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The paper contains a deep analysis of exports of Belarus and defines the proposals for its development. Economic comparisons and systematisation, which is based on the official statistical data for 2012–2018, are used in the study. It is concluded that Belarus exports have a poor diversification; export development is largely determined by Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) integrating processes; export support of innovative goods and evolution of a single service market through the enhanced cooperation are possible. A generalised model for the export development of innovative goods and services of the EAEU member states on a cooperative basis is proposed.

This study replicates Ahn, Khandelwal, and Wei’s (2011) model of intermediary trade. The study produces two main results. First, the authors are able to reproduce empirical evidence for AKW’s three main predictions for Chinese exports. This is impressive because much of the data for their replication are independently sourced. However, when the authors subject their model to additional tests, they find that the evidence is not robust. Using more recently available data to test AKW′s first prediction, the authors estimate coefficients that are wrong-signed and significant. When they re-analyze the evidence supporting the second and third predictions, they find that the full sample results mask significant heterogeneity across Chinese regions. In many cases, key coefficients are insignificant. In a few cases, they are wrong-signed and significant. Finally, using multiple versions of a key variable measuring the number of required import documents by country, the authors discover that the results are not robust across versions.

This paper, using a rich dataset on Turkish firms for the 2005–2014 period, analyzes the relationship between firm-product sales in different markets to identify the channels that link exports and domestic sales. First, I use an instrumental variables strategy and establish that an exogenous 10% rise in exports increases a firm's domestic sales by 2.6% on average. Second, I do an analogous exercise at the firm-product level, and find coefficients that are almost twice as large, hinting to the importance of product-specific scale effects. Moreover, I propose a novel approach to isolate the production versus non-production factors that influence firm dynamics by focusing on non-produced (or carry-along trade, CAT) exports. I find that CAT exports also affect domestic sales positively, suggesting that spillovers at the firm level such as the easing of liquidity constraints play a role. In the process, I reveal that export demand shocks influence firms' expansion in terms of employment, wages, and investment. Finally, my quantification exercise indicates that export demand shocks explain about 1.4% of the annual variation in Turkish domestic sales on average. This figure, which shows heterogeneities at the sector level, rises to 4.6% during the Great Recession in 2009, when demand in Turkey's key export partners collapsed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is often suspected of taking over the extraordinary trade relationships that former colonies had within colonial empires. Besides preferential bilateral relationships built after independence, the two other potential determinants of the increase in trade with China are the improvement in China's export capacity and the natural redirection caused by independence. We investigate and quantify the three reasons that explain the level of former colonies' trade flows with China. Using structural gravity equations, we show that methodological issues can be largely responsible for displaying and estimating abnormally high trade levels between former colonies and China. Increased trade between these pairs of countries is the result of unilateral factors rather than more intense bilateral preferences. We then measure the reorientation of trade flows from former colonies' metropoles towards China and show that independence has produced the expected redistribution: trade flows with China would be 15 % lower, had former colonies not become independent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine export pricing by Indian manufacturing firms in the early 2000s using a unique data set that matches firm characteristics with product and destination‐level trade data. We find that, in contrast to China and other countries, firm productivity is negatively associated with export prices, and export prices are negatively associated with distance while positively associated with remoteness. Our conjecture is that Indian innovation costs, which are higher than China's, drive down the scope for quality differentiation causing a negative association between productivity and prices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical evidence consistent with heterogenous goods and short quality ladders, a theoretical possibility noted in the study by Antoniades (2012), an outcome that arises here because of domestic Indian economic and regulatory features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically examines the impact of the financial dependence, specifically during the 2007-2009 financial crisis, on the UK exports using monthly data over the period January 2002 to September 2011. We find that the UK exports are highly sensitive to the fluctuation in the cost of capital. The UK tends to export relatively less in the sectors which depend more on external finance than the sectors which are relatively less dependent on external finance. We find that these effects became stronger during the 2007-2009 financial crisis. We also find that adverse credit conditions affect both the supply and demand sides of exports and play a significant role in determining the supply and demand for UK exports. We find that along with the financial conditions in the trading partners, the volume of GDP and capital labor ratio of the importing countries are the main factors in determining the demand for UK exports, whereas, the supply of UK exports is driven by financial conditions, GDP, and the capital-labor ratio of the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses transaction-level trade data to analyze the differences in export prices across and within Spanish firms exporting manufactures in the 2010-2014 period. The transactional nature of the database uncovers sizable differences in the price that an exporter charges for the same product and destination. These differences are related with the number of goods covered within each product category, the exported quantity per transaction and the number of transactions carried