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In the present study, biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Azadirachta indica leaf extract were evaluated for their toxic effects on both target and non‐target species. The botanical synthesized nanoparticles were tested against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus and non‐targeted species Artemia salina and Eudrilus eugeniae at 24 h posttreatment. AgNPs were characterized using the following analytical techniques: UV‐Vis spectroscopy, FT‐IR, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Results showed that AgNPs caused larvicidal activity with 90.66% mortality in An. stephensi, 97.33% in Ae. aegypti, and 93.33% in Cx. quinquefasciatus at 24 h posttreatment. A. indica‐derived AgNPs had lower LC50 (lethal concentration 50) and LC90 (lethal concentration 90) values of 44.803 and 252.886 ppm/mL in An. stephensi, 18.358 and 189.553 ppm/mL in Ae. Aegypti, and 36.492 and 219.800 ppm/mL in Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. Furthermore, AgNPs demonstrated lower toxicity effects with 50.66% mortality in A. salina and 38.66% mortality in E. eugeniae at 24 h posttreatment. Additionally, they exhibited lower LC50 and LC90 values of 240.996 and 533.618 ppm/mL in A. salina and 301.122 and 548.944 ppm/kg in E. eugeniae at 24 h posttreatment, respectively. The findings conclude that green‐synthesized AgNPs from plants offer a promising, cost‐effective, and target‐specific alternative for eco‐friendly mosquito larvicides. Future work should focus on developing these plant‐based agents with minimal non‐target toxicity to support sustainable pest control. Further research may explore large‐scale applications and assess the long‐term environmental impacts of AgNPs in integrated vector management programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using the raw juice of Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) fruit bya simple and cost-effective green route and its effects on earthworms, Eudrilus eugeniae, were studied. The kaffir-lime powered ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO:KL) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The filter paper method was adopted to test the toxicity of ZnO:KL. Earthworms (species Eudrilus eugeniae) were exposed to 100 to 1000 mg/L of ZnO:KL in one-step order. During the study period (up to 48 h), no mortality was found in any treatment group. In histological observation, no damage was found in the epidermal layer of earthworm’s skin treated up to 800 mg/L, whereas slight epidermal damage was observed only in 900 and 1000 mg/L treated earthworms. The GC-MS spectrum of the juice of kaffir lime fruit revealed 22 bioactive compounds. The predominantly identified bioactive compounds vitamin C and citric acid were subjected to molecular docking to reveal their binding affinity with collagen – a structural protein providing strength and flexibility of the earthworm’s body. Vitamin C and citric acid bind to the collagen in a favorable orientation with the binding affinity of -4.44 kcal/mol and -4.97 kcal/mol, respectively. Since vitamin C and citric acid are capable of influencing the biosynthesis of collagen, they could prevent skin damage. In sum, the kaffir lime-powered ZnO nanomaterial is less toxic to the earthworm when compared with bare ZnO.

This study utilizes gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze phytochemicals in Achyranthes aspera, revealing over 57 phyto components in its methanol extracts. Major components include Neophytadiene, Stigmasterol, and Lupeol. The study then explores the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using these extracts, observing a color change in the reaction mixture, indicating successful synthesis. UV/Vis spectra reveal absorption peaks at 343 and 411nm, indicative of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the AgNPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) highlights various functional groups present in the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the crystalline nature of the AgNPs, showing distinct peaks corresponding to crystallographic planes. SEM and AFM images display spherical AgNPs with cluster formations. The introduction of these plant-mediated AgNPs to earthworms results in significant growth compared to control groups. Silver content analysis in earthworms corroborates the effectiveness of the plant-mediated nanoparticles. Dissection analysis reveals enhanced growth in reproductive organs. Despite the benefits of nanomaterials, the study acknowledges potential toxicological concerns, emphasizing the increasing usage of silver nanoparticles and their potential impact on the environment. This research provides valuable insights into the synthesis, characterization, and biological effects of plant-mediated silver nanoparticles.

The vermiremediation potential of Eudrilus eugeniae was assessed in heavy metals (HMs) contaminated soil in a microcosm experiment. In detail, efficacy of E. eugeniae was investigated in terms of reduction in HMs content, enhancement in the soil enzyme activities, synergistic correlation between the HMs and enzyme activities and bioaccumulation of HMs in the earthworm's biomass. Moreover, a seed germination assay was also conducted to assess the HMs toxicity in soil after remediation. The results showed that Eudrilus eugeniae was capable of decreasing the Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, and Ni contents in the soil by 17.56–26.30% after 90 days of experimental trial. Introduction of E. eugeniae increased cellulase, amylase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, urease, dehydrogenase, and catalase activities by 30.3–80.95% compared to controls. Earthworm addition led to a 12.98% increase in G-Mean and 2.89% increase in T-QSI values, indicating significant soil health improvement. PCA revealed the negative impact of HMs on synergistic enzyme activities during vermiremediation. HMs content in earthworm biomass increased 13-fold. Seed germination assay confirmed HMs reduction by the end of the experiment. Thus, this study demonstrated the interconnected changes in the soil enzyme activities during vermiremediation of HMs from crude oil polluted soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insect pests are serious threats to agriculture, forestry, and human health because they damage crops and trees and spread diseases. Chemical insecticides control insect pests quickly and effectively, protecting crops. Environmental and health concerns arise from their use. Long‐term exposure can cause pesticide‐resistant insects, requiring stronger chemicals. Beneficial insects and wildlife may be harmed. Some chemical insecticides persist in the environment, causing long‐term ecological damage. The present study was to isolate, identify, and characterize entomopathogenic fungi from the soil, evaluate their pathogenicity against major insect species, and evaluate the non‐target effect on soil bioindicator species. Bioassay results show that Beauveria bassiana conidia are more pathogenic to all three species at 10 days after treatment, causing 100% mortality in Halyomorpha halys and Tenebrio molitor within 10 days. The lethal concentration showed lower LC50 values of 9.5 × 103 conidia/mL in H. halys, 2.6 × 103 conidia/mL in T. molitor, and 8.3×104 conidia/mL in P. japonica, B. bassiana treatment results showed a shortened insect life time LT50 of H. halys (6.0 days), T. molitor (5.3 days), and P. japonica (6.9 days). The present study concluded that B. bassiana fungi conidia are more efficient against three major insect pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Untreated swine wastewater is one of the main contributors to the problem of water pollution in areas where swine farming is prevalent. Lack of wastewater treatment facilities can cause nutrient buildup in bodies of water, that result in adverse environmental effects such as eutrophication and can cause the buildup of pathogens in bodies of water. This study evaluated the feasibility of a vermifilter using African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae) and taro (Colocasia esculenta) in treating swine wastewater. The cylindrical vermifilters each had a diameter of 35cm, 50cm of freeboard, 15cm of soil substrate, and 35cm of gravel of mixed sizes. One vermifilter was planted with taro plants (TAVF) while the other was not (VF). Water samples were collected from the effluent of the respective setups, and were analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH. Results from the Taro Assisted Vermifilter showed an average of 70.45% and 70.50% removal efficiencies for EC and TDS, respectively. The observed average increase in pH was 0.66, while the effluent ORP values for the TAVF exceeded 220mV. The TAVF showed no signs of clogging throughout the wastewater loading period, and a significant increase in the earthworm mass was observed. The plants used were also observed to have grown significantly throughout the experiment. The TAVF, however, did not perform better than the VF in terms of removal efficiency. Overall, the system demonstrated potential as a treatment facility for swine farms with significant wastewater effluent and showed efficiency with extended periods of acclimatization.

