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This document, prepared in the frame of WP6, provides the second Fact Sheet of the DESCRAMBLE project, organized following the format of the first Fact Sheet delivered on October 2016. The Fact Sheet summarizes the main technical details of the projects and its results., H2020

This report describes the Final Conference of the DESCRAMBLE project and organize its Proceedings, as activity of WP6, H2020

Very high-temperature reservoirs are a possible target for future geothermal exploration eitherthrough the direct exploitation of super-critical fluids or as a potential high-temperature reservoir forEnhanced Geothermal Systems. By exploiting subsurface fluids at super-critical conditions, i.e.high temperature (>375 °C) and high pressure (>22 MPa), the energy output per well will increaseby a factor of ~10. This will reduce development costs by decreasing the number of wells needed(IEA Technology Roadmap 2011). In order to contribute to the EU strategic energy and climate targets for 2020 and 2050 by fosteringincreased growth in the geothermal energy market through enhanced awareness of the potential ofgeothermal energy production, a database of potential supercritical resources has been launchedby the IMAGE project. Superhot and supercritical resources are expected in the surrounding of still hot magmaticintrusions in the crust. A large part of the IMAGE activity focused on understanding what are thefavorable conditions at a few km depth for shallow magmatic emplacement, beside improvingexploration and investigation techniques for their detection and the related hot water circulation. Ina typical crust with an average thermal gradient of the order of 30-35 °C/km the critical temperatureof a brine (temperature above 450 °C) is reached at depth greater than 12-15 km. However, inmany sites around the world (e.g. Larderello and Phlegraean Fields in Italy, Nesjavellir in Iceland, The Geysers in California) where exploratory boreholes were drilled in high-temperaturegeothermal system (T > 370 °C), reservoir pressures above supercritical conditions (>22.1 MPa)were encountered. These evidences confirm that geothermal reservoirs in supercritical conditions,both in temperature and pressure, exist in the vicinity of cooling magmatic intrusions. Volcanic rifts,extensional basins and/or subduction zones with related shallow crustal magma emplacements,are the more promising environments in which supercritical conditions may be found in the upperto middle crust levels, The compilation of a European database of the favourable indicators of the presence ofsupercritical geothermal resources has been a main task in the IMAGE project. The objective is todefine areas in Europe where supercritical fluids occur at a drillable depth with a manageablechemistry composition can be found. Where do we find fluids at 4-5 km depth with a temperatureexceeding 400 °C? In various regions in Europe, including Iceland, Italy, Azores, Montserrat,Canary Island. What characterizes these areas? Can we find other areas with similar features atgreater depth? We focus on Iceland, where these resources have been searched and studied inthe last decade. We used the experience of research in Larderello, described in detail in otherIMAGE deliverables (e.g. D5.01), to look for indicators applicable over broad areas, in search ofpotential supercritical resources in continental Europe. Since temperature is the key parametercontrolling the presence of supercritical reservoirs at (relatively) shallow depth, mapping ofsupercritical resources was mainly driven by thermal models derived from crustal and lithosphericconstraints and data interpolation from available deep wells. Other information providing indirectindication of crustal thinning and shallow magmatic emplacement have been searched andanalyzed. In particular, we mapped the following indicators: the depth of 400 °C isotherm; theMOHO depth and crustal thickness; the earthquake density combined with the estimated depth ofthe Brittle-Ductile Transition in Europe. Other interesting indicators, e.g. He3/He4 ratio values fromwhich fluids of crustal origin may be inferred, or Curie Point depth that refers to deep temperatureregime, are available only for local areas, and are too restricted to be of use at regional andEuropean scale. The location of recent (Pleistocene-Holocene) volcanism, also dispersed, wasmapped since it provides useful information, but was not used in the computation of final maps. After defining the indicators, their spatial correlation was established by Geographic InformationSystem (GIS) models, and a database was organized. By prioritizing favourable conditions usingGIS spatial analysis methods, the “favourability” map of geothermal resources at supercriticalcondition was then obtained. It provides a clear overview of the distribution of potential resourcesin Europe, based on analytical data.

