescence is a state of permanent growth arrest whereby a cell reaches its replicative limit. However, senescence can also be triggered prematurely in certain stressors including radiation, oxidative stress, and chemotherapy. This stress-induced senescence has been studied in the context of promoting inflammation, tumor development, and several chronic degenerative diseases of aging. Emerging research has elucidated the role of senescence in various ocular diseases. Methods: The literature search was performed using PubMed with using the query (senescence OR aging) AND (eye disease OR ocular disease OR ophthalmic disease OR cornea OR glaucoma OR cataract OR retina) on October 20th, 2022. No time restriction was proposed. Articles were excluded if they were not referenced in English. Results: Overall, 51 articles regarding senescence and ocular diseases were found and summarized in this study. Several signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of senescence. Currently, senescence has been linked to various corneal and retinal pathologies, as well as cataract and glaucoma. Given the number of pathologies, senolytics, which are small molecules with the ability to selective targeting of senescent cells, can be used as therapeutic or prophylactic agents. Conclusions: Senescence has been shown to underlie the pathogenesis of numerous ocular diseases. The overall literature on senescence and ocular disease is growing rapidly. There is an ongoing debate whether or not cellular senescence detected in experiments contributes in a significant way to diseases. Research on understanding the mechanism of senescence from ocular cells and tissues is just beginning. Multiple animal models are required to test potential senolytics. Currently, no studies exist to date which have demonstrated the benefits of senolytic therapies in human studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a broad term that includes a diverse group of clinical disorders. Aqueous‑deficient dry eye (ADDE), a subtype of DED, is characterized by decreased tear production by the lacrimal gland. It can be seen in up to one‑third of individuals with DED and can be comorbid with a systemic autoimmune process or occur secondary to an environmental insult. Since ADDE can be a source of long‑term suffering and severe visual impairment, early identification and adequate treatment are imperative. Multiple etiologies can underlie ADDE, and it is critical to identify the underlying cause to not only improve the ocular health but also to improve the overall quality of life and well‑being of affected individuals. This review discusses the various etiologies of ADDE, highlights a pathophysiology‑based approach for evaluating underlying contributors, outlines various diagnostic tests, and reviews treatment options. We present the current standards and discuss ongoing research in this field. Through this review, we propose a treatment algorithm that would be useful for an ophthalmologist in diagnosing and managing individuals with ADD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a rapidly emerging global health concern since December 2019. Unprecedented efforts have been made to produce vaccines, which have proven to be successful. This is a narrative review of the known ocular side effects related to the COVID-19 vaccines. Relevant literature was identified up to January 2022. Herein, reports of several side effects after immunization with COVID-19 vaccines, such as corneal graft rejection, ocular herpes simplex virus reactivation, scleritis, anterior and intermediate uveitis, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, acute zonal occult outer retinopathy, panuveitis, multifocal choroiditis, toxoplasma retinochoroiditis, central serous retinopathy, branch/central retinal vein occlusion, paracentral acute middle maculopathy, arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, third nerve palsy, superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis, and Tolosa–Hunt syndrome, are reviewed and presented. Our knowledge regarding vaccination-related adverse events during the COVID-19 pandemic is growing. Ocular side effects are very rare overall and can often be treatable and preventable. Vaccinations remain strongly recommended by experts due to their efficacy in decreasing the disease burden. It is of note that establishing a casual relationship between vaccines and side effects is not possible yet and the possibility of coincidence should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaucoma may develop or worsen after ocular surface transplantation and often requires surgical management for adequate intraocular pressure control. Traditional glaucoma filtering procedures in patients with prior ocular surface transplant may be problematic for several reasons, which include mechanical disruption of the pre-existing graft, epithelial and stem cell toxicity induced by antifibrotic agents, and increased risk of future corneal transplantation failure. We describe the implantation of a glaucoma drainage implant via a limbal-based conjunctival incision with tube placement in the ciliary sulcus in three eyes of two patients with prior ocular surface transplantation. At a follow-up interval of 3-7 months, all three eyes have excellent postoperative control of intraocular pressure, stable vision, and healthy ocular surface grafts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of bevacizumab on cystoid macular edema in Behcet disease. Methods: Twelve eyes of 11 patients with Behcet disease underwent optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, and visual acuity measurement before and after the intravitreal injection of Avastin to evaluate its effect. Results: The visual acuity improved in 7 eyes. Foveal thickness and macular volume did not show statistically significant differences. Fluorescein angiography reduced in grading in 4 patients and was deteriorated in 2. Conclusions: The intravitreal injection of Avastin could be effective in the improvement of the vision in patients with uveitis secondary to Behcet disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a definitive therapy for a variety of disorders. One of the complications is acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), which has a high mortality rate. Patients can also develop chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), a more indolent yet afflicting condition that affects up to 70% of patients. Ocular involvement (oGVHD) is one of the most prevalent presentations of cGVHD and can manifest as dry eye disease, meibomian gland dysfunction, keratitis, and conjunctivitis. Early recognition of ocular involvement using regular clinical assessments as well as robust biomarkers can aid in better management and prevention. Currently, the therapeutic strategies for the management of cGVHD, and oGVHD in particular, have mainly focused on the control of symptoms. There is an unmet need for translating the preclinical and molecular understandings of oGVHD into clinical practice. Herein, we have comprehensively reviewed the pathophysiology, pathologic features, and clinical characteristics of oGVHD and summarized the therapeutic landscape available to combat it. We also discuss the direction of future research regarding a more directed delineation of pathophysiologic underpinnings of oGVHD and the development of preventive interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]