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Execution by sale of real estate The presented rigorous thesis titled "Execution by sale of real estate" aims to describe and analyze the current legislation concerning real estate as a subject to execution proceedings. The thesis should offer potential solutions for the described problematic parts of an execution, such as the issue of conflict between the execution procedure and the insolvency procedure. In terms of its content, the rigorous thesis consists of eight parts. The first chapter of the rigorous thesis focuses on the definition of the essential terms of enforcement proceedings, the substantial institutions, and legal provisions which are connected to the enforcement. Essential principles of the enforcement proceedings are described in the beginning: the principle of party disposition, the principle of officiality, the principle of proportionality and the principle of defense and protection of the debtor. Then, the thesis analyzes the position of the judicial officer in the legal system and focuses on the legal consequences concerning the commencement of execution proceedings. From the second to the seventh part, the rigorous thesis contains the main subject of the work - the process of execution sale of real estate, when the parts correspond to the relatively independent phases of the process of...

Institut upravne izplačilne prepovedi delno sloni na prostovoljnosti, kar je v nasprotju z bistvom izvršilnega prava. Na prvi pogled se zdi, da je obravnavani institut povezan z upravnim pravom, vendar to ni res. Upravna izplačilna prepoved je pravnoposlovni odstop bodoče denarne terjatve iz delovnega razmerja v korist upnika, ki ga odobri dolžnik sam, delodajalec pa mora tako razpolaganje potrditi zaradi nadaljnjih obveznosti, ki nastanejo zanj s trenutkom potrditve. Ker je obravnavani institut v vsakdanjiku pogosto uporabljen, njegova normativna ureditev pa skopa, je v tem magistrskem delu predstavljen podrobneje z vsemi odprtimi vprašanji, na katera sta opozorili tako pravna teorija kot tudi praksa. Kljub burni debati teoretikov o materialnopravni naravi instituta, ta ostaja nedorečena, medtem ko se je jasno izoblikovalo stališče o omejenosti prenosljivosti denarne terjatve iz delovnega razmerja, ki je doživelo tudi zakonsko ubeseditev. Manj dorečen je predmet upravne izplačilne prepovedi, ki je glede na gramatikalno razlago zakona zgolj plača, vendar se v teku razvoja družbe to pokaže kot nezadostno in omejujoče. Upravna izplačilna prepoved ima pravni učinek sklepa o izvršbi, vendar zgolj glede zagotovitve vrstnega reda poplačila upnika, kar nasprotno pomeni, da upravna izplačilna prepoved nima drugih učinkov sklepa o izvršbi. To se kaže zlasti v možnosti preklica upravne izplačilne prepovedi s strani delavca. The institute of administrative prohibition to pay out is partially based on voluntariness, which is in contrast with the very essence of enforcement law. At first glance, it seems that the institute in question is connected with administrative law, but this is not the case. The administrative prohibition to pay out is the contractual relinquishment of a future monetary claim from employment in favour of the creditor, which is approved by the debtor himself. The employer must confirm such disposal due to consequent duties that arise in the moment of confirmation. Since the institute is frequently used and its relevant regulatory framework is inadequate, the present MA thesis presents it in detail together with all open questions which were raised both by judicial theory and practice. Despite a heated debate of theoreticians on the substantive legal nature of the institute, the matter remains unsettled. However, a clear stance on the limitation of transferability of a monetary claim has been formed and statutorily articulated. Less settled is the object of administrative prohibition to pay out, which is, according to a grammatical explanation, simply a salary, but this has throughout society’s development turned out to be inadequate and limiting. The administrative prohibition to pay out has a legal consequence of the decree of execution, but only regarding the assurance of the sequence of repayment of creditors. Contrarily, this means that the administrative prohibition to pay out has no other consequence of the decree of execution, which appears especially in the possibility of reversal of the administrative prohibition to pay out from a worker concerned.

V exekučním řízení je vymáhána celá řada exekučních titulů. Exekuční řízení, která mají základě závazku směnečného, pak mají řadu svých specifických problémů a praktických výzev. Jednou z nich je právě otázka, zda oprávněný je povinen k exekučnímu návrhu přikládat originál směnky. Tento příspěvek se podrobněji věnuje teoretickým otázkám i praktickým důsledkům dosavadní aplikované praxe. There is quite a number of execution titles that can be enforced in the execution proceedings. Execution proceedings based on the bill of exchange obligation have a lot of specific problems and practical challenges. One of them is a question whether the creditor is obliged to present the original bill of exchange together with the motion to commence execution proceedings. This article in detail addresses the theoretical issues and practical consequences of existing legal practice. There is quite a number of execution titles that can be enforced in the execution proceedings. Execution proceedings based on the bill of exchange obligation have a lot of specific problems and practical challenges. One of them is a question whether the creditor is obliged to present the original bill of exchange together with the motion to commence execution proceedings. This article in detail addresses the theoretical issues and practical consequences of existing legal practice.

