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In Euphorbiaceae tribe Hippomaneae is the pantropical genus Microstachys, comprised by 24 species, mostly from Brazil. Palynological studies with several representatives of the genus are sc...

Microstachys dasycarpa Pscheidt, Esser & Cordeiro, spec. nova (Fig. 1). Holotypus: PARAGUAY. Boquer��n: ��� Ruta Transchaco, 25 km S de Nueva Asunci��n, 20��50���S y 61��55���W ��� [fl.], 12.XII.1987, Schinini A. & R. Palacios 25685 (CTES!). Isotypi: (G [G00229753]!, SP!). Microstachys dasycarpa Pscheidt, Esser & Cordeiro is similar to Microstachys bidentata (Mart. & Zucc.) Esser by linearlanceolate leaves and short stigmas, but differs by discoid glands on leaves, cylindrical stigmas and pubescent ovaries whereas M. bidentata has crateriform and smaller glands on leaves, globose stigmas and glabrous ovaries. Monoecious subshrub, caespitose, 0.8-2 m tall, with xylopodium, latex not reported but probably present. Branches cylindrical, striated, glabrous or sparsely pubescente, indumentum of whitish, simple, appressed hairs. Leaves alternate, concolor; petiole 2-4 mm long, sparsely pubescent to glabrescent, hairs to 0.5 mm long; blade linear to lanceolate, 2.5-5.0 �� 0.25- 0.5 cm, chartaceous, base attenuate, margin plane to revolute, serrulate with adpressed teeth, apex obtuse to subacute; sparsely hispid abaxially and adaxially, hairs 0.2-0.5 mm long; midvein distinct, secondary veins inconspicuous; with 1 pair of basal, discoid, abaxial submarginal gland, 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter, additional glands usually absent, stipules persistent, ca. 0.5 �� 0.5 mm, ovate, hispid. Inflorescences in spiciform, leaf-opposed thyrses, 1.5-5.0 cm long, with 1-2 pistillate flowers at base and numerous staminate cymules, glabrous except for the ovaries; bracts ovate, 0.4-0.6 �� 0.5 mm, glabrous, apex acuminate, margin serrulate, with 1 pair of basal and globose glands with bilobed apex, 0.2-0.25 mm in diameter. Staminate cymules with (1-)3 flowers, glabrous, pedicel 0.2 mm long; sepals 3, free, orbicular to ovate, 0.5-0.6 �� 0.5 mm, glabrous, eglandular, margin lacerate, apex rounded, petals 0; stamens 3, filaments cylindrical, 0.2-0.3 mm long, free, anthers globose, 0.3-0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers subsessile to short-pedicellate, pedicel 0.1-0.2 mm long, glabrous; sepals 3, free, ovate, 0.5-0.75 �� 0.3-0.4 mm, glabrous, margin entire, apex obtuse; petals 0; ovary oblong, 0.9 �� 0.7 mm, tomentose, hairs 0.2 mm long, with pyramidal appendages in each mericarp; style absent, stigmas 3, cylindrical, glabrous, erect in bud and recurved and spreading at anthesis, 0.5-0.75 �� 0.2-0.25 mm, glabrous. Fruit: pedicel 1-1.5 mm long., capsular, dry, splitting septicidal-loculicidally, 6 �� 5-6 mm, oblong, slightly sulcate, smooth or with inconspicuous apical appendages, sparsely hairy; stigmas persistent, ca. 0.75 �� 0.25 mm; columella 5 mm long. Seeds oblong, 4 �� 2.5 mm, brown, no caruncle seen. Etymology. ��� The epithet is related to the indumentum of the ovary. Phenology. ��� Flowering and fruiting between November and January. Distribution and habitat. ��� M. dasycarpa is endemic to Paraguay, occurring around Nueva Asunci��n (dep. Boquer��n) on sand dunes and sandy soil in grassland in the Chacoan phytogeographic province (MORRONE, 2014), at 280-300 m altitude. Conservation status. ��� Near Threatened (NT): the data have been evaluated against the criteria but the species does not qualify for CE, EN or VU categories. Notes. ��� In Paraguay, Microstachys is represented by three other species: M. corniculata (Vahl) Griseb., M. hispida (Mart.) Govaerts (a species from inundated and palm savannas and cerrado scrub) and M. serrulata (Mart.) M��ll. Arg. (from cerrado scrub). M. dasycarpa differs from M. corniculata by leaves with attenuate base and obtuse to subacute apex (vs leaves with cordate to rounded base and acuminate apex in M. corniculata); from M. hispida, that also have pubescent ovaries, by linear to lanceolate leaves with discoid glands (vs ovate leaves with crateriform glands in M. hispida) and from M. serrulata it differs by leaf margins serrulate by adpressed teeth and the fruits smooth or with inconspicuous apical appendages (vs leaf margins serrate by spreading teeth and fruits with distinct appendages in M. serrulata). Paratypi. ��� PARAGUAY. Boquer��n: ��� Nueva Asunci��n, between Parque Nacional Teniente Agripino Enciso and Nueva Asunci��n ��� [fl.], 27.I.1995, Zardini, E. & A. Acosta 42235 (M!); ��� Nueva Asunci��n, between Parque Nacional Teniente Agripino Enciso and Nueva Asunci��n ��� [fl.], 27.I.1995, Zardini, E. & A. Acosta 42388 (M!, MO); ��� Proposed National Park Medanos del Chaco ��� [fl.], 13.XII.1998, Zardini, E. & N. Duarte 49716 (M!)