This report describes MT-inversion techniques with external constraints, Deliverable D5.6 within the IMAGE project. Report analysing the results of MT-inversion techniques with external contraints, describing optimal MT layout and data modelling for obtaining maximum information from MT surveys, including recommendations for opitmised MT site spacing for different a-priori constraints. The first part of the report, which was performed by ISOR, discusses the origin and nature of the static shifts and some tested methods for static shift correction, i.e. joint 1D inversion of co-located TEM and MT and spatial filtering and statistical assumptions about the shifts. A software is introduced which inverts the two datasets for both the resistivity model and the shift of the MT. Besides determining the static shift, joint inversion is an important quality check of the TEM and MT data sets, i.e. weather they are compatible. In EM surveying, software should be used make a preliminary joint inversion of TEM and MT at base camp as a quality control to make sure the field mission is not terminated until god quality data have been collected. Finally, the claim that 3D inversion of MT can deal with the static shifts, i.e. introduce shallow resistivity structures (not resolved by the data) to account for the shifts is tested. The second part was done by ISOR. On one hand the depth-location of a low-resistivity anomaly, as observed from borehole data, is build into the starting model, giving the program a headstart into gaining information on the resistivity in the survey area and on the other hand information on the ductile-brittle bounday location is used to infer the location of a deep low-resistivity anomaly, which is put into the starting model of the inversion. Several tests have been done on the site spacing in MT for 3D inversion.n This was done for MT data from the Hengill area in SW-Iceland, starting with a measurment and model grid of 1 km by 1 km (see, Árnason et al., 2010). Later a measurement and model grid seize of 500 m by 500 m was tested which improved the resolution significantly for the uppermost 1 to 2 km (Árnason, pers. comm., June 2017). Finally, a measure-ment and model grid seize 250 m by 250 m was tested (Benediktsdóttir, pers. comm., June 2017). It only improved the resolution moderately. In the third part performed by CNR, an integrated approach is proposed that greatly improved the knowledge on the deep structures of the system on the basis of the critical review of deep well data, geological and geophysical data and the analysis of new and previously acquired MT data in the Larderello-Travale field. Resistivity models by 2D deterministic inversion was achieved, focusing on the understanding of the reliability of the a-priori model for the inversion procedure. Three sets of starting models were implemented and tested: A homogeneous (without external constraints), a geological model (from the integrated model) and finally an interpolation of 1D models. The resulting models constrained with detailed and accurate geological information as well as using 1D models showed higher resolution than those unconstrained (i.e. from homogeneous half-space). It is demonstrated how the a-priori information from the analysis of MT data, i.e. by PSO optimization in this case, greatly improved the inversion results even those geologically constrained, which is not a trivial issue for the exploration of geothermal greenfield, due to lack of underground data., FP7

This report includes the description of the GEMex Open Access Database implementation and the collection of data. Geothermal data, in the form of maps, datasets and models will be organized and stored in an Open Access Database and will be made available in a Spatial Data Infrastructure according to international standards and protocols. Part of this report is in the form of a handbook to help user to access the available information. The database is available by a dedicated link in the project website and will be updated by the end of the project., H2020, {"references":["GeoNode web site – http://geonode.org","GeoNode documentation: http://docs.geonode.org","GeoNode Development Team – GeoNode Documentation, Release 2.4. – 2015. Available on line at the URL: https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/GeoNode/latest/GeoNode.pdf","OGC Services - OGC Services – http://www.opengeospatial.org/","Open Geospatial Consortium – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Geospatial_Consortium"]}

Collection of abstracts from the Mid-Term Conference of theIMAGE project, 12-13 October 2015. Project Coordinator: Jan Hopman, TNO, Utrecht, NL Scientific Committee: David Bruhn, Helmholtz Centre, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, D. Chrystel Dezayes, BRGM, Department of Geothermal Energy, Georessources Division, Orléans, F. Ólafur G. Flóvenz, ÍSOR, Iceland GeoSurvey, Reykjavík, IS. Gu.mundur Ómar Fri.leifsson, HS Orka hf, Reykjanesbær, IS. Domenico Liotta, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università di Bari, I. Adele Manzella, CNR-Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Pisa, I. Gylfi Páll Hersir, ÍSOR, Iceland GeoSurvey, Reykjavík, IS. Giovanni Ruggieri, CNR-Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Firenze, I. Jan Diederik van Wees, TNO, Utrecht, NL. Editors: ADELE MANZELLA and ISABELLA NARDINI* CNR-Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Via Moruzzi 1 – 56124 Pisa, Italy. EDIZIONI CNR ISBN 9788879580267 *contact person: isabella.nardini@igg.cnr.it Edizioni CNR ISBN 9788879580267

