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This article discusses the etymology of four Mari words: Proto-Mari *čükte- ‘light, set fire to’, *poδəla- ‘spoon, slurp’, *pükte- ‘brood (eggs)’, and *püəž- ‘sweat’. After examining the words structurally, an argument is put forth that the words represent historical derivatives. This analysis is the key to unlocking their phonological development, which then allows us to find suitable cognates elsewhere in Uralic. It is concluded that Proto-Mari *čükte- ‘light, set fire to’ has a cognate in Saami, e.g. SaaN cahkat ‘smolder’, while *poδəla- ‘spoon, slurp’ belongs to the well-established cognate set Proto-Uralic *pala- ‘eat up’. Proto-Mari *pükte- ‘brood (eggs)’ is proposed as a cognate of Saami *pive̮ - ‘stay warm, withstand cold’. It is tentatively suggested in the article that *püəž- ‘sweat’ belongs etymologically together with Proto-Mari *pükte- ‘brood’ and Proto-Saami *pive̮ - ‘stay warm, withstand cold’. Whether these represent a separate Proto-Uralic etymon *pejwə- ‘stay warm’ or whether they belong together with PU *päjwä ‘sun, heat, warm(th)’ is also explored. These findings, despite some of the uncertainties involved in their specific interpretation, highlight the importance of taking historical derivation into account in etymology. Kokkuvõte. Niklas Metsäranta: Ajalooline sõnatuletus: mari etümoloogiaid. Artiklis käsitletakse nelja mari sõna etümoloogiat: algmari *čükte- ‘süütama’, *poδəla- ‘lusikaga sööma, lürpima’, *pükte- ‘hauduma (mune)’ ja *püəž- ‘higi’. Nende sõnade struktuuri uurimus näitab, et nad esindavad ajaloolisi tuletisi. Struktuuriline analüüs on võti ka nende fonoloogilise arengu seletamiseks, mis seejärel võimaldab leida sobivaid vasteid mujalt uurali keeltest. Leitakse, et algmari sõnal *čükte- ‘süütama’ on vaste saami keeltes, näiteks põhjasaami cahkat ‘küdema’, ja sõna *poδəla- ‘lusikaga sööma, lürpima’ kuulub kokku sugulaskeelte sõnadega, mis peegeldavad uurali algkeele *pala- ‘sööma, ahmima’. Algmari *pükte- ‘hauduma (mune)’ vasteks pakutakse artiklis saami sõna *pive̮ - ‘soojust hoidma, külma taluma’. Artiklis tehakse esialgne ettepanek, et mari *püəž- ‘higi’ on etümoloogiliselt seotud algmari sõnadega *pükte- ‘hauduma (mune)’ ja algsaami *pive̮ - ‘soojust hoidma, külma taluma’. Samuti kaalutakse, kas need sõnad esindavad eraldiolevat uraali algkeele sõna *pejwə- ‘soojust hoidma’ või kas kõik kolm kuuluvad kokku uraali algkeele *päjwä ‘päike, kuumus, soe, soojus’ sõnaga. Artikli tulemused, vaatamata mõningale ebakindlusele nende täpse tõlgenduse osas, rõhutavad sõnatuletuse ajalooga arvestamise tähtsust etümoloogias.

In this paper, the problems with the reconstruction of an affricate phoneme *Ä and its reflexes in Hungarian are discussed. Proto-Ugric *Ä is often reconstructed, but its alleged reflexes in Hungarian show unexplained variation (s, z, cs), and many of the etymologies involve other phonological irregularities. It is troubling that although in some cases Hungarian shows s and Khanty and Mansi *Ä, often the reflexes of the affricate show discrepancy, with part of the languages showing regular reflexes of Proto-Uralic *Å. In this paper, the Ugric etymologies suggested in earlier etymological sources are analyzed and new solutions to the problem of Proto-Ugric *Ä and its reflexes in Hungarian are suggested. The problems is also related to the study of the reflexes of Proto-Uralic *Ä in Hungarian.