Earthworms have a complex digestive system consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine which work together to pass the soil out. The gut soil and associated microbial load in earthworms' gut hinder the outcome of many experiments like in-vitro regeneration, histology, immunohistochemistry, molecular expression and toxicological studies. Currently, the available gut cleaning techniques are time-consuming and costly. The tissue paper method takes 4-7 days; the agar-agar method takes around 3-5 days to clean the gut. Therefore, refined techniques are needed to reduce the gut cleaning process in a cost-effective and at the same time in a minimum number of days. Bisacodyl is a medication used to treat constipation and it acts as a laxative drug that increases peristatic movement of the gut. It can also be used to cleanse the intestines before a bowel examination or surgery. The present study aims to enhance the gut-cleaning process in earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae , using the drug bisacodyl. Briefly, the earthworm is exposed to different concentrations (1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg, 6 mg, 8 mg and 10 mg) of bisacodyl and analyzed for its excretion rate. We observed that 4 mg is more efficient and aids in cleaning the earthworm's gut within two days. A lower bisacodyl concentration is inefficient in cleaning the gut in a shorter duration while at higher bisacodyl concentrations, worm experienced autotomy. Since the drug was active for only 45 mins, the worm became normal one hour after withdrawal from the experiment. Other than E. eugeniae , for Perionyx excavatus we observed 4 mg bisacodyl drug is efficient and aids in cleaning its gut within two days. Overall, the designed protocol is efficient for gut cleaning in a shorter duration in a cost-effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworms play a crucial role in soil fertility through decomposition, nutrient mineralization and water infiltration, and they are used as a standard organism in ecotoxicological testing. However, to use them for evaluations of environmental pollution, knowledge on the age-related variations in antioxidant enzymes within this species as they undergo different environmental conditions such as treatment to heavy metal insecticides, herbicides, salinity and polluted soil, vermifiltration etc. that cause stress. Due to oxidative stress, the growth and reproductive potential of earthworms are affected because of an imbalance between antioxidant enzymes and Reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study provides a fundamental understanding of the antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative stress in three earthworm species (Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae and Pheretima posthuma) at various stages of their lives. Before studying their usage as potential biomarkers, it is necessary to explore the age-related variations in antioxidant enzymes within these species which serve as the quintessential terrestrial invertebrates in evaluations of environmental pollution. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbic peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase (POD), as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidative stress marker, were measured in the total body of juvenile, sub-adult, and adult earthworms. SOD and CAT activities respectively declined and increased with age in all earthworm species and maximum SOD activity (4.86 U/g FW) and CAT activity (12.33 U/g FW) were found in respectively juvenile (EF-J) and adult (EF-A) stages of E. fetida. In P. posthuma, APX and POD activities rose with age. APX activity was significantly maximum (6.18 U/g FW) in P. posthuma adult stage (PP-A) whereas significant maximum POD activity (0.46±0.01ΔOD/min) in EF-J stage. H2O2, an oxidative stress marker, increased with age in all earthworm species. P. posthuma adult (PP-A) had the maximum activity (4.06 µmole/g FW), and EF-J life stage had the lowest activity (1.35 µmole/g FW). In response to increased oxidative stress (H2O2), the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX, and POD) work together. Overall, Eisenia fetida performed better than E. eugeniae and P. posthuma. This study fills the gaps in antioxidant enzyme activities at the different age stages of earthworms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vermicompost is applied as a soil amendment to promote plant growth and yield. It also helps to significantly reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases. However, its efficiency depends on the type of earthworm from which it is formed. The current study aims to compare the effects of two vermicompost types derived from African nightcrawler (AF) and Tiger worm (TG) as a soil amendment to evaluate its potential for suppressing damping-off disease both in vitro and in vivo. It also aims to determine the effects of both vermicompost types on the growth and yield-related traits of potted Thai vegetable soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] variety "Chiang Mai 84–2" grown under greenhouse conditions when amended to the soil at various application rates (1%, 2%, 3% w/w). AF vermicompost exhibited better suppression of damping-off disease than TG vermicompost in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. AF vermicompost performed significantly greater suppressive efficacy on the mycelial growth of Athelia rolfsii in vitro than TG vermicompost, indicated by 50% and 16% inhibition, respectively. Damping-off incidence on vegetable soybean seedlings grown in soil amended with AF vermicompost was significantly lower (21%) than in soil amended with TG vermicompost (32%) under greenhouse conditions. With an increased application rate of 1% to 2% or 3% for each vermicompost type, plant yields significantly enhanced, with no significant variations among the 2% and 3% rates. Applying vermicompost at 2% w/w through soil amendment was the appropriate rate for promoting the growth and yield of potted vegetable soybeans. The results can be used to guide the application of vermicompost to control soil-borne plant diseases, promote plant growth, and enhance yields, especially in terms of organic crop production. Further research is needed to evaluate its potential for other potted crops and protect against soil-borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Vermicomposting of phenolics-rich lignocellulosic materials takes a long time to reach maturity, while worm mortality and weight loss are often encountered. Phenolic compounds have antimicrobial properties which may affect the vermicomposting process. The present study aims at investigating the effect of the initial total phenolic content (TPC) on coir pith vermicomposting. Method: The earthworm activities and performance during vermicomposting of coir pith and cow manure containing 4.8 (T0), 6.4 (T1), 7.2 (T2), 8.8 (T3), 10.3 (T4) and 12.7 (T5) mg initial TPC g-1 substrate using Eudrilus eugeniae were investigated. Results: Total carbon loss increased as initial TPC increased and only T0 and T1 reached maturity. Earthworm mortality and weight loss increased as initial TPC of materials increased in a concentration dependent manner. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that the total numbers of water-soluble phenolics of coir pith and cow manure were, respectively, 17 and 16 out of which 5 and 4 were unique to coir pith and cow manure, respectively. By the end of vermicomposting, almost all of phenolics present in cow manure disappeared while those in coir pith remained intact, albeit, reduced in concentrations. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid were detected in all treatments. Disappearance of 4.90 and 6.35 minute-peaks was observed with T0, T1 and T2 whilst a new phenolic (5.30 minute-peak) was detected only in T1 indicating the better degradation of phenolic compounds. Conclusion: Results indicated a significant role of initial TPC on earthworm activities during coir pith vermicomposting. Highlight The initial phenolic concentration of coir pith exhibited antagonistic effects on earthworm activities. The optimal initial phenolic content of the feedstock was the key to the successful vermicomposting of phenolic-rich agricultural wastes. Total phenolic content of the feedstock greatly affected bacterial population during initial phase of coir pith vermicomposting. There were 17 and 16 water soluble phenolics found in coir pith and cow dung, respectively, of which 5 and 4 were unique to coir pith and cow manure, respectively.