., Published as part of Pscheidt, Allan C., Esser, Hans-Joachim & Cordeiro, In��s, 2017, A new species of Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae, Hippomaneae) in Paraguay, pp. 27-30 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a3, http://zenodo.org/record/5684456, {"references":["MORRONE, J. J. (2014). Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa 3782: 1 - 110."]}

Pscheidt, A.C., H.-J. Esser & I. Cordeiro (2017). A new species of Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae, Hippomaneae) in Paraguay. Candollea 72: 27–30. In English, English and Spanish abstracts. A new species, Microstachys dasycarpa Pscheidt, Esser & Cordeiro (Euphorbiaceae, Hippomaneae), endemic to Paraguayan Chaco, is described and illustrated. The genus Microstachys A. Juss. is represented in this area by other three species : Microstachys corniculata (Vahl) Griseb., Microstachys hispida (Mart.) Govaerts and Microstachys serrulata (Mart.) Mull. Arg., with which this new species is compared.

Croton section Pedicellati is described, with a disjunct distribution in Mexico and South America. It is recovered sister to Croton section Lamprocroton in Bayesian, Maximum Likelihood, and Maximum Parsimony analyses of nuclear ITS and chloroplast trnL-F DNA sequence data. Two new subsections, Croton subsection Lamprocroton and Croton subsection Argentini, are recognized within Croton section Lamprocroton. These well-supported sister clades include species with bifid and multifid styles, respectively. Croton breedlovei, a new lepidote species of section Pedicellati, endemic to Chiapas, Mexico, is described. Croton breedlovei is morphologically and phylogenetically closer to other lepidote species from Brazil than it is to the stellate C. tenuilobus, also from Mexico. This suggests two separate dispersal events from South America for the two Mexican species in the section. The replacement names C. longicolumellus and C. tenuicaulis are made for the later homonyms C. microcarpus and C. microstachys...

Microstachys stipulacea (Müll.Arg.) Esser & M.J.Silva, comb. et stat. nov. (fig. 3) Basionym:— Gymnanthes stipulacea Müller (1863: 96).— Stillingia stipulacea (Müll.Arg.) Baillon (1865: 325).— Sebastiania stipulacea (Müll.Arg.) Müller (1866: 1176). Lectotype (designated here): BRAZIL / URUGUAY: Without locality, without date, F. Sellow 3456 (G!, isolectotypes G!, K!, P!). Subshrub to ca. 30 cm tall. Completely glabrous. Leaves: stipules linear, 2–2.5 × ca. 0.4 mm, often persistent; petiole 10 mm long; blade broadly elliptic to suborbicular, 16 × 12 mm, base obtuse, margin shallowly crenate-serrate, apex rounded to subacute, slightly glaucous below, without marginal glands, side veins in 5–6 pairs. Staminate inflorescence 6–7 mm long; bracts c. 0.25 mm long, with a pair of stipitate disc-shaped glands ca. 0.15 mm in diam.; staminate flowers three per bract, their pedicel ca. 0.2 mm long, the calyx ca. 0.12 mm long. Pistillate flowers not seen. Fruits: pedicel ca. 1.3 mm long; capsule ellipsoid, sulcate, ca. 3.2 × 3.2 mm, smooth, with rows of multiple short appendages to ca. 0.7 mm long. This species had been included by Pax & Hoffmann (1912) in their section Elachocroton (F. Müller 1857: 17) Pax & Hoffmann (1912: 114), which is now part of Microstachys. Esser (1998) suggested that it might not belong to Microstachys because of some unusual characters. Study of the type showed, however, that it is a species which is unusual for its long petioles and stipules and for being completely glabrous, but has flowers and fruits typical for Microstachys. Pax & Hofmann (1912) and Govaerts et al. (2000) listed the name ' Microstachys stipulacea (Müll.Arg.) Klotzsch ex Baillon' as a synonym under Sebastiania stipulacea. That name was however never validly published. The herbarium name of Microstachys stipulacea of Klotzsch (who died 1860) predates the publication of Müller (1863), but was only cited as synonym by Baillon (1865). Both Baillon and Müller treated the species under different genera and did not accept the original herbarium name of Klotzsch. The original type collection (Sellow 3456, B) was labelled as being collected in ‘Brasil’, and as such, cited for Brazil by e.g., Pax & Hoffmann (1912). Urban (1893) showed, however, that Sellow’s collection numbers 3331–3623 were collected while travelling from southernmost Brazil into northern Uruguay and back to Alegrete. Therefore the type locality is uncertain. The holotype is lost. There are two type sheets in G. The lectotype chosen here is a poor specimen but with original annotations by Müller. The isolectotype is a better collection, but without original labels (fig. 3). Additional specimens examined:— BRAZIL. ‘Prov. Rio Grande’, 1833 (fl, fr), C.Gaudichaud-Beaupré 1697 (P!); URUGUAY. Without locality, 1816–1821 (fl, fr), A.Saint-Hilaire 2556 (P!, two sheets)., Published as part of Silva, Marcos José Da & Esser, Hans-Joachim, 2011, Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America, pp. 18-26 in Phytotaxa 32 on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894767, {"references":["Muller, J. (1863) Vorlaufige Mitteilungen aus dem fur De Candolle's Prodromus bestimmten Manuscript uber diese Familie. Linnaea 32: 1 - 126.","Baillon, H. (1865) Species Euphorbiacearum: Euphorbiacees Americaines. Adansonia 5: 305 - 360.","Muller, J. (1866) Euphorbiaceae excl. Euphorbieae. In: De Candolle, A. (ed.), Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabili s 15 (2). Masson, Paris, pp. 189 - 1286.","Pax, F. & Hoffmann, K. (1912) Euphorbiaceae-Hippomaneae. In: Engler, A. (ed.), Das Pflanzenreich IV, 147, V (Heft 52). Engelmann, Leipzig.","Muller, F. (1857). Nova genera et species aliquot rariores in plagis Australiae intratropicis nuperrime detecta. Hooker's journal of botany and Kew Garden miscellany 9: 14 - 24.","Esser, H. - J. (1998) New combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae). Kew Bulletin 53: 955 - 960.","Govaerts, R., Frodin, D. G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000) Microstachys, Sebastiania. In: World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 1183 - 1193, 1450 - 1464.","Urban, I. (1893) Biographische Skizzen: Friedrich Sellow (1789 - 1831). Botanische Jahrbucher 17: 177 - 198."]}

Microstachys ditassoides subsp. villosa M.J.Silva & Esser, subsp. nov. (Fig. 2) Microstachyde ditassoide similis sed ramis densiter villosis, laminis foliorum utrinque densiter villosis, marginibus planis et sparsim serratis distinguenda. Typus:��� BRAZIL. Piau��: Rio Preto, September 1841 (fl, fr), G . Gardner 2954 (holotype K!, isotype BM!). Subshrub ca. 70 cm tall, densely branched. Branches cylindrical, conspicuously villous and slightly ridged. Trichomes simple, multicellular, 1���2 mm long. Leaves spirally alternate; stipules 0.8���0.9 mm long, ovatelanceolate, acuminate, externally sericeous, persistent; petiole 4.9���5.2 mm long, subcylindrical, villous; blade ovate, chartaceous, 7.8���10 �� 4.9���6 mm, base cordate, margin flat, sparsely serrate with projections directed upwards, apex acute, uniform in colour on both sides, with a pair of circular glands on the lower surface near the base, villous on both surfaces, trichomes ca. 2 mm long, more dense on the veins, venation penninerved, brochidodromous, midrib conspicuous, secondary veins 1���3 pairs, inconspicuous. Inflorescences leafopposed, erect, the main axis puberulous, the staminate part with ca. 20, spirally arranged, staminate cymules apically, and 1 pistillate flowers at the base or separated from it and then inserted at lower nodes; pistillate bracts 0.8���0.9 mm long, ovate, scarious, with two globose basal-lateral glands, margin entire, apex acute, ciliate, shortly sericeous outside; staminate bracts 0.5���0.6 mm long, broadly ovate, with two digitifom glands at base, margin entire, scarious, apex short-acuminate, glabrous outside. Pistillate flowers sessile, sepals 