out by firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses how the reconfiguration of power relationships in high-value fresh fruit value chains impacts on upgrading for export performance. The citrus industry in South Africa stands out internationally for its strong export growth and productive capabilities in which collective action by the Citrus Growers Association has played an important role. South Africa is the second largest citrus exporter in the world, after Spain. The industry’s export success has been built on investments and coordination to support shared capabilities and upgrading. The performance relates to improvements from inputs, through to growing, packing and marketing. We find that the upgrading is associated with the relatively powerful position of citrus growers, due to the way they organised themselves through the industry association and their engagement with the state. This has simultaneously supported value creation and inclusion. Through the case study of South Africa’s citrus industry, we demonstrate the potential for growers to organise themselves to reconfigure power relations in the value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the extent to which export diversification is related to the regionalization of trade by examining the destination pattern of newly exported goods. Using a panel database of bilateral trade between 116 countries of 1090 HS4 manufacturing goods over the period 2000–2010, I first show that for almost all countries in the sample, the average destination of goods not exported before 2000 and newly exported over the 2000–2010 period is more “accessible” in terms of distance, language or tariffs preferences compared to the average destination of traditionally exported goods. I find that this pattern of destinations is weakly dependent on the “age” of the exported goods but rather is explained by the fact that these newly exported goods have emerged in industries where the country has high production and export costs. It follows that export diversification is accompanied by trade regionalization, at least in the medium term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper re-examines the relationship between exports and economic growth in OECD countries. We apply the multi-horizon causality method developed by Dufour et al. (J Econ 132(2):337-362, 2006) for the first time, taking into account the possibility of infrequent structural trend breaks. Econometric techniques that avoid the circular problem when testing for segmented trends and unit roots have been employed along with a hybrid estimator of break location. The empirical evidence indicates that there is a unidirectional causal relationship from exports to economic growth for Finland, Germany, and the United States in the short run horizon, and directly in the cases of Austria and Ireland. We verify a direct causal relation from economic growth to real exports in France, Luxembourg and Portugal in various continuous horizons. Bidirectional causal relations between exports and economic growth were detected in Greece and Norway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data for all exporters, we show that it is a small group of firms that dominate exports in Spain. For example, in 2015 the top 200 firms were responsible for half of Spanish exports. This concentration has not changed substantially over the 1997-2015 period. The dominance of a few firms, a phenomenon denoted as granularity, also defines the specialization of Spanish exports. If top exporters disappeared, Spain would lose its revealed comparative advantage in 60% of industries, which account for 45% of all Spanish exports. Finally, granularity explains around one-third of the growth in Spanish exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies on export diversification show that sub-Saharan African countries are at the lowest end in export diversification in the world. Recent literature also indicates the importance of export sophistication on economic development. This raises an important question whether export sophistication contributes to the income improvement in sub-Saharan African. The paper examines the causal effect of export sophistication on income in sub-Saharan Africa with panel data. By employing instrumental variables techniques and heteroskedasticity identification strategy that correct for endogeneity bias, the findings show that within-country variations in export sophistication lead to income growth. That is, a 1 % point increase in the export sophistication index is associated with an increase in GDP per capita of approximately 0.08 % points in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an increasingly globalised world, exporting plays a central role for economic growth and poverty reduction, particularly in small open economies. In this study, we test the hypothesis that a rise in investment favours entry into export markets and increases exports among firms that are already exporting. We address causal links through impact evaluation techniques for observational data. We examine the binary case and also continuous analysis of investment as treatment. We analyse a panel of Uruguayan manufacturing firms in the period 1997-2008, and we find evidence that investments 'cause' exports and export orientation, and this provides a rationale for carefully designing investment promotion policies rather than focusing on other export support policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses how the competition between China and the EU in export markets has affected the trade performance of European countries. It first draws on a comparison between Germany and France before turning to discuss the economic and social impact of China's internationalization on Europe's economies. The results suggest that even in the recent years when China has gained prominence, it should not be blamed for more than half of the measured effects for emerging countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article studies the empirical relationship between interest rates and exports under imperfect credit markets. Our findings show that a well-developed credit market with ample credits has a positive effect on exports and interest rates exert a negative effect on exports. In particular, we find that in a well-developed credit market with ample credits, interest rates have a stronger negative effect on the exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Asia is known for its high intra-regional trade of intermediate goods and for its high inter-regional export of final goods in the manufacturing sector. The present study analyzes how this pattern changed between 1995 and 2009, by focusing on