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In this work, the primary resources assessment of four different soil erosion remediation technologies, Geo-nets , Bio-mats , Geo-cells and Deep Rooting Plants (DRP), is performed applying the approach of the Exergy Life Cycle Assessment (ELCA). The ELCA provides a comprehensive framework to assess the primary resources requirements of products by means of the conversion of primary flows of energy and raw materials absorbed by a production process into exergy. The soil erosion technologies described in the work are analysed according to two complementary indicators: the annual average soil loss and the life cycle primary exergy requirements. The primary exergy requirement of the different applications is measured by means of three ELCA indicators: the Cumulative Exergy Demand (CExD), the Thermo-Ecological Cost (TEC) and the Cumulative Exergy Extraction from Natural Environment (CEENE). The specific context of the application is a highway slope of the size of 1 hectare situated along the A1 highway, near the town of Fabro (TR), in Italy. The results indicate that DRPs are the most suitable solutions. However, TEC, CExD and CEENE indexes of these technologies suggest the existence of hidden impacts related to land use. The same result characterises also Bio-mats, the technology with the highest contribution of renewable material along the life cycle phases. In conclusion, this work shows that the use of exergy based impact indexes for the environmental impact assessment supplies a wider framework and deeper insights of the environmental performance of production processes and products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multi-model framework for analysing industrial excess heat recovery. • Iterative soft link between energy system model and spatial analysis tool. • High spatial and temporal analysis of industrial excess heat recovery. • Optimal design of heating system based on excess heat recovery considering exergy. • Application of the method to a real-life case of excess heat recovery in industry. With increasing heating and cooling demands, decarbonisation of the heating and cooling sectors is key to achieving a carbon–neutral energy system. Using industrial excess heat in heating systems helps offset emissions by reducing the use of fossil fuels. While several studies have analysed the temperature of heat availability, the cost of extending or constructing the heating network and techno-economic feasibility, it is important to consider all aspects together to achieve a comprehensive design of industrial excess heat recovery. This study proposes a method to link an energy system optimisation tool with a spatial analysis tool and an exergy analysis tool to achieve a comprehensive design. An iterative soft link is implemented between the energy system model and the spatial analysis tool for high spatial and temporal resolution. The developed method is applied to a case study of an industrial park in Greece. Scenarios are developed to assess the robustness of the developed method and the system profitability of excess heat recovery. The scenarios indicated that the profitability of excess heat depends heavily on the price of natural gas with the share of excess heat increasing from 10% to 45% with a 20% increase in natural gas prices in cases where heat pumps are needed for temperature boosting. In cases where heat pumps are not needed, excess heat indicates higher system profitability with a share of around 40% and reduces the emissions by around 50 times. The method provides robust results in considered scenarios with convergence within four iterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, thermoeconomic analysis emerged as a combination of exergy analysis and cost accounting principles, widely used for multiple purposes: to account for the exergy and economic costs of energy systems products, to derive the structures of such costs for the design optimization purpose, and to perform system diagnosis quantifying the source and the impact of malfunctions and dysfunctions within the analyzed process. Traditionally, thermoeconomic analysis is referred to as Exergy Cost Analysis or Exergoeconomic Cost Analysis. The former is based on the so-called Exergy Cost Theory, focused on the evaluation of exergy cost of the system products, while the latter is focused on the evaluation of monetary cost following the same theory. Currently, many practical approaches are available in the literature for the application of thermoeconomic analysis and Exergy Cost Theory to energy conversion systems, while a comprehensive classification, benchmarking and comparison of such approaches is missing. This paper aims to fill this gap through the following activities: first of all, a brief but comprehensive literature review related to the theoretical developments and applications of thermoeconomic analysis method is performed. Secondly and for the purpose of benchmarking, the main practical approaches identified for the application of Exergy Cost Theory are presented and formalized, including the fundamental aspects related to the definition of auxiliary relations and the reallocation of the exergy cost of the residues. Finally, the identified approaches are comparatively applied to the standard CGAM problem, and the advantages and drawbacks of each approach are discussed. It is found that the definition of the functional diagram and the numerical solution of the system through input-output analysis seem to be more straightforward with respect to the other approaches, leading also to the formalization of an unambiguous method to reallocate the exergy cost of the residual flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]