0.8 �� 0.7 mm, broadly elliptic, margin slightly denticulate, apex obtuse to shortly acuminate, glabrous and with two basal-lateral, cylindrical and well-developed glands ovary ca. 0.7 �� 0.6 mm, glabrous, with six appendages each mericarp, style ca. 0.8 mm long, cylindrical, erect, free, upward. Staminate cymules 1���2-flowered; flowers subsessile (pedicel ca. 0.1 mm long), sepals 0.7���0.8 �� 0.5 mm, oblong-obovate, apex obtuse, discretely veined in centre, margin entire, glabrous; stamens with filaments up to 0.4 mm long, free, anthers 0.3 mm long. Capsules 4.2���4.5 �� 2.9���3 mm, oblong, glabrous, with appendages similar to the ovary. Seeds unknown. Distribution and ecology:��� Microstachys ditassoides subsp. villosa seems to be endemic to Piau�� state, where it grows in cerrado vegetation. Flowering in September. Etymology:���The epithet refers to the villous pubescence, very characteristic in this taxon. Conservation status:��� This species is only known from its type locality, and there is no information about its current status. Due to that, its IUCN Conservation Status should be DD (Data Deficient) according to IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2001). Relationships:��� Microstachys ditassoides subsp. villosa is morphologically similar to typical M. ditassoides (Didrichsen 1853: 88) Esser (1998: 958). It can, however, easily be distinguished by the densely villous branches and leaves, the latter with flat margins and sparsely serrate (vs. strongly revolute and entire in M. ditassoides), staminate sepals oblong-obovate and obtuse at the apex (vs. suborbicular and emarginate at the apex), pistillate sepals glabrous outside and with two basal-lateral, cylindrical and well-developed glands (vs. pistillate sepals pubescent, glands flattened and rudimentary). The leaves are ovate with a broadly cordate base and are villous on both surfaces, which also distinguishes subsp. villosa from typical M. ditassoides. In M. ditassoides s. str. the leaves are ovate-lanceolate or linear with the base cordate to sagittate, glabrous on both surfaces or tomentose on the lower surface only. Microstachys ditassoides can be recognized as a specific complex that includes specimens which are usually caespitose, glabrous or densely tomentose but never villous, with ovate leaves which are basally cordate to sagittate, glabrous to tomentose on the lower surface, short to long (to 8 cm) inflorescences, and glabrous to tomentose ovary. The typical species occurs in rocky fields and savannas mostly in the states of Minas Gerais, Goias, Bahia and S��o Paulo, but it also reaches Bolivia. Microstachys ditassoides subsp. villosa is, however, restricted to the state of Piau��. Sebastiania ditassoides var. villosa Glaziou (1913: 632), an invalid name based on the collection Glaziou 22096 from Goias, ���Serra das Divis��es ou do Urbanom���, could not be studied., Published as part of Silva, Marcos Jos�� Da & Esser, Hans-Joachim, 2011, Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America, pp. 18-26 in Phytotaxa 32 on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894767, {"references":["IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 3.1. Available from http: // www. iucnredlist. org / technicaldocuments / categories-and-criteria / 2001 - categories-criteria (Accessed at 14 / 04 / 2011).","Didrichsen, D. F. (1853) Plantas nonnullas musei Universitatis Hauniensis. Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn 5: 86 - 89.","Esser, H. - J. (1998) New combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae). Kew Bulletin 53: 955 - 960.","Glaziou, A. F. M. (1913) Plantae Brasiliae centralis a Glazious lectae. Memoires of the Societe Botanique de France 3 g."]}