This report shows barriers and opportunities for geothermal development in countries, participating in ERANET Geothermal energy. These barriers and opportunities have been identified by the participants of ERANET Geothermal energy. They will be an important input in setting up a programme of international collaboration., FP7

Geothermal power generation has its roots in Europe, where the first test in 1904 and the real beginning of power generation in 1913 took place, both at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy. Since then, the development of geothermal technology has been continuous and the total installed capacity in Europe currently amounts to 1.8 GWe, generating approximately 11.5 TWh of electric power every year. For a decade, thanks to the optimisation of the new binary system technology, geothermal electricity can be produced using lower temperatures than previously. Moreover, with Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), a breakthrough technology proven since 2007, geothermal power can in theory be produced anywhere in Europe. The main benefits of geothermal power plants are provision of base-load and flexible renewable energy, diversification of the energy mix, and protection against volatile and rising electricity prices. Using geothermal resources can provide economic development opportunities for countries in the form of taxes, royalties, technology export and jobs. The potential of geothermal energy is recognised by some EU Member States in their National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs). However, the actual potential is significantly larger. In order to increase awareness, GEOELEC - an IEE project co-financed by the EU and running between 2010 and 2013- has assessed and presented for the first time the economic potential in Europe in 2020, 2030 and 2050. The figures are quite impressive, showing the large potential of geothermal and the important role it can play in the future electricity mix., GEOELEC - IEE, {"references":["EGEC Market Report 2013/2014","EGEC Market Report 2012","AGEA-AGEG, 2008. Australian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Reserves, The Geothermal Reporting Code, 2008 Edition, 26 p.","AGEA-AGEG, 2010. Australian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Reserves, The Geothermal Reporting Code, Second Edition, 28 p.","CanGEA, 2010. The Canadian Geothermal Code for Public Reporting, Reporting of Exploration Results, Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Reserves, 2010 Edition, 32 p.","IPCC, 2011. IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation – Geothermal Energy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Working Group III – Mitigation of Climate Change, 50 p.","Beardsmore, G.R., Rybach, L., Blackwell, D., and Baron, C., 2010. A protocol for estimating and mapping the global EGS potential, July 2010 edition, 11 p.","Cloetingh, S., v. Wees, J.D., Ziegler, P.A., Lenkey, L., Beekman, F., Tesauro, M., Förster, A., Norden, B., Kaban, M., Hardebol, N., Bonté, D., Genter, A., Guillou-Frottier, L. Voorde, M.T., Sokoutis,, D. Willingshofer, E., Cornu, T., and Worum, G., 2010. Lithosphere tectonics andthermo-mechanical properties: An integrated modelling approach for Enhanced GeothermalSystems exploration in Europe. Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 102, p. 159-206.","Davies, J.H. and Davies, D.R., 2010. Earth's surface heat fl ux. Solid Earth, 1, 5–24.","Etherington, J.R., and Ritter, J.E., 2007. The 2007 SPE/AAPG/WPC/SPEE Reserves and Resources Classifi cation, Defi nitions, and Guidelines: Defi ning the Standard!, 2007 SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium, Dallas, Texas, USA, 1-3 April 2007. SPE 107693, 9 p.","Hurtig, E., Cermak, V., Haenel, R., and Zui, V.