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The prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing recently. Allergy has various symptoms. Allergic eye diseases (seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, contact blepharoconjunctivitis) are common in atopic patients. Treatment options for allergic conjunctivitis include local and systemic antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, dual-action agents, vasoconstrictors and corticosteroids. Treatment seems easy, but inappropriate therapy - in extreme cases - can lead to vision loss. Corticosteroid eyedrops provide effective relief of symptoms, however, their use is limited due to their severe side effects. Both steroid-induced cataract and steroid-induced glaucoma are dangerous for vision. The characteristics, frequency and risks of these side effects have been studied widely in adults, but there are very few studies focused on children. According to the present studies, the side effects of topically administered corticosteroids appear more often in children than in adults. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(9): 329-337.Absztrakt: Napjainkban az allergiás megbetegedések száma folyamatosan emelkedik. Az atópiás betegeknél gyakran jelentkeznek szemet érintő allergiás megbetegedések (szezonális és perennialis allergiás kötőhártya-gyulladás, vernalis keratoconjunctivitis, atópiás keratoconjunctivitis, óriás papillás kötőhártya-gyulladás, kontaktblepharoconjunctivitis). Az allergiás szembetegségek kezelésében szemcsepp formájában használt gyógyszerek közé tartoznak az antihisztaminok, a hízósejtmembrán-stabilizálók, a kettős támadáspontú szerek, az érösszehúzók és a kortikoszteroidok. Egyes esetekben szisztémásan antihisztaminok is használhatók. A kezelés látszólag egyszerű, a helytelen terápia azonban – szélsőséges esetben – akár látásvesztéshez is vezethet. A szemtünetek enyhítésében a kortikoszteroidok kiváló gyógyszernek számítanak, de használatuk jelentős figyelmet igényel mind a kezelőorvos, mind a beteg részéről, hiszen súlyos mellékhatásaik vannak. Ezek közül a látást leginkább veszélyeztető elváltozások a szteroidindukált szürke hályog és a még súlyosabb szteroidindukált glaukóma. Felnőttek körében e két kórkép jellemzőit, előfordulási gyakoriságát és kockázati tényezőit részletesen tanulmányozták, ellenben gyermekek esetében igen kevés irodalmi adat áll rendelkezésünkre a szteroidszemcsepp mellékhatásaival kapcsolatosan. Az eddigi tanulmányok alapján gyermekeknél sokkal nagyobb arányban alakulnak ki mellékhatások a szteroidterápia mellett, mint felnőttek körében. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(9): 329–337.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of axial length (AL) on the thickness of intraretinal layers in the macula using optical coherence tomography (OCT) image analysis. Methods Fifty three randomly selected eyes of 53 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. The median age of the participants was 29 years (range: 6 to 67 years). AL was measured for each eye using a Lenstar LS 900 device. OCT imaging of the macula was also performed by Stratus OCT. OCTRIMA software was used to process the raw OCT scans and to determine the weighted mean thickness of 6 intraretinal layers and the total retina. Partial correlation test was performed to assess the correlation between the AL and the thickness values. Results Total retinal thickness showed moderate negative correlation with AL (r = -0.378, p = 0.0007), while no correlation was observed between the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCC), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and AL. Moderate negative correlation was observed also between the thickness of the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer complex (GCL+IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL) and AL which were more pronounced in the peripheral ring (r = -0.402, p = 0.004; r = -0.429, p = 0.002; r = -0.360, p = 0.01; r = -0.448, p = 0.001). Conclusions Our results have shown that the thickness of the nuclear layers and the total retina is correlated with AL. The reason underlying this could be the lateral stretching capability of these layers; however, further research is warranted to prove this theory. Our results suggest that the effect of AL on retinal layers should be taken into account in future studies.

Purpose Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a rare mitochondrial myopathy characterized by slowly progressive paralysis of the extraocular muscles with onset around the age of 20. Patients usually experience bilateral ptosis before developing symmetric, multidirectional external ophthalmoplegia. Methods 31-year-old woman with 10 year history of slowly progressive paralysis of the extraocular muscles was referred to our institute. Every action of extraocular muscles was reduced in both eyes. She could not adduct and elevate, there was only a slight abduction and depression function in both eyes. Patient had no ptosis or exophthalmus. BCVA was 20/20 in both eye. Slit lamp examination was normal. Dilated funduscopic examination revealed slight pigment disturbance in the periphery. Visual field and color vision tests were normal. Electroretinography showed lower borderline scotopic b-wave amplitudes. Laboratory tests showed increased lactic acid and creatine phosphokinase values. The results of liver and kidney function, autoimmun and serologic tests were normal. All thyroid function tests yielded negative results. Urinalysis, chest x-ray, heart ultrasound, brain and orbital magnetic resonance, nasal sinus CT scans were normal. Tensilon test excluded myasthenia gravis. Results We considered the case as CPEO clinically, mitochondrial DNA analysis is in process. Conclusion In CPEO, slowly progressive paralysis of the extraocular muscles may develop without ptosis. A careful differential diagnosis is very important.

PURPOSE. Macular anatomic abnormalities were examined by optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging in premature children and compared with those of full-term children. METHODS. In a prospective case-control study, premature patients 7 to 14 years of age were divided into three groups (group I, laser-treated retinopathy of prematurity [ROP]; group II, spontaneously regressed ROP; group III, no ROP), and age-matched children (group IV). All the eligible 74 eyes had normal-appearing posterior pole, myopia ≤3 D, and best corrected visual acuity 1.0. When both eyes of a subject were eligible for the study, one eye was randomly selected (10 eyes of 10 children in each group). Retinal thicknesses of the macula measured by OCT3 were compared. The correlation between central foveal thickness and prematurity (gestational age at birth ≤ 30 weeks; birth weight ≤ 1250 g) or ROP was determined. RESULTS. The mean foveal and central retinal thicknesses decreased significantly in group I (laser-treated ROP) and group IV (term birth). Significant differences in central retinal thickness were found between the premature groups and full-term children (Mann-Whitney U test). The cutoff point of central retinal thickness, determined by receiver operating characteristic curve was 209 μm. The general estimating equation model statistics found a significant effect of ROP severity (P = 0.003), P value for the category of prematurity was 0.063. CONCLUSIONS. The central retinal thickness was significantly higher in the preterm groups than in the full-term group. This subtle macular modification may be related mainly to ROP. Prematurity had only a marginally significant role.