Purpose: Vermicomposting of phenolics-rich lignocellulosic materials takes a long time to reach maturity, while worm mortality and weight loss are often encountered. Phenolic compounds have antimicrobial properties which may affect the vermicomposting process. The present study aims at investigating the effect of the initial total phenolic content (TPC) on coir pith vermicomposting. Method: The earthworm activities and performance during vermicomposting of coir pith and cow manure containing 4.8 (T0), 6.4 (T1), 7.2 (T2), 8.8 (T3), 10.3 (T4) and 12.7 (T5) mg initial TPC g-1 substrate using Eudrilus eugeniae were investigated. Results: Total carbon loss increased as initial TPC increased and only T0 and T1 reached maturity. Earthworm mortality and weight loss increased as initial TPC of materials increased in a concentration dependent manner. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that the total numbers of water-soluble phenolics of coir pith and cow manure were, respectively, 17 and 16 out of which 5 and 4 were unique to coir pith and cow manure, respectively. By the end of vermicomposting, almost all of phenolics present in cow manure disappeared while those in coir pith remained intact, albeit, reduced in concentrations. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid were detected in all treatments. Disappearance of 4.90 and 6.35 minute-peaks was observed with T0, T1 and T2 whilst a new phenolic (5.30 minute-peak) was detected only in T1 indicating the better degradation of phenolic compounds. Conclusion: Results indicated a significant role of initial TPC on earthworm activities during coir pith vermicomposting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical insecticides are effective at controlling mosquito populations, but their excessive use can pollute the environment and harm non-target organisms. Mosquitoes can also develop resistance to these chemicals over time, which makes long-term mosquito control efforts challenging. In this study, we assessed the phytochemical, biochemical, and insecticidal properties of the chemical constituents of cajeput oil. Results show that Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil may exhibit mosquito larvicidal properties against Anopheles stephensi larvae (second-fourth instar) at 24 h post-treatment. At 24 h post-exposure, the essential oil resulted in a significant decrease in detoxifying enzymes. All of these findings indicate that cajeput oil infects An. stephensi larvae directly affect the immune system, leading to decreased immune function. Cajeput oil significantly affects the second, third, and fourth instar larvae of An. stephensi, according to the bioassay results. Cajeput oil does not induce toxicity in non-target Eudrilus eugeniae earthworm species, as indicated by a histological study of earthworms. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of several major phytochemicals that contribute to mosquito larvicidal activity. The importance of cajeput oil as an effective candidate for biological control of the malarial vector An. stephensi is supported by this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to address the remediation of crude oil-contaminated soil by employing four different factorial setups: I - used the earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae) for vermiremediation, II – utilized the bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa FA-7) for bioaugmentation, III – combined earthworms + bacteria to perform vermiremediation + bioaugmentation, and IV – served as abiotic control. Further, garden soil weighing 1 kg and 50 g of desiccated cow dung were introduced into the experimental groups and abiotic controls. Subsequently, different quantities of crude oil ranging from 5 to 20 mL were introduced. Based on the results, from 5 mL of oil-contaminated soil, the factorial setup-III removed the maximum proportion of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in V + B1 (58.06 %). The abiotic control treatments AC1 (1.11 %) exhibited the lowest TPH removal rate. The bioremediated soil had significantly (P

Chemical insecticides are effective at controlling mosquito populations, but their excessive use can pollute the environment and harm non-target organisms. Mosquitoes can also develop resistance to these chemicals over time, which makes long-term mosquito control efforts challenging. In this study, we assessed the phytochemical, biochemical, and insecticidal properties of the chemical constituents of cajeput oil. Results show that Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil may exhibit mosquito larvicidal properties against Anopheles stephensi larvae (second-fourth instar) at 24 h post-treatment. At 24 h post-exposure, the essential oil resulted in a significant decrease in detoxifying enzymes. All of these findings indicate that cajeput oil infects An. stephensi larvae directly affect the immune system, leading to decreased immune function. Cajeput oil significantly affects the second, third, and fourth instar larvae of An. stephensi, according to the bioassay results. Cajeput oil does not induce toxicity in non-target Eudrilus eugeniae earthworm species, as indicated by a histological study of earthworms. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of several major phytochemicals that contribute to mosquito larvicidal activity. The importance of cajeput oil as an effective candidate for biological control of the malarial vector An. stephensi is supported by this study.

