POWER (Social sciences), SOCIAL sciences, SOCIOLOGY, LAW schools
Abstract
Research on difference and inequality in organizations needs to take a practical turn, with an emphasis on process-oriented explanations of observed disparities. Such process-oriented explanations can help not only to understand the generation of inequality, but also to inform efforts to achieve its reduction. This paper uses a structuration framework to synthesize the gendered organizations literature with documented and original research on the gendered nature of American law schools. The result, gendered structuration, is a process-oriented framework of gendering in law schools that both indicts some unexplored factors and exculpates some prime suspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
SPEECH codes theory, APOLOGIZING, JAPANESE people, CROSS-cultural communication, COMMUNICATION barriers
Abstract
This study describes speech codes used by Japanese and English speakers in remedying problematic situations. By analyzing in-depth interviews, the study reveals the Japanese-speaking participants’ use of a code in which offering detailed explanations can be a way to deny having caused another person discomfort, thus being incompatible with their meaning of “apology.” The English-speaking participants used a code in which offering and listening to explanations is a way to show that they care about the relationship and to seek forgiveness. The analysis illustrates how the participants used these codes as a resource to draw a boundary between two speech communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]