the ratio of value added through export of the intermediate goods with respect to value added induced by total exports ( VSI) and the ratio of domestic value added due to final demand of the trading partner relative to total exports to that region ( VAX). Using our new index of vertical specialization, VSI, we examine the extent to which the rise of the Chinese economy has changed East Asia's role in the global value chain. Our analysis shows that an increasing visibility of China in the global production network has been accompanied by a higher share of intermediate exports, even though China's VSI ratio is still lower than that of Japan or Korea. Meanwhile, the VAX ratio has fallen for all three countries in pairwise trade with one another, much faster than in inter-regional trade with other regions. Vertical specialization has progressed in the major exporting industries in China, Japan and Korea. This seems to reflect the strengthening ability of East Asia to create value added, in contrast to advanced countries in Europe and North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication is a real barrier to organizing international production as it hinders knowledge transmission. This paper provides evidence to suggest that a way in which multinational firms economize on costly information transfers is by using skilled foreign workers, since local talent can substitute for knowledge inputs from the headquarters. Combining U.S. data on headquarter service exports with information on communication costs and skill endowments by country, I find that while communication costs decrease the export of headquarter services to foreign affiliates, the effect becomes weaker in the average educational attainment of foreign workers. The sensitivity of headquarter service exports to communication barriers at low levels of skill endowment has important implications for the geography of multinational production, as well as for policies aimed at improving communication infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the key issues surrounding foreign direct investment (FDI) in agriculture, and examine the potential impacts of FDI in African agriculture. Design/methodology/approach – The dynamic Global Trade Analysis Project model (GDyn) is used to analyse the potential impacts of improvements in land productivity and FDI in Africa. Findings – The results illustrate that combined efforts to improve land productivity and growth in FDI could potentially increase Africa’s share in global agricultural output and exports, particularly with respect to oil seeds, sugar, and cotton. Originality/value – The authors employ a global economy-wide modelling framework to simulate the effects of growth in FDI in African agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to carry out the assessment of the industrial competitiveness of the Baltic States in the EU during the period of economic recession. Revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and Symmetric index (SI) index values revealed that after the period of economic recession, the growth of the industrial competitiveness of the Baltic States, considering it from export positions, is slower in comparison with GDP changes. Latvia has taken strong competitive positions in the industry of raw materials; Estonia also has medium comparative advantage in the industry of raw materials, while Lithuania has the comparative advantage in the industries of mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials. Export competitiveness index (XCI) results showed that all three Baltic States had growing competitive advantage in the industries of food, drinks and tobacco during both the period of economic recession and the period of economic revival. In the period of economic revival Estonia showed the growth potential in the industries of chemicals and related products, while Lithuania – in the industry of raw materials and related products. The identification of competitive industries during the periods of economic recession and revival can provide the governments of the Baltic States with the target data not only for supporting export companies, but also for taking the best decisions to improve the business environment in the industries that have the competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Despite a well-established literature examining possible impacts on competition in oligopolistic markets from multimarket contact (MMC) among diversified firms, only recently have trade theorists considered the possible effects of MMC among exporters in limiting the anticipated procompetitive role of imports. This article presents a first effort to test the empirical importance of a measure of this MMC, called 'exports-at-risk,' on import prices (unit-values). Suggestive evidence of anticompetitive impacts of MMC among exporters is obtained for highly traded four-digit harmonized system (HS) products within the broad category of 'fats and oils.' Exporters in fats and oils seem to price higher in markets where they meet rivals with the ability to retaliate against their 'exports at risk.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analysis of the factors explaining the export performance of firms in the defence sector. We focus on the case of Norway, and make use of two complementary methodologies: the first is based on econometric firm-level data analysis for the whole population of defence companies, and the second is based on qualitative case study research on the three most important defence export products (weapon stations, ammunition and electronics). Our empirical results highlight the importance of four major success factors for exporting firms: (1) the participation in offset agreements; (2) the ability to focus on their set of core competencies; (3) their R&D activities and interactions with the public S&T system; and (4) demand opportunities and, relatedly, user-producer interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an agent-based simulation model of the European defence industry. The model resembles some of the key characteristics of the defence sector, and studies how firms in this market will respond to the challenges and opportunities provided by a higher degree of openness and liberalization in the future. The simulation analysis points out that European defence firms will progressively become more efficient, less dependent on public procurement and innovation policy support, and more prone to knowledge sharing and inter-firm collaborations. This firm-level dynamics will in the long-run lead to an increase in the industry's export propensity and a less concentrated export market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines region-industry spillover effects on the decision to export using a panel of Korean manufacturing plants over the period 1988–1999. We find that the presence of spillovers from other exporters has a statistically significant positive effect on the decision to export, after controlling for sunk costs to enter new markets, plant characteristics, and other factors that are commonly considered to affect the firm's decision to export goods. The result showing a significant and positive spillover effect on the decision to export is consistent with the studies on firms in developing countries but contrasts with the study on firms in the United States. Thus, we suggest the establishment of export promotion policy based on capturing the important spillover effects caused by proximity and resource reallocation in developing countries. This policy should differ from that in developed countries based on the characteristics of individual firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using panel data for 48 heterogeneous countries for the period 2000–2010, we explore the impact of a wide set of determinants along with the technological infrastructures on goods and services exports in gravity models. We find that along with the usual basic factors such as incomes, distance, exchange rate depreciation, exchange rate regimes, common language, contiguity, free trade areas, colonial links, the technological infrastructures and complementarity between services and goods exports are quite crucial determinants for both types of exports. Among the technological infrastructures, internet use plays a significant role in promoting service exports rather than promoting goods exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raising the productivity content of exports is an important issue for developing and emerging countries. What role do foreign firms play in this process? This question has not been adequately studied. We contribute to the literature by generalizing the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the host country’s export productivity level. Using panel data, we present new empirical evidence suggesting that FDI boosts the overall productivity level of the developing and emerging countries’ exports. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We exploit information on the geographic, product and trader characteristics of China's 1997-2009 exports to examine how the evolving city-industry presence of multinational firms influenced the quality, frequency and survival of new export transactions by private Chinese firms. Our results show that own-industry multinational firm contact was associated with more frequent, higher-valued, and longer-lasting new trade transactions. These effects appear to arise from beneficial multinational spillovers, rather than selection effects due to increased multinational competition, as increases in own-industry or other multinational presence were also associated with an increase in the number of trade transactions introduced by private Chinese firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyses whether the productivity gains associated with Learning-by-Exporting (LBE) (controlling for self-selection) depend on the intensity of the firm's exporting activity. The results from a representative sample of Spanish manufacturing firms indicate that the yearly average gains in productivity are larger for those firms that increase their export-to-sales ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the joint destination and product strategies of exporters, using the universe of export transactions for firms located in Portugal in the period 1995-2005. The article breaks down the annual growth rate of total exports along different margins and details choices made by multi-product, multi-destination firms regarding their export portfolio. In addition, the article looks at similar features for the subsample of new exporters. We find that both the firm-level extensive and intensive margins are important in driving the year-to-year variation in aggregate exports. However, variation over time in the sales of continuing exporters is mainly driven by their sales in continuing destinations. In addition, a product's export tenure within a firm varies largely across currently exported products in the context of an intense activity of product and destination switching. Moreover, the higher the importance of a product, the more its sales are concentrated in the firm's top destination. Finally, the article finds that, while continuing exporters enter new markets mainly by selling old products, new exporters access new destinations mainly by exporting new products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of new product varieties and improvements in the quality of goods have both played key roles in the rapid growth of China's exports. However, these two important elements have not been formally integrated into the demand equations for China's exports. As we demonstrate in this paper, income elasticity will be underestimated if new varieties of goods and quality improvements are omitted in price index and quantity index calculations, which are necessary for estimating the export demand function. Moreover, the faster new product varieties enter export markets, the greater the underestimation will be. In this paper, we develop an export demand equation that takes into account new product varieties and improvements in quality, and then calculate the demand function for China's exports using the data from 1992 to 2006. According to our estimation, the short-term income elasticity of demand for China's exports is approximately 2.34, and the short-term price elasticity is approximately -0.65. Our estimation predicts an increase in China's export value in the case of an RMB appreciation or export rebate rates reduction in the short term, due to the low price elasticity of China's exports, whose absolute value is less than 1. Our findings are novel and could have significant policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase coffee export revenues during the International Coffee Agreement, Brazil provided selected purchasers with export rebates that could be used to pay for future coffee purchases. This subsidy mutated and grew over time, encouraged by rent seeking. The subsidy had huge cost to the Brazilian Treasury, $9.8 billion in constant 1982 US dollars, or about 13% of coffee export revenues. As exports were usually quota-constrained, the subsidy increased Brazil's international coffee price, particularly during 1980-1986, absolutely and relative to its competitors' prices. The unexpected variation in Brazil's price also caused the New York Coffee, Sugar, and Cocoa