Background: While the increase in the number of coconut-based industries in Malaysia supports economic growth positively, it affects the environment negatively by generating large amounts of coconut wastes. This study has endeavored to assess the possibility of vermicomposting different types of coconut wastes and, in doing so, evaluated the potential of using the African nightcrawler (Eudrilus eugeniae) to decompose coconut wastes. The study was conducted over a 50-day duration using two different types of coconut wastes: coconut husk (CH) and spent coconut flakes (SCF). The nutrient content of the vermicompost at various stages of treatments was determined. Three different percentage ratios were used: {C1-W or B1-W (100% waste), C2-W or B2-W (70% waste + 30% goat manure), and C3-W or B3-W (50% waste + 50% goat manure)}. Twenty healthy adult E. eugeniae (each 0.02 to 0.03 kg) were introduced to each treatment. Results: Results showed that the degradation process was very fast in the spent coconut flakes which needed only 16 days for complete decomposition, while that in the coconut husk needed 2 months. Available phosphorous (P) and total potassium (TK) values declined in CH. The available P and TK in C3-W (50% waste + 50% goat manure) were less than the initial values by 26.6% and 53.69%, respectively. Moreover, P and TK values increased in SCF at the final stage as in B2-W (70% waste + 30% goat manure) which was 69.3% more than the initial level. The weights of the worms were recorded throughout the experimental period. Conclusions: The study showed that vermicomposting could be an efficient method to convert coconut wastes into a valuable by-product.

Due to the increasing use of synthetic chemical pesticides, controlling insect pests presents a significant ecological concern. Furthermore, it endangers people’s health by bringing on diseases linked to human poisoning as well as those disorders. Plants are thought to be significant sources of bioactive compounds and potentially replace insecticides due to their perceived advantages. The purpose of the current investigation is to ascertain the acute toxicity of monocrotophos, a methanolic extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L., against the soil bacterium and Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg). Soxhlet apparatus was used for organic solvent extraction. The LC50 of P. hysterophorus methanolic extract (219.621 ppm) and monocrotophos (20 ppm) for 24 and 48 hours caused the earthworm mortality observed in laboratory condition by Contact filter paper test .Artificial soil test (AST), which tested for earthworm resistance in a methanol extract of P. hysterophorus at LC50 (219.621 ppm) and monocrotophos (20 ppm), were analysed after 7 and 14days in total cell viable count assay, Azotobacter chroococcum (Beijerinck) treated with monocrotophos (20 ppm), methanol extract of P. hysterophorus (219.621 ppm).Data obtained from the toxicity tests were evaluated using the Probit Analysis Statistical Method. This study showed a significantly higher cell viable count when compared monocrotophos, less toxic to non-target organisms (A. chroococcum, E. eugeniae) than monocrotophos. These findings indicated that the methanol extract of P. hysterophorus has no toxic effect on E. euginae and A. chroococcum (non-target organisms). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vermicompost is applied as a soil amendment to promote plant growth and yield. It also helps to significantly reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases. However, its efficiency depends on the type of earthworm from which it is formed. The current study aims to compare the effects of two vermicompost types derived from African nightcrawler (AF) and Tiger worm (TG) as a soil amendment to evaluate its potential for suppressing damping-off disease both in vitro and in vivo. It also aims to determine the effects of both vermicompost types on the growth and yield-related traits of potted Thai vegetable soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] variety “Chiang Mai 84–2” grown under greenhouse conditions when amended to the soil at various application rates (1%, 2%, 3% w/w). AF vermicompost exhibited better suppression of damping-off disease than TG vermicompost in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. AF vermicompost performed significantly greater suppressive efficacy on the mycelial growth of Athelia rolfsii in vitro than TG vermicompost, indicated by 50% and 16% inhibition, respectively. Damping-off incidence on vegetable soybean seedlings grown in soil amended with AF vermicompost was significantly lower (21%) than in soil amended with TG vermicompost (32%) under greenhouse conditions. With an increased application rate of 1% to 2% or 3% for each vermicompost type, plant yields significantly enhanced, with no significant variations among the 2% and 3% rates. Applying vermicompost at 2% w/w through soil amendment was the appropriate rate for promoting the growth and yield of potted vegetable soybeans. The results can be used to guide the application of vermicompost to control soil-borne plant diseases, promote plant growth, and enhance yields, especially in terms of organic crop production. Further research is needed to evaluate its potential for other potted crops and protect against soil-borne diseases.

This study explored the impact of incorporating coir pith, a byproduct of the coconut industry, into the vermicomposting substrate of Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms. The groups were compared based on their diets: cow manure only or cow manure mixed with varying amounts of coir pith. The aim was to assess the effects of coir pith on earthworm growth, mortality and the microbial community involved in vermicomposting. Earthworms fed with higher proportions of coir pith (70 % w/w) experienced reduced growth (0.81 g/worm) and increased mortality (24.67 %) after 5 weeks of vermicomposting. These effects were attributed to the high level of total phenolic content in the system. Coir pith required specific bacteria for digestion and detoxification, and excessive intake disrupted the earthworms' digestion, thus hindering nutrient absorption. The study also examined the microbial composition of the vermicast samples and identified variations based on the diet. Bacterial taxa involved in lignocellulose degradation, such as Bacteriodota, Azospirillum, Chitinophagaceae, Marinomonas and Pantoea, exhibited decreased abundances in treatments with coir pith. Conversely, the abundances of potentially harmful bacteria, such as Aeromonas, increased with higher coir pith inclusion levels. This pioneering investigation sheds light on the feasibility of coir pith use in vermicomposting and emphasises the importance of optimising earthworm diets to enhance microbial ecological functions and improve vermicompost quality.