(eds.), 1992. Geothermal Atlas of Europe, International Association for Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior, International Heat Flow Commission, Central Institute for Physics of the Earth, Scale 1:2,500,000.","Williams, C.F., Reed, M.J., and Mariner, R.H., 2008. A Review of Methods Applied by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Assesment of Identifi ed Geothermal Resources, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2008-1296, p.27","Williams, A.F., Lawless, J.V., Ward, M.A., Holgate, F.L., and Larking, A., 2010. A code for geothermal resources and reserves reporting, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010, 7 p.","World Petroleum Council. Petroleum Resources Managment System, SPE-AAPG-WPCSPEE, p.47","Emerging fi nancing scheme for fostering investment in the geothermal energy sector, GEOFAR project, 2011, report coordinated by Erlagen AG.","European Insurance Scheme to cover Geological Risk related to Geothermal Operations, Final Report, June 1997, report coordinated by the BRGM for the European Commission.","Handbook on planning and fi nancing geothermal power generation, Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme, The Investment Bank for Reconstruction, April 2012.","European Geothermal Energy Council, 2009. Geothermal electricity and combined heat and power.","UNEP, 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication.","Dr.T.Reif, GHC Bulletin, 2008. Probability analysis and risk management for geothermal projects,","H.Kreuter and C.Hecht, proceedings European Geothermal Congress 2007, Unterhaching, Germany, 30 May-1 June 2007. Probability concepts for the evaluation of the risk concerning temperature and the production and injection rate in hydrothermal reservoirs.","R.Schulz et al., Proceedings European Geothermal Congress, >Unterhaching, Germany, 30 May-1 June 2007. Quantifi cation of exploration risks for hydrogeothermal wells.","S.K.Sanyal and J.B. Koenig, World Geothermal Congress, Florence, Italy, May 1995. Resource risk and its mitigation for the fi nancing of geothermal projects.","H.Kreuter and C.Schrage, GeoFund-IGA Geothermal Workshop, Turkey, Istanbul, February 16- 19, 2009. Geothermal market-based insurance schemes.","B.Richter, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, Indonesia, Bali, 25-29 April 2010. Geothermal Energy Plant Unterhaching, Germany.","H.Kreuster and C.Schrage, GRC Transactions, Vol.33, 2009. Private and State Risk Mitigation Programs for Geothermal Exploration Risk.","Economist Intelligence Unit, 2011. Managing the risk in renewable energy.","European Union, Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (Text with EEA relevance).","European Union, Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the fi eld of water policy.","European Union, Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (Text with EEA relevance).","Ármannsson, H., Fridriksson, Th., Kristjánsson, B.R., 2005: CO2 emissions from geothermal power plants and natural geothermal activity in Iceland.","Bertani, R., and Thain, I., 2002. Geothermal power generating plant CO2 emission survey, IGA News, 49, 1-3.","Cataldi, Raffaele, 2001. Social acceptance of geothermal projects - problems and costs. EC International Geothermal course.","Hauff , Jochen, Conrad Heider, Hanjo Arms, Jochen Gerber, and Martin Schilling, 2011. Gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz als Säule der energiepolitischen Zielsetzung.","Haug, Stefan, and René Mono, 2012. Akzeptanz für Erneurbare Energien - Akzeptanz planen, Beteiligung gestalten, Legeitimität gewinnen. guidelines, Berlin: 100 prozent erneuerbare stiftung.","Holm, A., Jennejohn, D., Blodgett, L., GEA (2012). Geothermal Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Geothermal Energy Association, Report November 2012","Goldstein, B., Hiriart, G., Bertani, R., Bromley, C., Gutierrez-Negrin, L., Huenges, E., Muraoka, H., Ragnarsson, A., Tester, J., Zui, V. (2011). Geothermal Energy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.","Nolasco, L. A. F. (2010). Hydrogen sulphide abatement during discharge of geothermal steam from well pads: a case study of well PAD TR-18, El Salvador. Reports 2010, 13, Geothermal Training Programme, Iceland.","Pellizzone, Allansdottir, De Franco, Muttoni, and Manzella, 2013. Assessment of social acceptance of geothermal energy exploration in southern Italy.\" European Geothermal Conference.","Wüstenhagen, Rolf, Maarten Wolsink, and Mary Jean Bürer, 2007. Social Acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept, Energy Policy."]}