Discontinuance of Execution according to Sec. 268 (1) (h) of the Code of Civil Procedure focusing on substantive review of an execution title Abstract The presented thesis deals with discontinuance of the execution according to Sec. 268 (1) (h) of the Code of Civil Procedure focusing on the possibility and the extent of substantive review of an execution title. This provision was originally intended by the legislator to be relatively abstract or indefinite. It was therefore necessary to introduce the specific circumstances leading to discontinuance of execution due to inadmissibility according to Sec. 268 (1) (h) of the Code of Civil Procedure through the case law. Precisely the considerable vagueness of this provision led to a considerable increase of cases introducing specific situations that led to discontinuance of execution. This theses therefore aims to analyse Sec. 268 (1) (h) of the Code of Civil Procedure leading to suspension of execution, in particular its purpose in relation to Sec. 268 (1) (a-g) of the Code of Civil Procedure, and further focusing on the topic regarding the possibility of conducting a substantive review of the execution title in the enforcement proceedings. The first chapter of this thesis focuses on the definition of the essential terms and principles of enforcement...

Review of an execution title under loan agreements and stay of execution Abstract The rigorous thesis deals with the issue of substantive review of execution titles and stays of executions. Although execution courts are supposed to examine only the conditions of formal and substantive enforceability of an execution title in the execution proceedings, the current jurisprudence suggests that execution courts even tend to review execution titles from the substantive point of view. The rigorous thesis should thus serve as a document that would summarize the issue of review of an execution title, show the development of this issue through a summary of key case-law and, in particular, highlight all the circumstances and requirements that the execution courts, and consequently, the enforcement authorities, deal with in practice in connection with the review of an execution title and what impact such a review may have on the beneficiaries, i.e. for the creditors. The aim is to answer the question whether the examination of eligibility of the execution title from all points of view defined by the case-law continues to fulfil the general premise of execution proceedings on the impossibility to review the substantive correctness of an execution title, or whether, for example, the examination of adequacy of the benefit...

Selected Problems of the Contemporary Enforcement Procedure and Their Solutions for the Future Abstract in English Language The topic of the diploma thesis is selected problems of the contemporary enforcement proceedings in the Czech Republic and their potential solutions for the future. The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyse, describe and critically evaluate the valid and effective legal regulation of enforcement procedure de lege lata and then offer the reader a comprehensive reflection on various alternatives to the domestic legal system de lege ferenda with a comprehensive description of the positives and negatives of possible solutions. The diploma thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter introduces the reader to the methodology of the presented text, which is based on the content of individual chapters. The second chapter focuses on the theoretical basis of the enforcement procedure and presents the reader with the fundamental legal framework on which the following text will be based. Emphasis is placed primarily on the division of enforcement procedure as one of the types of civil proceedings and the identification of relevant legal sources. Attention is paid to the division of the two types of enforcement procedure. The third chapter attempts to...

The defense of a debtor in execution proceedings Abstract The thesis focuses on the defense of a debtor in execution proceedings. It is divided into theoretical and practical part and composes of six chapters. The thesis is based on specialized literature, professional newspaper articles, Czech courts case law and historical and current legislation. The goal of this thesis is to provide theoretical explanation of selected legal means of the defense given to a debtor in execution proceeding and to subject them to considerations and criticism. Therefore, each part of the thesis doesn't lack considerations of sufficiency or insufficiency of the legislation in relation to the debtor or reflections over the possibilities how to abuse the legal means of defense in execution proceeding by a debtor. The first chapter is devoted to the historical excursion focusing on the execution law with an emphasis on the possibilities of the defense of the debtor against execution. The excursion starts in the Roman era, continues through the medieval and modern execution law and ends with significant milestones in the execution law in the Czech Republic. The second chapter defines the participants of the execution proceedings, because only participants of the execution proceedings are those subject to the legal means of the...