Knowledge on the mechanism of earthworm-induced removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in vermicomposting systems and interaction with nutrient mineralization and microbial growth is scarce in literature. Moreover, the PAH accumulation capacity of Eudrilus eugeniae has not been studied. This research, therefore, investigates the apportionment dynamics of 13 PAH compounds in aerobic composting and vermicomposting (Eisenia fetida and E. eugeniae) systems using novel budget equations. The PAH removal efficiency of vermicomposting was significantly higher (2–threefold) than composting with concurrent microbial augmentation (p < 0.01). However, the 4–6 ring compounds reduced more significantly (30–50%) than the 3-ring PAHs (p < 0.01), and E. eugeniae was an equally competitive PAH-accumulator compared to E. fetida. The budget equations revealed that although the bioaccumulation capabilities of earthworms were retarded due to PAH exposure, earthworms facilitated PAH-immobilization in decomposed feedstock. A marked increase in bacterial, fungal, and actinomycetes proliferation in PAH-spiked vermibeds with parallel removal of the PAHs indicated that earthworm-induced microbial enrichment plays a vital role in PAH detoxification during vermicomposting. Correlation analyses strongly implied that earthworm-driven mineralization-humification balancing and microbial enrichment could be the critical mechanism of PAH remediation under vermicomposting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study on the vermicomposting ability and efficacy of two earthworm species (Eudrilus eugeniae and Lumbricus rubellus) on cow dung was carried out using standard methods. Data collected showed that there was an increase in the major nutrients content such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus as well as the electrical conductivity regardless of the vermibeds or treatment while there was a decrease in the total organic carbon, organic matter regardless of the vermibeds or treatment except the vermibed with cowdung only. The lignin content also decreased across all the vermibeds except the one with cowdung and L. rubellus. Vermicompost of cowdung + L. rubellus had highest concentrations of nitrogen (4.47±0.38) and phosphorus (114.64±0.648), cowdung +Eudrilus eugeniae had the highest potassium (26.7±0.849) while cowdung +dry grass+ Eudrilus eugeniae had the highest organic matter (33.15±0.919) and lignin (19.78±0.396) and cowdung only had the highest organic carbon. The result of the environmental parameters carried out showed that the cowdung+dry grass + E. eugeniae had the highest moisture (80.1±0.141), cowdung +dry grass+ L. rubellus had highest pH while cowdung+dry grass+E. eugeniae had the highest temperature (30.1±0.283). E. eugeniae showed a better decomposition rate with percentage decomposition of 79.90% while L. rubellus has 74.27%. However, there were significant differences (p<0.05) among the vemi-beds. In conclusion, the two species of earthworm L. rubellus and E. eugeniae are efficient in producing good nutrient quality vermicompost and are recommended for use in vermicomposting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Philippines, the use of non-native earthworm species in vermicomposting is popular. Given that the country is a vital geographical resource for earthworm diversity, the study of earthworm species to establish the potential of their vermicasts in agricultural applications is essential. In this study, the bacteria associated with the vermicasts of the recently described indigenous species, Pheretima losbanosensis, were investigated using next-generation sequencing, community-level physiological profiling, and NPK activity screening. The results showed diverse bacterial species belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetes, Spirochaetes, Thermodesulfobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. Higher diversity and carbon substrate utilization (p < 0.05) of amines and amides, phenolic compounds, polymers, and carboxylic and acetic acids were exhibited by the bacterial communities of P. losbanosensis compared to those of Eudrilus eugeniae. Likewise, bacteria (n = 25) isolated from P. losbanosensis vermicasts had higher nitrogen fixation and phosphate and potassium solubilization activities (p < 0.05) than the bacteria (n = 20) isolated from E. eugeniae vermicasts. Overall, our results indicate that the diverse bacterial communities inhabiting the vermicasts of P. losbanosensis have nutrient mineralization and carbon substrate utilization activities that may have applications in sustainable agriculture as a potential organic input to promote plant growth and improve soil substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study on the vermicomposting ability and efficacy of two earthworm species (Eudrilus eugeniae and Lumbricus rubellus) on cow dung was carried out using standard methods. Data collected showed that there was an increase in the major nutrients content such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus as well as the electrical conductivity regardless of the vermibeds or treatment while there was a decrease in the total organic carbon, organic matter regardless of the vermibeds or treatment except the vermibed with cowdung only. The lignin content also decreased across all the vermibeds except the one with cowdung and L. rubellus. Vermicompost of cowdung + L. rubellus had highest concentrations of nitrogen (4.47±0.38) and phosphorus (114.64±0.648), cowdung +Eudrilus eugeniae had the highest potassium (26.7±0.849) while cowdung +dry grass+ Eudrilus eugeniae had the highest organic matter (33.15±0.919) and lignin (19.78±0.396) and cowdung only had the highest organic carbon. The result of the environmental parameters carried out showed that the cowdung+dry grass + E. eugeniae had the highest moisture (80.1±0.141), cowdung +dry grass+ L. rubellus had highest pH while cowdung+dry grass+E. eugeniae had the highest temperature (30.1±0.283). E. eugeniae showed a better decomposition rate with percentage decomposition of 79.90% while L. rubellus has 74.27%. However, there were significant differences (p

The vermicomposting process using sugarcane bagasse as substrate with cow dung and elephant dung were evaluated by using earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. The significant of the current study to create a biological alternative and humification process for open-air decomposed debris of sugarcane crop residue and animal dungs by using earthworm. FT-IR and GC–MS analysis was performed to determine the maturity and stability stage of vermicompost in the initial and 90th day substrates. The zero day raw material had found 25 organic compounds which was increased to 30 compounds after 90th day of vermicomposting. FT-IR spectroscopy demonstrated that distinct biochemical functional groups included in wastes, underwent variable chemical changes and turnover during vermicomposting. GC–MS profile revealed that existence of numerous humic acids in the predominant level of metabolites and disintegrating compounds viz., Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (14.89%), Benzenepropanoic acid 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-methylester (108.53%), Octadecanoic acid (8.98%), Dodecanoic acid methyl ester (1.99%), Methyl tetradecanoate (1.36%) and interestingly absence of toxic compounds, its clearly demonstrating as an indicator of substrate maturity. All the biochemical compounds are considered biologically and pharmacologically important and this was supported by a fall in the humification index, which focuses on the joint action of earthworms and bacteria in the decomposition of organic substrates. The technique FT-IR verified the mineralization process and formation of a significant amount of carboxylic and aliphatic group degradation and GC–MS profile found the turnover of different organic components in chemical footprints and it were proved to be more promising fast, reliable and conventional method. Therefore, the current study can be regarded as a comprehensive eco-biochemical method that will open a new vista on the significance of sugarcane bagasse for solid waste management. Finally, it was found that the amount of solid waste dumped in landfills could be greatly reduced and that industrial waste could be transformed into high-quality vermicompost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing blood vessels from the existing vasculature is vital for the growth of the organism, as well as for systematic wound healing and the repair process. In this study, we investigated the role of angiogenesis during the regeneration process in the earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae, animal model. Briefly, the morphological examination of blood vessels in juvenile and mature worms is documented, along with the development of new blood vessels in regenerating blastema. However, in vivo and in vitro experiments with juvenile worms revealed that geraniol retards blastemal regeneration growth with undeveloped blood vessels, as compared to the control. The results of qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry confirmed a reduced expression of VEGFR2 and WNT5A in the day 3 regenerating blastema of geraniol-treated worms, as compared to the control. We conclude that geraniol acts as a potent natural inhibitor of angiogenesis, thereby retarding the regeneration process in earthworms. In addition, for studying angiogenesis and screening effective angiogenesis inhibitors as drug candidates, the earthworm is an ambient animal model system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic pesticides are a considerable issue in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Green pesticides derived from fungi, provide an efficient tools and alternative to chemicals. Secondary metabolites from Metarhizium anisopliae were tested against major disease mosquitos such as, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus, as well as two non-target species, Eudrilus eugeniae and Artemia nauplii. After 24 h of treatment, M. anisopliae derived chemical constituent produced low LC50 values, 54.678, 92.819, and 93.792 µg/ml on Aedes aegypti, for Anopheles stephensi, 80.933, 116.990 and 130.173 µg/ml, for Culex quinquefasciatus, 109.733, 196.540, 182.853 µg/ml in larvae, pupae, and adult, respectively. On the contrary, fungal metabolites are not hazardous to non-target species.. Midgut histology investigations revealed that M. anisopliae metabolites were less harmful to earthworms than chemical pesticides (Permethrin). The treatment of fungal crude extract exhibited minimal toxicity effects on gut tissues, normal epidermis, circular muscle, setae, mitochondrion, and intestinal lumen tissues. M. anisopliae crude metabolites showed a lower toxicity against the non-target species A. nauplii. Our results clearly shows minimal mortality rates were produced by the M. anisopliae derived chemical constituents, LC50 and LC90 values were, 455.947, 5098.233 μg/mL−1. No behavioral changes were observed during the treatment. The primary components of M.anisopliae crude extract identified by GC–MS studies were aucubin (14.356%) and 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (z,z)-(75.009%). The presence of key functional groups such as carboxylic acid, amides, and phenol groups was revealed by FT-IR spectral studies, which may be involved in mosquitocidal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworms are frequently employed in terrestrial eco-toxicological investigations and are regarded as domain soil creatures. The current study focused to assess the toxicity and bioconversion capability of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae after exposed to various concentrations of petroleum and engine oil–contaminated soil. In each treatment, totally ten clitellated earthworms were introduced and maintained for 20 days by providing suitable moisture level of 70–80%. The survival rate and reproductive indices and the nutrient analysis in petrol and engine oil-contaminated soil were examined. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed in the gut tissue of earthworm to determine the changes in functional group of an organism. The findings clearly demonstrated that the earthworm E eugeniae with high rate of acclimatization in contaminated soil led to drop down in the macro- and micronutrients due to nutrient mineralization. The FTIR analysis reveals the alteration of important functional groups such as alkenes, nitro groups, alkyl halides, amines, and ester compounds in the earthworm gut region earthworm exposed to petroleum and engine oil-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entomopathogenic fungi from microbial sources are a powerful tool for combating insecticide resistance in insect pests. The purpose of the current study was to isolate, identify, and evaluate bag-formulated entomopathogenic fungal conidial virulence against insect pests. We further investigated the enzymatic responses induced by the entomopathogenic fungi as well as the effect on a nontarget species. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from the Palamalai Hills, India, using the insect bait method, and the Metarhizium majus (MK418990.1) entomopathogen was identified using biotechnological techniques (genomic DNA isolation and 18S rDNA amplification). Bag-formulated fungal conidial efficacy (2.5 × 103, 2.5 × 104, 2.5 × 105, 2.5 × 106, and 2.5 × 107 conidia/ml) was evaluated against third instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of treatment, and acid and alkaline phosphatases, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymatic responses were evaluated at 3 days post-treatment. After 12 days of treatment, non-target assays on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae were performed using an artificial soil assay. Results of the bag formulated fungal conidial treatment showed that S. frugiperda had high susceptibility rates at higher concentrations (2.5 × 107 conidia/ml) of M. majus. Lower concentration of 2.5 × 103 conidia/ml caused 68.6% mortality, while 2.5 × 107 conidia/ml caused 100% mortality at 9 days post treatment. Investigation into enzymatic responses revealed that at 3 days post M. majus conidia exposure (2.5 × 103 conidia/ml), insect enzyme levels had significantly changed, with acid and alkaline phosphatases, and catalase enzymes significantly reduced and superoxide dismutase enzymes significantly raised relative to the control. After 12 days of treatment, no sublethal effects of M. majus conidia were observed on E. eugeniae, with no observed damage to gut tissues including lumen and epithelial cells, the nucleus, setae, coelom, mitochondria, and muscles. This study offers support for the use of fungal conidia in the targetspecific control of insect pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the production of silver nanoparticles and their commercial products has generated increased concern and caused a hazardous impact on the ecosystem. Therefore, the present study examines the toxic effect of chemically engineered silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped silver nanoparticles (PVP-SNPs) on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae (E. eugeniae). The SNPs and PVP-SNPs were synthesized, and their characterization was determined by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The toxicity of SNPs and PVP-SNPs was evaluated using E. eugeniae. The present result indicates that the lethal concentration (LC50) of SNPs and PVP-SNPs were achieved at 22.66 and 43.27 μg/mL, respectively. The activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was increased in SNPs compared to PVP-SNPs. Importantly, we have noticed that the E. eugeniae can amputate its body segments after exposure to SNPs and PVP-SNPs. This exciting phenomenon is named "autotomy," which describes a specific feature of E. eugeniae to escape from the toxic contaminants and predators. Accordingly, we have suggested this unique behavior may facilitate to assess the toxic effect of SNPs and PVP-SNPs in E. eugeniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entomopathogenic fungi from microbial sources are a powerful tool for combating insecticide resistance in insect pests. The purpose of the current study was to isolate, identify, and evaluate bag-formulated entomopathogenic fungal conidial virulence against insect pests. We further investigated the enzymatic responses induced by the entomopathogenic fungi as well as the effect on a non-target species. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from the Palamalai Hills, India, using the insect bait method, and the Metarhizium majus (MK418990.1) entomopathogen was identified using biotechnological techniques (genomic DNA isolation and 18S rDNA amplification). Bag-formulated fungal conidial efficacy (2.5 × 103, 2.5 × 104, 2.5 × 105, 2.5 × 106, and 2.5 × 107 conidia/ml) was evaluated against third instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of treatment, and acid and alkaline phosphatases, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymatic responses were evaluated at 3 days post-treatment. After 12 days of treatment, non-target assays on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae were performed using an artificial soil assay. Results of the bag formulated fungal conidial treatment showed that S. frugiperda had high susceptibility rates at higher concentrations (2.5 × 107 conidia/ml) of M. majus. Lower concentration of 2.5 × 103 conidia/ml caused 68.6% mortality, while 2.5 × 107 conidia/ml caused 100% mortality at 9 days post treatment. Investigation into enzymatic responses revealed that at 3 days post M. majus conidia exposure (2.5 × 103 conidia/ml), insect enzyme levels had significantly changed, with acid and alkaline phosphatases, and catalase enzymes significantly reduced and superoxide dismutase enzymes significantly raised relative to the control. After 12 days of treatment, no sublethal effects of M. majus conidia were observed on E. eugeniae, with no observed damage to gut tissues including lumen and epithelial cells, the nucleus, setae, coelom, mitochondria, and muscles. This study offers support for the use of fungal conidia in the target-specific control of insect pests.