Training Course manual: Session I: Geothermal exploration - Adele Manzella, Isabella Nardini, Pierre Durst and Jan-Diederik van Wees Session II: EGS technology - Jan-Diederik van Wees, Chrystel Dezayes, Pier Durst and Günther Zimmermann Session III - Plant operation, energy supply and grid integration - F. Heilemann and S. Reith Session III – Geothermal exploration and resource assessment - Adele Manzella, Pierre Durst and Jan-Diederik van Wees Session IV: Flash steam and binary technology - P. Bombarda and F. Sabatelli Session V – Market aspects - Constantine Karytsas and Dimitrios Mendrinos Session VI: Legal, environmental and financial aspects - Session VI - Legal, environmental and financial aspects - L. Angelino, R. Barontini, F.Batini, M. Borzoni, P. Dumas, M. Frey, F. Jaudin, R. Kutschick, I. Nardini, T. Reif, F. Rizzi, B. Sanner, L. Tryggvadóttir and G. Wolter Session VII: Drilling - R. Bertani, A. Lazzarotto and L. Serniotti, GEOELEC - IEE

This document gives a definition for resource assessment for the IEE funded project GEO-ELEC. This projects aims at developing a pan-European map based overview of the location of geothermal resources which can be developed in the 2020 and 2050 timeline horizons for electricity production., GEOELEC - IEE, {"references":["AGEA-AGEG, 2008. Australian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Reserves, The Geothermal Reporting Code, 2008 Edition, 26 p.","AGEA-AGEG, 2010. Australian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Reserves, The Geothermal Reporting Code, Second Edition, 28 p.","Beardsmore, G.R., Rybach, L., Blackwell, D., and Baron, C., 2010. A protocol for estimating and mapping the global EGS potential, July 2010 edition, 11 p.","CanGEA, 2010. The Canadian Geothermal Code for Public Reporting, Reporting of Exploration Results, Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Reserves, 2010 Edition, 32 p.","Cloetingh, S., v. Wees, J.D., Ziegler, P.A., Lenkey, L., Beekman, F., Tesauro, M., Förster, A., Norden, B., Kaban, M., Hardebol, N., Bonté, D., Genter, A., Guillou-Frottier, L. Voorde, M.T., Sokoutis,, D. Willingshofer, E., Cornu, T., and Worum, G., 2010. Lithosphere tectonics and thermo-mechanical properties: An integrated modelling approach for Enhanced Geothermal Systems exploration in Europe. Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 102, p. 159-206.","Davies, J.H. and Davies, D.R., 2010. Earth's surface heat flux. Solid Earth, 1, 5–24.","Etherington, J.R., and Ritter, J.E., 2007. The 2007 SPE/AAPG/WPC/SPEE Reserves and Resources Classification, Definitions, and Guidelines: Defining the Standard!, 2007 SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium, Dallas, Texas, USA, 1-3 April 2007. SPE 107693, 9 p.","Hurtig, E., Cermak, V., Haenel, R., and Zui, V.(eds.), 1992. Geothermal Atlas of Europe, International Association for Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior, International Heat Flow Commission, Central Institute for Physics of the Earth, Scale 1:2,500,000.","IPCC, 2011. IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation – Geothermal Energy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Working Group III – Mitigation of Climate Change, 50 p.","Williams, C.F., Reed, M.J., and Mariner, R.H., 2008. A Review of Methods Applied by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Assesment of Identified Geothermal Resources, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2008-1296, 27 p.","Williams, A.F., Lawless, J.V., Ward, M.A., Holgate, F.L., and Larking, A., 2010. A code for geothermal resources and reserves reporting, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010, 7 p.","World Petroleum Council. Petroleum Resources Managment System, SPE-AAPG-WPC-SPEE, 47 p."]}

A description of the state-of-the-art concerning geothermal data and tools used for the management and sharing them is a sine qua non for the key task of 3.2 within Work Package 3 - Towards a European Geothermal Platform - in the framework of the Geothermal ERA-NET. This is line with the objective of WP3 is to complete the preliminary work required for the creation of a European Geothermal Platform with the purpose of sharing harmonized and systematic information on legal and regulatory aspects, policies, measures, institutions, research projects and datasets., FP7

The ENGINE work has been synthesized in a Best Practice Handbook presenting an overview of the investigation, exploration, and exploitation of unconventional geothermal reservoirs (UGR) and Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) taking into account economic and socioenvironmental impacts. The Best Practice Handbook is designed for different groups of interest such as engineers, politicians, and decision makers from industry. The entire EGS life cycle is covered in four chapters: Chapter 1: Site investigation Chapter 2: Drilling, stimulation and reservoir assessment Chapter 3: Exploitation Chapter 4: Environmental and socioeconomic impact, ENGINE - FP6

The most pressing technological challenges in exploration and investigation of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) and Unconventional Geothermal Resources (UGR) are considered to be those associated with the identification of the nature of geothermal heat concentrations and prospective resources prior to drill and the improvement of methods allowing a spatial and temporal reconstruction of the subsurface geothermal condition that might not only cut the time from discovery to production and improve efficiency while guaranteeing sustainability of the resource, but also reduce environmental impacts forecasting possible problems and finding solutions beforehand. A list of important research themes is provided, ENGINE - FP6

Workshop 9 - Geosciences for Geothermal Exploration: An Integrated Approach EAGE - European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers Rome 2008, ENGINE - FP6