Pridobitev lastninske pravice na podlagi prisilne prodaje pri izvršbi in stečaju se, če velja slediti teoriji in sodni praksi, šteje za izvirno oziroma originarno pridobljeno lastninsko pravico. Poglavitna značilnost takšne vrste pridobitve je, da se lastninska pravica prenese ne glede na voljo dosedanjega imetnika pravice, še več, celo v nasprotju z njegovo voljo. Naslednja pomembna značilnost tovrstne prodaje je ta, da predpostavka pridobitve stvarne pravice ni zemljiškoknjižno dovolilo (razpolagalni pravni posel) kot to velja za poslovne pridobitve, temveč je predpostavka pridobitve oblikovalna sodna odločba. Do prisilne prodaje stvari pride v primerih, ko dolžnik ne izpolni svoje obveznosti, ki jo ima v razmerju do upnika, kar posledično lahko pripelje do sodnega izvršilnega postopka. V izvršilnem postopku sodišče izda sodno odločbo, s katero naloži dolžniku, da poravna terjatev. V primeru, ko dolžnik ne izpolni kar mu je bilo s sodno odločbo naloženo, sledi njena prisilna izvršitev. Naša zakonodaja upnika ne omejuje pri izbiri izvršilnega sredstva, saj ne predpisuje nobenega vrstnega reda le-teh. Velja načelo proste izbire izvršilnega sredstva, ne glede na višino terjatve. Upnik tako lahko že v začetku predlaga izvršbo na nepremičnino, kljub izterjavi nesorazmerno nizke terjatve. To možnost mu daje zakonodaja, ki ne določa spodnje meje višine terjatve, nad katero bi bilo možno dovoliti izvršbo na nepremičnino ter tudi ne predvideva, da bi bilo dopustno dovoliti izvršbo na nepremičnino šele po tem, ko izterjava terjatve z drugimi sredstvi izvršbe ne bi bila mogoča. Na podlagi pravnomočnega sklepa o izročitvi nepremičnine kupec torej pridobi lastninsko pravico. Sklep velja za listino, na podlagi katere se dovoli vknjižba pravice na kupca. Vsled dejstva, da je vpis v zemljiško knjigo v tem primeru zgolj deklaratornega značaja, je ta kljub temu potreben prav zaradi publicitete vpisov. Posebej zanimivi postanejo primeri, kjer so vpisi v zemljiški knjigi napačni, zaradi česar pogosto pride do prenosa lastninske pravice nelastnika. Gre za primere, ko dolžnik ni resnični lastnik nepremičnine, ki je predmet prodaje. Če operacionaliziram, problem velikokrat nastaja pri nepremičninah, ki predstavljajo skupno premoženje zakoncev, v zemljiški knjigi pa je kot izključni lastnik vpisan zgolj eden, ali pa je nepremičnina vpisana kot solastnina. Vpisa ne odražata dejanskega stanja lastništva, kar ima lahko negativne posledice tudi v postopku izvršbe, ko se lahko nepremičnina proda. Pogosti primeri, kjer vpisi lastninske pravice ne odražajo dejanskega, so tudi prodaje s pridržkom lastninske pravice ter primeri zunajknjižnega priposestvovanja. Tukaj sodna praksa zavzema različna stališča, s predpostavko (ne)dobrovernosti kupca, proti kateremu pravi lastnik uveljavlja svojo lastninsko pravico. V obzir stališču sodne prakse je potrebno vzeti tudi dejstvo, da ima pri tovrstni prodaji pomembno vlogo interes upnika, ki zasleduje poplačilo svoje še neplačane terjatve. Taking a look at theory and case-law, the acquisition of a property right based on forced sale in the event of enforcement and bankruptcy is deemed as an originally acquired property right. The main feature of this type of acquisition is that the property right is transferred regardless of the will of the current right holder, moreover, even contrary to his will. Another important characteristic of such a sale is that the requirement for the acquisition of a right in rem is not a land registration permit (dispositional legal transaction) as in the case of business acquisitions, but a formative court decision. A forced sale occurs in cases where the debtor fails to fulfil his obligations towards the creditor, which in turn may lead to judicial enforcement proceedings. In enforcement proceedings, the court issues a decision ordering the debtor to settle the claim. If the debtor fails to fulfil his obligations pursuant to the court order, this results in the enforcement of such a decision. Slovene law does not restrict the creditor’s options to choose an enforcement instrument, as it does not provide any prescribed order of enforcement. Regardless of the amount of the claim the principle of free choice of enforcement instrument applies. Already in the beginning, the creditor may therefore propose an enforcement against property, despite the recovery of a disproportionally low claim. This option is provided under the law prescribing no minimum amount of the claim which would exclude the granting of an enforcement against property and anticipates no option of allowing an enforcement against property to take place only after a recovery of the claim by other means of enforcement has not been possible. The buyer thus acquires the property right based on the final decision on the sale of the property. Such a decision is considered a document, which allows the registration of the right in favour of the buyer. In this case, the entry in the land register is only declaratory, but is nevertheless required to provide for the publication of entries. Particularly interesting are cases where the land registry entries are incorrect, which often results in the transfer of property rights from a non-owner. This refers to cases where the debtor is not the real owner of the property being sold. From a more operational point of view, the problem often arises with real estate representing matrimonial property of the spouses where in the land register only one of them is registered as the sole owner, or where the property is registered as being a joint property. The registry entries do not reflect the actual state of ownership, which can have negative effects also in the enforcement proceeding when the property can be sold. Common cases where the property right entries do not reflect the actual state of affairs are also sales involving a retention of property rights and off-book prescription cases. Considering this, the case law adopts different positions assuming the (absence of )bona fide of the buyer against whom the actual owner exercises his own property right. In support of the position of case-law, it should be taken into consideration that the interest of the creditors pursuing the repayment of their outstanding claim plays an important role in such a sale.