Considering that worldwide the amount of sludge from sewage treatment plants has increased, which through storage pollutes the environment, solutions must be found for its management. In this paper, through an analysis of studies from the literature, we present an ecological method of recovery of sewage sludge (SS) in agriculture through vermicomposting with Eisenia etida, Eisenia andrei, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus earthworms, thus we analyzed the possibility that sewage sludge can be transformed from waste into quality fertilizer that benefits the soil, plants, and people, thus being able to replace chemical fertilizers which, if applied to the soil, can acidify and pollute the soil and agricultural crops. We observed that the total nitrogen content of the phosphorus increased. Through the vermicomposting process, organic substances are rapidly decomposed and nitrogen mineralization is accelerated. We studied the impact of dewatered sewage sludge vermicomposting on pH value, electrical conductivity, porosity, moisture content, nitrogen content, water retention capacity, metal content, and the development of agricultural crops, highlighting the positive impact of vermicompost application on the soil. Adding vermicompost to the soil has been observed to improve plant development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the effect of imidacloprid on the AChE and GST activity in earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae and Metaphire posthuma. E. eugeniae and M. posthuma were exposed to soil spiked with different concentrations (0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg dry soil) of imidacloprid under laboratory conditions. The activity of AChE and GST have been reported as potential biomarkers to assess toxicity levels, hence the activity of these enzymes were assessed to study imidacloprid toxicity. Inhibition of AChE activity was observed in both the earthworm species in all the doses of imidacloprid, indicating neurotoxicity. There was an initial increase in the GST activity followed by its decrease with the duration of exposure to imidacloprid. Imidacloprid is highly toxic to earthworm inducing physiological which may cause catabolism of enzymes. Earthworm M. posthuma was observed to be more susceptible as compared to E. eugeniae. The current study signifies that the irrational use of such insecticides could pose high threat to non-target organisms, for example earthworms which play a key role in soil ecosystem productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the annelids, earthworms are renowned for their phenomenal ability to regenerate the lost segments. The adult earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae contains 120 segments and the body segments of the earthworm are divided into pre-clitellar, clitellar and post-clitellar segments. The present study denoted that clitellum plays vital role in the successful regeneration of the species. We have performed histological studies to identify among the three skin layers of the earthworm, which cellular layer supports the blastema formation and regeneration of the species. The histological evidences denoted that the proliferation of the longitudinal cell layer at the amputation site is crucial for the successful regeneration of the earthworm and it takes place only in the presence of an intact clitellum. Besides we have performed clitellar transcriptome analysis of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae to monitor the key differentially expressed genes and their associated functions and pathways controlling the clitellar tissue changes during both anterior and posterior regeneration of the earthworm. A total of 4707 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the control clitellum and clitellum of anterior regenerated earthworms and 4343 DEGs were detected between the control clitellum and clitellum of posterior regenerated earthworms. The functional enrichment analysis confirmed the genes regulating the muscle mass shape and structure were significantly downregulated and the genes associated with response to starvation and anterior-posterior axis specification were significantly upregulated in the clitellar tissue during both anterior and posterior regeneration of the earthworm. The RNA sequencing data of clitellum and the comparative transcriptomic analysis were helpful to understand the complex regeneration process of the earthworm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eudrilus eugeniae is a clitellum-dependent earthworm that requires intact clitellum segments for its survival and regeneration. The present study aims to interconnect the survival and regeneration ability that varies between in vivo and in vitro maintenance upon different sites of amputation. The amputated portion of the worm that possesses intact clitellum (13th–18th segments) survived and had the potential to regenerate, whereas worms with partial or without clitellum segments only survived and were unable to regenerate. Besides segment length and clitellum segments, clitellum factors also determined the survival, blastemal initiation and differentiation potential. The survivability and regeneration potential of worms were augmented upon in vitro maintenance. Notably, the amputated segments (1st–10th segments) and posterior segments of similar length, which usually die within the 4th day in vivo, survived for more than 60 days in vitro but lacked the regeneration ability. On the other hand, the amputated posterior segments (30th to 37th segments) from juvenile worms, maintained in in vitro condition, survived and initiated blastema with multiple buds but lacked the ability to regenerate. Interestingly, the equal half of adult worm blastema that is maintained in in vitro conditions were able to form the blastema-like structure with the help of a unique stick. The anterior blastema failed to retain the regenerative structure but the posterior portion of the amputated blastema, which is also associated with a small portion of the body segment, showed the ability to retain the regenerative structure. Our results conclude that the survivability is enhanced upon in vitro maintenance and this condition favours the adult dedifferentiated blastemal and stem cell–enriched juvenile posterior segments to form a regenerative blastema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are found in a range of commercial products due to their proven antibacterial properties. The unused silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) may make its way into the soil via biosolids that come from wastewater treatment or the effluent that comes from industrialisation processes, where it could be harmful to the organism that live in terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, silver ions are one of the most toxic forms of heavy metal released from dissolved silver nitrate (AgNO3) and AgNPs through dissolution or oxidation. The study examined the effect of engineered AgNPs, and AgNO3 on earthworms which are one of the most important bioindicator for determining toxicity in soil environment. Epigeic earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae was exposed to soils spiked with equivalent concentrations of AgNPs or AgNO3 at 0, 10, 100, and 200 mg kg−1 in soil for 56 days of experiments. The survival and growth rate was recorded at 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th days and accumulation of Ag in earthworm tissue at 14th and 28th days, antioxidant enzymes at 28th days and reproduction at 56th days of experiment. Further, a short-term exposure of AgNPs and AgNO3 was conducted to observe avoidance behaviour after 48 h of exposure. The result indicated that survivability was relatively low on exposure of AgNO3 (83.3%) than AgNPs (86.7%) in 200 mg kg−1 spiked soils, besides the growth was inhibited in both AgNPs (3.68%) and AgNO3 (3.25%) at 28th days. The uptake of Ag from AgNO3 in the earthworm tissue was slightly higher than uptake of Ag from AgNPs and it showed concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on reproduction. In AgNO3 spiked soil, a high level of the Malondialdehyde (MDA) based lipid peroxidation and increased activity of antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) was observed than AgNPs spiked soil. Similarly, glutathione (GSH), a cofactor for GPx and GST enzymes, was lower in AgNO3-spiked soil than in AgNPs-spiked soil. In terms of avoidance behaviour, there was no discernible difference between the distribution of earthworms in AgNPs and AgNO3 after 48 h. The study found E. eugeniae exhibits concentration-dependent alterations in its competence to survive, antioxidant enzymes, and reproduction. AgNO3 was found to be more sensitive than AgNPs in the study. The research investigates the effect of AgNPs on earthworms in the soil ecosystem since this understanding is crucial for a comprehensive evaluation of AgNPs' environmental consequences.