This document describes our proposal for the joint implementation of a European Geothermal Information Platform (EGIP). EGIP’s target is to increase the share of potential geothermal energy users - primarily international operators, and surveyors - primarily European bodies. Two appendicies are included in the document. Appendix 1 reports the collect references and links organized by category resulting from the questionnaire set up in task 3.2 and 2.1. Appendix 2 describes the most important technical aspects for EGIP implementation following INSPIRE implementing rules., FP7

This report describes the principle activities related to Work Package 3 of the Geothermal ERA-NET project performed in the last two years (mid 2014 – September 2016). All the tasks carried out in this timeframe are here summarized highlighting the main outcomes. The included sections are dedicated to the pilot of EGIP released in 2014, the survey on EGIP completed in 2015 and the overview document on EGIP implementation currently being finalized. The report is concluded with a final section which highlights the main outcomes, the open issues and sketch the next steps., FP7, {"references":["D3.1 - Report on the state-of-the-art and needs in regarding geothermal data and existing tools to manage them. ISBN: 978-9979-68-361-2","D3.2 - Feasibility study for a European Geothermal Platform. ISBN: 978-9979-68-362-9","Games rules. Link: http://egip.igg.cnr.it/index.php/join-egip/328-games-rules)","EGIP data model. Link: http://egip.igg.cnr.it/index.php/join-egip/327-egip-data-model","EGIP xsd schema. http://egip.igg.cnr.it/index.php/join-egip/329-egip-xsd","Trumpy et al., 2015, Building a European geothermal information network using a distributed e- Infrastructure, International Journal of Digital Earth, DOI: 10.1080/17538947.2015.1073378","Report: Tuning EGIP for target user. ISBN 978-9979-68-389-6","Report: European Geothermal Information Platform - EGIP - An overview to prepare the implementation. ISBN 978-9979-68-395-7"]}

The “Drilling in dEep, Super-CRitical AMBient of continentaL Europe” (DESCRAMBLE) project is meant to drill in continental-crust, super-critical geothermal conditions, to test and demonstrate novel drilling techniques to control gas emissions, the aggressive environment and the high temperature/pressure expected from the deep fluids and to characterize the chemical and thermo-physical condition of the reservoir. The experiment is realized in Larderello, Italy, where supercritical resources are expected within a depth of 4 km., H2020

Collection of abstracts from the Mid-Term Conference of the IMAGE project, 12-13 October 2015. Project Coordinator: Jan Hopman, TNO, Utrecht, NL Scientific Committee: David Bruhn, Helmholtz Centre, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, D. Chrystel Dezayes, BRGM, Department of Geothermal Energy, Georessources Division, Orléans, F. Ólafur G. Flóvenz, ÍSOR, Iceland GeoSurvey, Reykjavík, IS. Gu.mundur Ómar Fri.leifsson, HS Orka hf, Reykjanesbær, IS. Domenico Liotta, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università di Bari, I. Adele Manzella, CNR-Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Pisa, I. Gylfi Páll Hersir, ÍSOR, Iceland GeoSurvey, Reykjavík, IS. Giovanni Ruggieri, CNR-Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Firenze, I. Jan Diederik van Wees, TNO, Utrecht, NL. Editors: ADELE MANZELLA and ISABELLA NARDINI* CNR-Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Via Moruzzi 1 – 56124 Pisa, Italy. EDIZIONI CNR ISBN 9788879580267 *contact person: isabella.nardini@igg.cnr.it Edizioni CNR ISBN 9788879580267, FP7

This document describes our proposal for the joint implementation of a European GeothermalInformation Platform (EGIP). EGIP’s target is to increase the share of potential geothermalenergy users - primarily international operators, and surveyors - primarily European bodies.Two appendicies are included in the document. Appendix 1 reports the collect references andlinks organized by category resulting from the questionnaire set up in task 3.2 and 2.1.Appendix 2 describes the most important technical aspects for EGIP implementationfollowing INSPIRE implementing rules.