O presente trabalho prop?e-se a aprofundar o tema dos neg?cios jur?dicos processuais na perspectiva dos direitos fundamentais das partes. Enfrenta-se a referida tem?tica, abordando a principiologia e os fundamentos da negocia??o processual a desaguar na sua aplicabilidade na tutela executiva, em especial na execu??o de quantia. Os limites dos neg?cios processuais autorizados pelo art. 190 do C?digo de Processo Civil s?o concatenados frente ao publicismo e privatismo processual, bem como apresentados no vi?s de um modelo cooperativo de processo a partir de sua inser??o no panorama processual ? luz do formalismo-valorativo. Sugere-se a correta interpreta??o dos requisitos estabelecidos em ?mbito infraconstitucional com vistas ? validade na forma??o de neg?cios jur?dicos processuais. Transpassando os direitos fundamentais ? liberdade, ? seguran?a jur?dica e ? efetividade do processo, a negocia??o sobre mat?ria processual ? justificada e inserida no ambiente da tutela executiva. Analisa-se o impacto da forma??o e aplica??o dos neg?cios jur?dicos processuais nas medidas executivas, expropriat?rias e nas normas procedimentais. Defende-se a validade de neg?cios jur?dicos processuais at?picos que possam implicar em restri??es justificadas aos direitos fundamentais das partes no processo executivo, tal como a limita??o ao duplo grau de jurisdi??o e a ren?ncia ? impenhorabilidade, a partir da correta aplica??o da proporcionalidade. The present study has the purpose to deepen the subject of contract procedure from the perspective of the fundamental rights of the parties. The issue is addressed by approaching the principles and fundamentals of contract procedure, flowing into its applicability in the executive order, especially in the amount execution. The limits of the contract procedures authorized by article 190 of the Civil Procedure Code are concatenated against procedural publicism and privatism, as well as presented in the bias of a corporative model of process from its insertion in the procedural panorama in the light of formalism-value. It is suggested the correct interpretation of the requirements established in the infraconstitucional scope with a view to the validity in the formation of contract procedure. Transposing the fundamental rights to freedom, legal certainty and effectiveness of the process, negotiation on procedural matters is justified and inserted in the environment of executive process. The impact of formation and application of contract procedure on executive expropriatory measures and on procedural rules is analyzed. It is defended the validity of atypical contract procedure that may imply justified restrictions to the fundamental rights of the parties in the executive process, such as the limitation to the double degree of jurisdiction and the renunciation of unenforceability, based on the correct application of proportionality.

The submitted thesis deals with the legal issues of execution proceedings of the sale of real estate belonging to obligated party from a comparative point of view. The thesis compares the Czech and Spanish legal regulations of the chosen narrower topic in the field of execution. The comparison relates both to legal regulation included in the OSŘ and EŘ reciprocally, but also OSŘ, EŘ to LEC as the foreign legal regulation. The first part of the thesis deals with executions generally and the execution proceedings with particular principles of the execution proceedings and the particular ways of distrain. This section also provides examples of the executions illustrated by the sale of real estate and compares particular legal regulations related to the course of the execution of judgment up to chosen particular way of distrain - the sale of real estate belonging to obligated party. The second part of the thesis deals only with the comparison of selected legal regulations about the sale of real property belonging to obligated party in the terms of execution proceedings.