Microstachys glandulosa (Mart. & Zucc.) Esser & M.J.Silva, comb. et stat. nov. Basionym:— Cnemidostachys glandulosa Martius & Zuccarini (1824: 139); Martius (1824: 71). — Sebastiania corniculata var. obtusifolia forma glandulosa (Mart. & Zucc.) Müller (1866: 1168).— Sebastiania glandulosa (Mart. & Zucc.) Pax in Pax & Hoffmann (1912: 100).— Sebastiania glandulosa var. obtusifolia forma calvescens Pax in Pax & Hoffmann (1912: 101), nom. inval. Lectotype (designated here): BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: in campis, without date, C. F. P. von Martius s.n. (M-0164455!, isolectotypes M- 0164454!, M-0164456!). Cnemidostachys glandulosa had been overlooked by Esser (1998), and was later listed as synonym of M. corniculata (Vahl) Griseb. by Govaerts et al. (2000: 1186), which was certainly erroneous. It is a separate species, characterized by broadly elliptic to suborbicular, pubescent leaves with an obtuse to rounded (never cordate) base, an obtuse to subacute apex and several distinct marginal glands on the lower surface, which are situated in small lateral lobes that give the leaves a slightly dentate appearance (hence the appropriate epitheton). The species is very similar to M. hispida; the latter species shows, however, elliptic-lanceolate leaves with usually acute to acuminate apex, shoots and twigs are hollow or not in cross section, the fruits are regularly tricarpellate, with conspicuous appendages often pointing upwards, the pubescence is velutinose in addition to hispid and never uncinate hairs, the growth of the plants is erect and never caespitose. M. glandulosa differs from it, in addition the leaf shape, by the stems never hollow, the fruits quite often showing one or two aborted carpels with only vestigial to reduced appendages, the trichomes hispid and often uncinate, and the plants are often caespitose. Among the three type sheets in M, the only one with the original label of Martius is selected as lectotype (the others being duplicates with copied labels), which is also the only one with an annotation label of Müller Argoviensis attached to it. The leaves of the lectotype are slightly larger (30–35 × 13–15 mm) than those of the duplicates (15–25 × 8–12 mm)., Published as part of Silva, Marcos José Da & Esser, Hans-Joachim, 2011, Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America, pp. 18-26 in Phytotaxa 32 on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894767, {"references":["Martius, C. F. P. & Zuccarini, J. G. (April - June 1824) Ankundigung der Fortsetzung eines Werkes uber brasilianische Pflanzen. Flora 7 (1) Beibl. 4: 129 - 142.","Muller, J. (1866) Euphorbiaceae excl. Euphorbieae. In: De Candolle, A. (ed.), Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabili s 15 (2). Masson, Paris, pp. 189 - 1286.","Pax, F. & Hoffmann, K. (1912) Euphorbiaceae-Hippomaneae. In: Engler, A. (ed.), Das Pflanzenreich IV, 147, V (Heft 52). Engelmann, Leipzig.","Esser, H. - J. (1998) New combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae). Kew Bulletin 53: 955 - 960.","Govaerts, R., Frodin, D. G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000) Microstachys, Sebastiania. In: World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 1183 - 1193, 1450 - 1464."]}

Microstachys nana M.J.Silva & Esser, sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Microstachyde glandulosa similis sed habitu diminuto atque caespitoso, ramulis puberulis, floribus pistillatis distincte pedicellatis et stylis elongatis basaliter connatis distinguenda. Typus:��� BRAZIL. Paran��: Munic��pio de Porto Amazonas, localidade de Caiacanga, 13 October 1963 (fl, fr), G . Hatschbach 10280 (holotype B!, isotypes MBM!, UEC!). Herb 6���13 cm tall, branched at the base into up to five shoots; root system well developed with a main root up to 11 cm long. Branches cylindrical to angulate, glabrous to glabrescent. Trichomes simple, multicellular, adpressed, ca. 1 mm long. Leaves alternate; stipules 0.7���0.9 mm long, persistent; petiole 1.3���1.9 mm long, glabrescent; blade elliptic to rarely oblong-elliptic, 1.6���2.8 �� 0.8���1.2 cm, membranaceous, base obtuse and usually truncate, margin thickened and irregularly crenate, apex rounded, uniform in colour and glabrous on both sides, with up to 3 submarginal circular glands, 0.3 mm in diameter in each basal section of the lower surface on each side of the midvein, penninerved, brochidodromous, with 4���5 pairs of indistinct secondary veins. Inflorescences terminal or leaf-opposed, erect, 5.5���6 cm long when adult, glabrous, with up to 2 pistillate flowers at the base and up to 26 staminate cymules apically, the pistillate flowers often separated and inserted at nodes below the staminate part; axis compressed-angulate, glabrous; pistillate