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Evaporation rates play a key role in evaporation crystallization and the drying of crystal products. Raman analysis was used to study the effect of the evaporation rate on the polymorphs of indomethacin at room temperature. The studied solvents were highly volatile ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate. The approach was based on a mass transfer model of evaporation, and experimental flux measurements were used for model evaluation. Evaporation rates from porous carriers were also investigated. The studied mesoporous silicon microparticles can be used in oral dosage forms of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients. Evaporation rates of dimethyl sulfoxide from a pure solvent, from indomethacin solutions, and from solutions containing microparticles were measured at 100 °C. An evaporation rate model of porous particles was used and the predicted results were compared with the experimental results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study was conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the crystallization behavior of both known nitrofurantoin (NF) monohydrates (monohydrates I and II). NF monohydrate crystals were obtained by evaporative crystallization from a series of acetone–water mixtures. The water activity of each solution together with the solubility of NF was used for calculation of the NF supersaturation profiles during evaporative crystallization. The crystallization process for each solution was monitored in situ by optical and Raman microscopy. It was found that the fraction of the metastable monohydrate I in the final product increased with decreasing water fraction, suggesting that the nucleation rate of monohydrate I increases with decreasing water activity. In addition, the morphology of both monohydrate forms was affected by the water fraction in the solvent. The in situ images and Raman spectra taken during the evaporative crystallization from water–acetone mixture (0.67mole fraction of water) demonstrated that the crystallization of the stable monohydrate II was encountered first, and the nucleation of the metastable monohydrate I happened afterwards at a reduced supersaturation level. This indicates that the crystal packing of the NF monohydrate from acetone–water solutions was affected by both supersaturation and water activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]