Status of an obliged person's spouse in the execution proceedings Abstract The topic of this rigorous thesis is "Status of an obliged person's spouse in the executory proceedings". I got to this topic through my professional experience at the District Court of Prague 5, where I worked as an assistant of a judge for more than a year. As part of this work, I prepared decisions on the procedural motions of the parties to the execution proceedings, including the motions of the obliged person's spouse to a partial discontinuance of the execution proceedings for a judge. As a result of the fact, that I devoted to these motions because of their increasing number still more and my interest in the issue of affecting the property in the common property of the spouses and property values of the obliged person's spouse in the execution proceedings led to enforce the obliged person's debt and my knowledge about this issue got deeper, I have decided to deal with this topic in my rigorous thesis. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the possibilities of affecting the property in the common property of the spouses and property values of the obliged person's spouse in the execution proceedings led to enforce obliged person's debt in a particular regimes of procedural legislation of affecting such property, based by the...

This Master's thesis describes the position of a minor debtor in enforcement proceedings. The aim of this thesis it to, first, provide with a complex summary of the issue, concerning primarily topical questions which are discussed by experts in connection with childrens' indebbtedness, and second, to further identify the key drawbacks regarding the enforcement proceedings against minor debtors, with an offer for a solution. The thesis is subdivided into two parts. In the first part, there is the notion of a minor defined - for the purposes of this text, a minor is a person who is younger than eighteen years old and, concurrently, who was not emancipated by a court. The following chapters describe the protection of a minor in the legal system in general, where there are principles of best interest of a child and the right of a child to be respected in their opinion described. Further, the procedural protection of a minor is discussed, concerning primarily the procedural specifics of trials where a minor is a party to the case, including enforcement proceedings. Proper representation of a minor and provision of information to minors is emphasized within the chapter. At the very beginning of the second part, enforcement proceedings is described, and then the particulars of this proceedings are...

The purpose of this submitted rigorosum thesis titled "Court decisions in execution proceedings" is analysis of the legal regulation of execution proceedings affecting procedure and decision-making by courts during these proceedings, focusing on individual amendments and the related changes to selected provisions of the Execution Code, their mutual comparison, assessment of the suitability of their adoption and consideration whether their benefits in the form of "dis-encumbrance" of the courts predominate over the possible risk of potential excess by bailiffs. The scientific methods used to achieve the defined goals included the descriptive method, supplemented by the analytical method and also the comparative method. This work consists of three chapters. The introduction presents the most important amendments to the Execution Code regulating decision-making by courts and subsequently defines the goals of this thesis and the specified scientific methods used to achieve the goals of this thesis. The first chapter is devoted to the history of execution proceedings from Roman law regulations to acceptance of the Execution Code (Act No. 120/2001 Coll.). The second chapter discusses current regulation of execution proceedings, focusing on the standing of the bailiff and his procedure within the...

This thesis aims at a close examination of the problematic position of a third party in the proceedings to compel the execution of judgement and the execution proceedings. The only defensive instrument of a third party against the encroachment on their rights is the action to exempt a claim, which is the focus of my thesis. Although it is a defence against the proceedings to compel the execution of judgement and execution proceedings, the hearing about the action to exempt a claim is liable to a special type of the finding trial proceedings. The thesis includes also a short discourse on the proceedings to compel the execution of judgement and execution proceedings as these proceedings precede the action to exempt a claim. The thesis is divided into ten chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to the problems of the action to exempt a claim, which includes setting the target of my thesis. It is linked to the second chapter where I define the main terms used in my thesis. The third chapter is formed by a short historical excursion into the proceedings to compel the execution of judgement, execution proceedings and the action to exempt a claim. This chapter is further divided into subsections according to the law of a particular country and timeline. The following chapter Four contains the...

This Rigorous Thesis titled "Court adjudications in executory proceeding" discusses selected adjudication activities by courts of law within the terms of execution proceedings. This work focuses on specific types of court judgments, on judgments to order execution, judgments to discontinue execution proceedings, or judgments to suspend execution proceedings. This treatise discusses selected execution institutions (judgments) in question and procedures by courts of law during their application, outlines current issues concerning interpretation, compares selected adjudications by courts of law during execution proceedings with legal regulation in Slovakia, as well as outlining deficiencies in legal regulations and proposing legislative changes within the terms of execution proceedings de lege ferenda. This treatise also contemplates the possibility of implementation of the territoriality principle into our legal order, including description of legal regulation concerning territoriality in neighbouring Poland.

Сайко Л.Ю., ст. викладач кафедри права