Very high-temperature reservoirs are a possible target for future geothermal exploration either through the direct exploitation of super-critical fluids or as a potential high-temperature reservoir for Enhanced Geothermal Systems. By exploiting subsurface fluids at super-critical conditions, i.e. high temperature (>375 °C) and high pressure (>22 MPa), the energy output per well will increase by a factor of ~10. This will reduce development costs by decreasing the number of wells needed (IEA Technology Roadmap 2011). In order to contribute to the EU strategic energy and climate targets for 2020 and 2050 by fostering increased growth in the geothermal energy market through enhanced awareness of the potential of geothermal energy production, a database of potential supercritical resources has been launched by the IMAGE project. Superhot and supercritical resources are expected in the surrounding of still hot magmatic intrusions in the crust. A large part of the IMAGE activity focused on understanding what are the favorable conditions at a few km depth for shallow magmatic emplacement, beside improving exploration and investigation techniques for their detection and the related hot water circulation. In a typical crust with an average thermal gradient of the order of 30-35 °C/km the critical temperature of a brine (temperature above 450 °C) is reached at depth greater than 12-15 km. However, in many sites around the world (e.g. Larderello and Phlegraean Fields in Italy, Nesjavellir in Iceland, The Geysers in California) where exploratory boreholes were drilled in high-temperaturegeothermal system (T > 370 °C), reservoir pressures above supercritical conditions (>22.1 MPa) were encountered. These evidences confirm that geothermal reservoirs in supercritical conditions, both in temperature and pressure, exist in the vicinity of cooling magmatic intrusions. Volcanic rifts, extensional basins and/or subduction zones with related shallow crustal magma emplacements, are the more promising environments in which supercritical conditions may be found in the upper to middle crust levels, The compilation of a European database of the favourable indicators of the presence of supercritical geothermal resources has been a main task in the IMAGE project. The objective is to define areas in Europe where supercritical fluids occur at a drillable depth with a manageable chemistry composition can be found. Where do we find fluids at 4-5 km depth with a temperature exceeding 400 °C? In various regions in Europe, including Iceland, Italy, Azores, Montserrat, Canary Island. What characterizes these areas? Can we find other areas with similar features at greater depth? We focus on Iceland, where these resources have been searched and studied in the last decade. We used the experience of research in Larderello, described in detail in other IMAGE deliverables (e.g. D5.01), to look for indicators applicable over broad areas, in search of potential supercritical resources in continental Europe. Since temperature is the key parameter controlling the presence of supercritical reservoirs at (relatively) shallow depth, mapping of supercritical resources was mainly driven by thermal models derived from crustal and lithospheric constraints and data interpolation from available deep wells. Other information providing indirect indication of crustal thinning and shallow magmatic emplacement have been searched and analyzed. In particular, we mapped the following indicators: the depth of 400 °C isotherm; the MOHO depth and crustal thickness; the earthquake density combined with the estimated depth of the Brittle-Ductile Transition in Europe. Other interesting indicators, e.g. He3/He4 ratio values from which fluids of crustal origin may be inferred, or Curie Point depth that refers to deep temperature regime, are available only for local areas, and are too restricted to be of use at regional and European scale. The location of recent (Pleistocene-Holocene) volcanism, also dispersed, was mapped since it provides useful information, but was not used in the computation of final maps. After defining the indicators, their spatial correlation was established by Geographic Information System (GIS) models, and a database was organized. By prioritizing favourable conditions using GIS spatial analysis methods, the “favourability” map of geothermal resources at supercritical condition was then obtained. It provides a clear overview of the distribution of potential resources in Europe, based on analytical data., FP7

The “Drilling in dEep, Super-CRitical AMBient of continentaL Europe” (DESCRAMBLE) project is meantto drill in continental-crust, super-critical geothermal conditions, to test and demonstrate novel drillingtechniques to control gas emissions, the aggressive environment and the high temperature/pressure expectedfrom the deep fluids and to characterize the chemical and thermo-physical condition of the reservoir. Theexperiment is realized in Larderello, Italy, where supercritical resources are expected within a depth of 4 km.

This report describes the principle activities related to Work Package 3 of the Geothermal ERA-NET project performedin the last two years (mid 2014 – September 2016). All the tasks carried out in this timeframe are here summarizedhighlighting the main outcomes. The included sections are dedicated to the pilot of EGIP released in 2014, the surveyon EGIP completed in 2015 and the overview document on EGIP implementation currently being finalized. The reportis concluded with a final section which highlights the main outcomes, the open issues and sketch the next steps.

This report shows barriers and opportunities for geothermal development in countries,participating in ERANET Geothermal energy. These barriers and opportunities have beenidentified by the participants of ERANET Geothermal energy. They will be an important input in setting up a programme of international collaboration.