bracts 0.9���1.0 mm long, staminate bracts 0.7���0.8 mm long, both broadly ovate with an irregularly dentate-lacerate margin, obtuse apex, and a pair of basal glands. Pistillate flowers: pedicel 1.3���1.4 mm long; sepals 1.0���1.1 �� 0.8���0.9 mm, broadly ovate, the margin shallowly and irregularly lacerate-dentate; ovary 1.0��� 1.1 mm long, with 6 appendages on each mericarp; stigmas 2.2���2.5 mm long, erect and united at base for ca. 0.5 mm. Staminate cymules with 1 (rarely 2) flowers, staminate flowers subsessile, glabrous; sepals 1.0���1.1 �� 0.8���0.9 mm, obovate-spatulate, with a distinct central vein, the margin discretely dentate apically; stamens completely free with filaments up to 0.6 mm long, anthers 0.3���0.4 mm long. Fruits (immature) 2.6���3 mm long, glabrous, with 6 erect appendages on each mericarp. Seeds not seen. Distribution and ecology:��� Microstachys nana hitherto has only been found in the Brazilian state of Paran��, municipios Caiacanga and Serrinha, in campo limpo vegetation, and is most probably endemic there. Flowering and fruiting in October. Etymology:���The specific epithet refers to the diminuitive aspect of the plant. Conservation Status:���This species is known only from two collections, both collected on campo limpo that are continuously being substituted by agricultural lands. Therefore the species is classified here as vulnerable according to the IUCN categories (IUCN 2001). Relationships:��� Microstachys nana can be recognized and characterized by its size (to 13 cm tall) small even within this genus, the leaves with thickened and irregularly crenate margins, distinctly pedicellate pistillate flowers (pedicel 1.3���1.4 mm long), and stigmas 2.2 to 2.5 mm long. Morphologically it resembles Microstachys glandulosa in several characters related to the leaf (shape, base, apex and absence of hairs), shape of glands, and the glabrous ovary. However, M. nana is a herb with glabrous to glabrescent branches, adpressed trichomes, completely free stamens, pedicellate pistillate flowers, ovaries with well-developed and erect appendages, and inflorescences 5.5���6 cm long with spaced flowers. Microstachys glandulosa is a subshrub to shrub (up to 1 m tall), has branches with short uncinate-filiform trichomes, stamens with filaments very slightly united at base, sessile pistillate flowers, ovaries with small and curved appendages, and inflorescences 0.9���4 cm long with more condensed flowers. Paratype:��� BRAZIL. Paran��, Serrinha in campis, 24 October 1908 (fl, fr), P . Dus��n 6960 (K!)., Published as part of Silva, Marcos Jos�� Da & Esser, Hans-Joachim, 2011, Two new taxa and two new combinations in Microstachys (Euphorbiaceae) from South America, pp. 18-26 in Phytotaxa 32 on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.32.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894767, {"references":["IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 3.1. Available from http: // www. iucnredlist. org / technicaldocuments / categories-and-criteria / 2001 - categories-criteria (Accessed at 14 / 04 / 2011)."]}

Tragia chamaelea Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 981. 1753. "Habitat in India." RCN: 7106. Lectotype (Esser in Blumea 44: 176. 1999): Herb. Hermann 4: 43, No. 335 (BM-000628196). Current name: Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae). Note: Airy Shaw (in Kew Bull. 35: 686. 1980) indicated material in LINN (presumably sheet 1103.5) as type, but this reached Linnaeus long after 1753 and is not original material for the name.

The pantropical genus Microstachys A. Juss. is reconsidered, including, among other genera, Elachocroton F. Muell. and Sebastiania sect. Microstachyopsis (Miull. Arg.) Pax as synonyms. It is distinguished from Sebastiania Spreng. A lectotype is chosen for Cnemidostachys Mart. & Zucc., another synonym. New combinations are provided for species from Africa (Microstachys acetosella (Milne-Redh.) Esser, M. dalzielii (Hutch.) Esser, M. faradianensis (Beille) Esser) and South America (M. bidentata (Mart. & Zucc.) Esser, M. ditassoides (Didr.) Esser, M. heterodoxa (Mfill. Arg.) Esser, M. nummularifolia (Cordeiro) Esser, M. revoluta (Ule) Esser, M. uleana (Pax & K. Hoffm.) Esser).