Background: Composting is the process of breaking down of organic matter using living organisms which can be used as manure for soil conditioning. Vermicomposting is the rapid decomposition of biowastes using earthworm species which will enhance the growth and yield of plants. Methods: The vermicomposting of vegetable and fruit wastes was carried out during summer season (May-July) and by using the vermicompost a pot culture experiment was conducted in black gram for three months from August to October, 2019. The treatments consist of combinations of vermicomposted wastes and cowdung along with bioinoculants, Soil served as control. The biometric parameters such as root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight on 15, 35, 55 DAS and yield characters like number of pods/plants, number of seeds/pods, pod length, weight of seed/ pod, pod fresh weight and pod dry weight were recorded and statistically analysed. The present study has been attempted to convert the vegetables and fruit waste into compost as manure and analyse its effect on vegetative growth and yield parameters of black gram (Vigna mungo L.). Result: The highest value of shoot length, root length, fresh weigh and dry weight were noted in fruit waste + cowdung + Pleurotus eous (APK1) + Trichoderma asperelloides + Eudrilus eugeniae on 15, 35 and 55 day after sowing (DAS) and the least was reported in control (only soil). The application of T8 treatment reported the highest yield characters which were followed by other treatments and control on 15, 35 and 55 DAS. The study concluded that T8 (F.W + cow dung + P. eous + T. asperelloides + Eudrilus eugeniae) is an effective biocompost for the growth and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) which is eco-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the uptake of polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics, the most commonly used biodegradable plastic by Eudrilus eugeniae. It was done by observing their weight changes, biomass, and microplastics concentration after feeding them with a mixture of PLA and cow dung for 16 days at the ratio of 0%, 10%, 30%, 60%, and 80% w/w dry weight. The mortality rate of the earthworms for all the PLA concentrations during the 16 days of the feeding period was 0%. However, the microplastic significantly affected the earthworms' weight (P-value 0.00027), especially at 80% of PLA concentration. The earthworms had the lowest weight gain at 80%, followed by 60%, 30%, and 10% of PLA, respectively. The earthworms subjected to 80% and 10% of PLA had a similar pattern with the control. The PLA microplastics concentration factor (CF) in the vermicast was the highest at the 10% PLA than other treatments because Eudrilus eugeniae did not degrade the PLA. This study concludes that even though PLA is biopolymer-based, the earthworm cannot assimilate it. However, in the long run, there is a possibility of further degradation of the PLA MPs ejected in the vermicast due to the rich microbial environment provided by the earthworms and vermicast.

Insecticides can cause significant harm to both terrestrial and aquatic environments. The new insecticides derived from microbial sources are a good option with no environmental consequences. Metarhizium anisopliae (mycelia) ethyl acetate extracts were tested on larvae, pupae, and adult of Anopheles stephensi (Liston, 1901), Aedes aegypti (Meigen, 1818), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), as well as non-target species Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg, 1867) and Artemia nauplii (Linnaeus, 1758) at 24 h post treatment under laboratory condition. In bioassays, Metarhizium anisopliae extracts had remarkable toxicity on all mosquito species with LC50 values, 29.631 in Ae. aegypti, 32.578 in An. stephensi and 48.003 in Cx. quinquefasciatus disease-causing mosquitoes, in A. nauplii shows (5.33–18.33 %) mortality were produced by the M. anisopliae derived crude extract. The LC50 and LC90 values were, 620.481; 6893.990 μg/mL. No behavioral changes were observed. A low lethal effect was observed in E. eugeniae treated with the fungi metabolites shows a 14.0 % mortality. The earthworm E. eugeniae mid-gut histology revealed that M. anisopliae extracts had no more harmful effects on the epidermis, circular muscle, setae, mitochondrion, and intestinal lumen tissues than chemical pesticides. By Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, camphor (25.4 %), caprolactam (20.68 %), and monobutyl phthalate (19.0 %) were identified as significant components of M. anisopliae metabolites. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral investigations revealed the presence of carboxylic acid, amides, and phenol groups, all of which could be involved in mosquito toxicity. The M. anisopliae derived chemical constituents are effective on targeted pests, pollution-free, target-specific, and are an alternative chemical insecticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative plant growing inputs have been increasingly sought out to reduce the economic-environmental impacts of intensive use of synthetic fertilizers in conventional agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the production components of lettuce in response to the use of earthworm compost in substrate compositions. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme, with six replications, testing three earthworm species (Eisenia andrei, Eudrilus eugeniae, and Perionyx excavatus) and five drilocompost ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), produced by these species and added to the composition of substrates by mixing them with soil. Production components evaluated comprised total and commercial numbers of leaves, commercial fresh weight, as well as shoot and total fresh and dry weights. Lettuce production components increased as the drilocompost ratio in substrates was raised, regardless of the earthworm species. Moreover, the addition of 25% this drilocomposted material in the dystrophic soil was enough to improve its fertility condition. In general, substrates prepared with worm castings from Perionyx excavatus and Eudrilus eugeniae were more efficient in increasing lettuce production components than that from Eisenia andrei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]