Exchange to terminate trading in Brazilian coffee futures, making it more costly to hedge Brazilian coffee until today. The econometric evidence is mixed, but it seems likely the subsidy reduced Brazil's net economic welfare and redistributed income from the Treasury to foreign roasters, domestic exporters, and government bureaucrats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using bilateral trade flow models, a body of empirical work has documented how geography and infrastructure variables affect trade performance. However, in this paper, we apply censored regression models like the Tobit and Probit on firm-level manufacturing data from 10 African countries, and results suggest that inadequate infrastructure in the form of customs, transport, electricity and water negatively affects export intensity and participation. Owning a generator and private water source also appear to have a significant impact on exports. This, therefore, means that firms can minimise the impact of power and water disruption on production, and hence trade by installing these alternative energy and water sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the creation of a new dataset on sectoral-level import and export elasticities in the U.S. between the years 1978 and 2001. It proposes the use of panel data techniques as a means of generating import price indexes, and then using them to measure trade elasticities while instrumenting for the endogeneous variables. In particular, it provides a dataset listing trade elasticities for a broad range of sectors at the North American Industry Classification System 4-digit, and 6-digit and the Harmonized Tariff System 6-digit, and 10-digit levels of industry aggregation. These results are compared to previous estimates in the literature. The resulting estimates can be used in a wide-range of applications in empirical studies of international trade policy, particularly in analyzing the welfare effects of international trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reconsiders one of the fundamental results in trade theory: the law of comparative advantage from an empirical point of view. The contribution of this paper is to conduct a test of the law of comparative advantage that is consistent with both balanced and unbalanced trade. To do so, this paper utilizes not only net exports valued at autarky prices but also those valued at free trade prices. The results support the empirical validity of the law of comparative advantage even after trade imbalances are taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some economists use an export tax, which alters the domestic relative price of exports, to model a voluntary export restraint, which is a restriction on the quantity of exports with restriction-induced rents accruing to the exporting country. Implicit in this approach is the presumption that the two policies are equivalent. In a very general model that allows for a finite number of goods and factors and intermediated goods and joint production, we demonstrate that, in general, this is, in fact, not the case. Specifically, from the exporting country's perspective, the real income effects of the two policies are nonequivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the patterns of export productivity and trade specialization profiles in Brazil, China, India and South Africa, and in other economic groupings and regions. Various measures of trade specialization and a time varying export productivity indicator are estimated using highly disaggregated export data. The findings reveal that there are important differences in the export productivity and specialisation patterns across countries and regions. Export productivity—and export sophistication—are in line to that of wealthier and more advance economies. The results further confirm the importance of not just the volume of exports, but the type of specialisation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pressing challenge for China is determining where to accommodate millions of migrant workers displaced by the closing of many export-oriented factories. The current global financial crisis has exposed the fragility of the export-led growth strategy China has adopted over the past 30 years. Is there a better alternative for providing non-agricultural jobs than the sweatshops of cheap export production? In the present paper, international experience is reviewed to shed light on China's situation. Using pooled regression models, we analyze data from the World Bank for 209 economies. We investigate the experience of other economies to answer the following questions: What is the common process of expanding the non-agricultural economy? How is that process affected by the level of the real exchange rate? Is export production a common way of absorbing surplus rural labor? Finally, what are the ways that domestic demand and service employment can be expanded? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the impact of trade integration on plant TFP using Chilean plant-level data (1982–1999) and 3-digit bilateral trade flows. Our contribution is to disentangle the impact of export and import barriers, estimated as border effects within a multilateral context. A fall in export barriers is positively correlated with plant productivity in traded sectors. The reduction of import barriers, however, can only be associated to productivity improvements in export-oriented sectors. In import-competing sectors a robust positive correlation shows up between plant productivity and protection. We then test several channels linking trade integration and firm productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To evaluate the effect of the dismantling of the Multi-Fiber Arrangements on the Tunisian exporting textile and clothing sector, we divided the suppliers of the EU into three groups: local suppliers, constrained by the contingent, and non-constrained, among them figure Tunisia. In the same way, we used Armington’s technique, which consists in differentiating the products by country of origin. The results showed that with the abolition of the quotas, the second group succeeded in increasing its exported quantity by 50%, and attended an increase in value of 30% for its sales. On the contrary, the third group saw its exported quantities decreasing by 30%, and the value of its sales outside, by 16%. Tunisia belonging to the third group would see its share of market, which was ensured by the quotas decreasing appreciably. It would lose 16% of its exports in value, and 30% in quantity. The implications of the results for the Tunisian textile and clothing sector strategies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]