Copyright of Journal of Estonian & Finno-Ugric Linguistics / Eesti ja Soome-ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri is the property of University of Tartu Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Onomastica is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Language Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistica Uralica is the property of Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper investigates the potential usefulness of the Khitan language in research on the Hungarian language. It is noted that a significant portion of Old Turkic loanwords in Hungarian were borrowed from West Old Turkic, which is believed to have been based on an Oguric language. The author agrees with the view that the sounds represented by *r and *l, lč are Oguric innovations, as opposed to *z and *r, as discussed in more detail in WOT. 1104-1114. The Oguric language can be reconstructed with the help of sources such as Chuvash, Volga Bulgarian inscriptions, Danube Bulgarian inscriptions, and scattered data on the Bulgars, Khazars, and other groups. Additionally, the Mongolic language may also provide insights into Oguric and its relationship with Hungarian, as Mongolic borrowed from a similar or closely related Oguric language. An example of this is the Hungarian word for 'ox' which is ökör which is in Chuvash word văkăr (<*ökür), in Mongolic üker, and differs in the final of the Oguzic word öküz. The paper then provides a brief overview of recent research on Middle Mongolian and archaic Mongolian dialects, which has revealed new information about the presence of Oguric words existing also in Hungarian. For example, the Middle Mongolian form hüker and archaic Mongolic forms may allow for the reconstruction of a *höker form, which may be relevant for the Hungarian geaographic data Hwkurithou [hüküritó] 'ox watering (place)' from 1326/1428. The paper also discusses words that are thought to be Oguric loanwords in Hungarian, but do not have parallels in the Turkic languages. One example is the Hungarian word for 'hawk' ölyv which is present only in Mongolic (and Yakut, which borrowed it from Mongolic). This bird name is also present in archaic Mongolic languages such as MonguorM x-liuliu, BaoanD heluŋ, BaoanÑ he:le, and Dongxiang h-lie. NUGTEREN suggested a likely etymology from -*héli-'to float, soar (as birds of prey)' and argued that this indicates that the word is of Mongolic origin (2011: 353). It may be of interest that the Hungarian word Hwlues from 1367 has the same h- as the Mongolic data. Another example is the Hungarian word torontál 'a kind of small falcon' which has parallels in Turkic languages, but has a clear Mongolic suffix -tai. These and other words may suggest that some Old Mongolic words entered the Hungarian language via Oguric. The paper notes that Khitan, like Mongolic and Hungarian, has loanwords from the same Oguric language. After providing a brief overview of recent research on the Khitan language, the paper discusses examples of these loanwords, including Khitan dele 'south' ~ Mong düli 'noon' ~ Hungarian dél 'south, noon'; Khitan t-qo-a, Mong *takigan, Hungarian tyúk 'hen'; Khitan uni, Mong üniyen, Hungarian ünő 'heifer'. The Khitan data are helpful in reconstructing the phonetics and meanings of the Oguric words borrowed by Hungarian. In conclusion, the paper raises the question of whether the Oguric words reached the common Khitan-Mongolic protolanguage or were borrowed separately after the dissolution of the protolanguage. Further research is needed to determine the answer to this question. Nonetheless, the study of Khitan can help to deepen our understanding of the history of these languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contains new etymological entries to Berber lexical roots and is part of a long-range series eventually resulting, when completed, in materials for an etymological dictionary of Berber, a desired addition to the fascicles of the comparative dictionary of Berber roots (DRB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a new contribution to revealing the Afro-Asiatic heritage in the lexical root stock of the Dangla--Migama group of Chadic languages by means of inter-branch comparison primarily using, among others, the ancient Egypto-Semitic etymological evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the fifth part in a series of studies that present additions to the corpus of etymological comparisons between the Uralic languages, drawing data from all the major branches of the language family. It includes both previously unnoticed cognates that can be added to already established Uralic cognate sets, as well as a few completely new reconstructions of Uralic word roots. In this fifth part new Uralic etymologies for ten Permic (Komi and Udmurt) words are discussed. The etymologized words are: Udm 􀁪􀁰ž 'rosy, ruddy' (< PU *􀁪ij􀁪i); Udm k􀁰􀀀lÍa- 'be too wide; be shaky' (< PU *küljä); Komi kurav- 'gather', Udm kurja- 'scrape' (< PU *korja-); Komi n􀁥􀀀d-k􀁰􀀀l 'riddle', Udm nod 'cleverness' (< PU *näki-ntä); Komi p􀁰􀀀rig, Udm p􀁰r􀁰􀀀 'crumb' (< PU *puri-); Komi sot-, Udm sut􀁰􀀀- 'burn' (< PU *se(w)-ptä-); Komi šog 'grief', Udm šug 'difficult' (< PU *še􀁖kä); Komi and Udm t􀁰􀀀š 'battle' (< PU *tukšV); Komi u􀁞􀁥􀀀 'quiet, gentle person; quiet, gentle; cunning' (< PU *􀁰􀀀􀁞a); Komi u􀁑-, Udm i􀁑􀁰􀀀- 'sleep' (< PU *􀁰􀀀􀁜i-w-). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a new contribution to revealing the Afro-Asiatic heritage in the lexicon of the Omotic languages by means of interbranch comparison using a.o. the ancient Egypto-Semitic evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a new contribution to revealing the Afro-Asiatic heritage in the lexicon of the Dangla-Migama group of Chadic languages by means of interbranch comparison using a.o. the ancient Egypto-Semitic evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a new contribution to revealing the Afro-Asiatic heritage in the lexicon of the Angas-Sura group of Chadic languages by means of interbranch comparison using a.o. the ancient Egypto-Semitic evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vowel breaking in Dalmatian Romance appears to have evolved in two phases and, in Montenegro, Serbo-Croatian ‘relics’ of Dalmatian Romance derivatives in -Ĕ́LLU, -A appear to show two distinct outcomes of the Ĕ́, namely Serbo-Croatian *ě“ > je“ and (i)ja“. The paper purports that je“-relics continue phase I of the vowel breaking, i.e. Ĕ́> *i̭é, and that (i)ja“-relics continue phase II of the process, i.e. *ié >*iá. From the data, it would appear that phase I was all-Dalmatian, being well documented throughout Dalmatia, and that phase II was specifically Montenegrin, being by and large attested in Montenegro (and Veglia, in Vegliot, where it has long since been documented and recognised as such). [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 178007: Etimološka istraživanja srpskog jezika i izrada Etimološkog rečnika srpskog jezika]

The history of the Slavic word for 'morning' constitutes an old problem of Slavic etymology. Forms such as OCS utro, Cr jȕtro, R утро, Cz jitro 'morning' as well as the adverb OCS zaustra 'in the morning', Bg зáстра etc. certainly continue the root PIE *h2eu̯s- '(morgens) hell werden'. Consequently, an explanation of the attested forms needs to account for the following three issues: (1) the loss of the root final sibilant in most of the Slavic forms; (2) the acute tone on the root syllable; (3) the presence of a word-initial glide j in some Slavic languages. The present article deals with these problems. By starting from a holokinetic r-stem both the loss of the root final sibilant as well as the acute tone on the root syllable are explained as resulting from contamination of different stem or root variants respectively. The occurrence of a word initial glide, on the other hand, is explained by a transfer within syntagmatic expressions. One of the advantages of the proposed scenario is that all the posited changes may be paralleled by developments elsewhere in Slavic or Indo-European. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article discusses the origins and the development of the so-called pseudo-yat in Dalmatian Romance and Balkan Latin. (E.g. SCr. mrčela-murtila-murtela from Lat. *MYRTICELLA or tovijerna-tovirna-toverna from TABERNA.) Pseudo-yat is derived from -ECC-, in short syllables, and in long syllables from -ERR-, -ERC-. This suggestion is tried on 58 Dalmatian loans in Serbo-Croatian. The fact that pseudo-yat is found only in a part of these is of particular significance for the stratification of Dalmatian loans in Serbo-Croatian since loans with pseudo-yat are ostensibly older than the ones without it. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 178007]

Copyright of Juznoslovenski Filolog is the property of Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Institute for the Serbian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is the fourth part in a series of studies that present additions to the corpus of etymological comparisons between the Uralic languages, drawing data from all the major branches of the language family. It includes both previously unnoticed cognates that can be added to already established Uralic cognate sets, as well as a few completely new reconstructions of Uralic word roots. In this fourth part new Uralic etymologies for 18 Ob-Ugric (Khanty and Mansi) words are discussed. The etymologized words are Proto-Mansi (PMs) *äɣt 'channel, head of a river' (< PU *wiksi/*wiski), Proto-Khanty (PKh) *čǖɣ 'mist' (< PU *čäki), PKh *č...j..., PMs *šāĺ 'true, truth' (< PU *čod'i), PKh *č...p, PMs *šup 'piece, block of wood' (< PU *č...ppa- 'cut, notch (wood)'), PKh *jiɣ, PMs *jäɣ 'father' (< PU *ekä), PKh *jil- 'go, visit', PMs *jäl- 'go, walk' (< PU *elä- 'live, visit'), PKh *jēm 'taboo' (< PU *jemä), PKh *jipǝḷ 'shadow' (< PU *eji 'night' + *pälä 'side'), PKh *küć- 'track, follow' (< PU *küji-), PKh *kājǝm, PMs *kūl'mǝ 'ashes' (< PU *kad'a- 'leave'), PMs *kär- 'cut, be sharp' (< PU *kirä-), PKh *Lǟnt 'corn, grain' (< PU *sewi- 'eat'), PMs *lūp-luw 'shoulder-blade' (< PU *lapa 'shoulder' + *luwi 'bone'), PKh *mūɣǝt 'anabranch, side channel of a river' (< PU *m...tka), PKh *pǟɣǝl- 'forge' (< PU *peksä-), PMs *tim- 'turn soft', PKh *tintǝl-, PMs *tintǝl- 'soften (skins)' (< PU *tejmi-), PKh *tam 'trapping pit', PMs *tam 'hunting fence' (< PU *tuma), and PKh *w...č 'border' (< PU *woča 'fence'). The principles of reconstruction and the citation of lexical material are explained in the first paper of the series (Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte (Aikio) 2013). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Beowulf, there are 106 verses in which second compound elements are unambiguously distributed into positions of resolution or non-resolution on the basis of etymological length distinctions that became phonologically indistinct early in the Anglo-Saxon period. The conditioning behind this linguistic regularity (Kaluza's law) has been the subject of considerable dispute. R. D. Fulk argued that this regularity was phonologically conditioned: the Beowulf poet consistently distinguished between etymologically long and short desinences because he composed before they became phonologically indistinct. Some scholars have sought to explain this regularity by proposing that it was semantically or morphologically conditioned, while others have invoked oral tradition and narrative considerations in their efforts to explain it. The present article gauges the relative probability of these competing hypotheses and demonstrates that the hypothesis of phonological conditioning is the only tenable explanation. It is therefore probable that Beowulf was composed in Mercia prior to the year 725, by which time distinctions of etymological length had become phonologically indistinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the third part in a series of studies that present additions to the corpus of etymological comparisons between the Uralic languages, drawing data from all the major branches of the language family. It includes both previously unnoticed cognates that can be added to already established Uralic cognate sets, as well as a few completely new reconstructions of Uralic word roots. In this third part new Uralic etymologies for the following Mari words are discussed: MariE j...me-, MariW j...me- 'go numb' (< PU *jämä-), MariE jičke-, MariW j...čke- 'pick, pluck, pull' (< PU *ńičkä-), MariE wüt-kow, MariW koe, ko 'wave' (< PU *kompa), MariE lewe, MariW liwe 'warm' (< PU *lämpi), MariE nöńča- 'shape, form' (< PU *ń...nča-/*ńanča- 'stretch'), MariE lüδa-, MariW lüδä- 'be afraid' (< PU *l...dV-), MariE p...ze-, MariW p...ze- 'hold, cling to' (< PU *pitä-), MariE šuma-, MariW š...ma- 'become tired, languish' (< PU *śoma-), MariE šüδa-, MariW šüδä- 'clear (wood, road, field, etc.)' (< PU *s...nti-), MariE tüž, tüjüž, MariW tüž 'pregnant (of animals)' (< PU *tejniš). The principles of reconstruction and the citation of lexical material are explained in the first paper of the series (Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte 2013). The reconstruction of Proto-Mari vocalism applied in this paper is argued in more detail by Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte (2014). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the second part in a series of studies that present additions to the corpus of etymological comparisons between the Uralic languages, drawing data from all the major branches of the language family. It includes both previously unnoticed cognates that can be added to already established Uralic cognate sets, as well as a few completely new reconstructions of Uralic word roots. In this second part new Uralic etymologies for the following Finnish words are discussed: aita 'fence' (< PU *ajta), ammottaa 'gape open' (< PU *ammV- 'yawn'), kaiho 'longing, yearning' (< PU *kajšV 'illness'), katkera 'bitter', katku 'burnt smell', katketa 'break in two' (< PU *kačka- 'bite'), korpi 'dense forest, wildwood' (< PU *korpi), ohut 'thin' (< PU *wokši), puhjeta 'burst; open (of flowers)', putkahtaa 'emerge, come up, pop up' (< PU *pučki 'hollow stalk, tube'), and sato 'harvest, crops', sataa 'yield harvest' (< PU *čača- 'grow'). The principles of reconstruction and the citation of lexical material are explained in the first paper of the series (Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte (Aikio) 2013). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first part in a series of studies that present additions to the corpus of etymological comparisons between the Uralic languages, drawing data from all the major branches of the language family. It includes both previously unnoticed cognates that can be added to already established Uralic cognate sets, as well as a few completely new reconstructions of Uralic word roots. In this first part new Uralic etymologies for the following Saami words are discussed: North Saami báhtarit 'flee, escape' (< PU *pätäri-), cáhkit 'put (into), stick into' (< PU *čäkä-), čoska 'block of wood' (< PU *čučki), fađđut 'beat, lash, slap' (< PU *widi-), guodja 'flower stalk or seed shell of a sedge' (< PU *kaji), guolmmas 'soft, white inner bark of conifers' (< PU *kolmis), vuođđu 'bottom, foundation' (< PU *ad'i-), and South Saami muhtsies 'slovenly, untidy, messy' (< PU *muča) and viekedh 'grab, take hold of' (< PU *wexi-), and Ter Saami cā...ped 'make corner joints (in building logs)' (< PU *č...ippa-). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to employ distribution analysis of Proto-Slavonic sounds to falsify current findings on the Proto-Slavonic stock of vowel phonemes. The material for the analysis has been extracted from W. Boryś's Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego ('Etymological dictionary of Polish'). Analyzed was direct bilateral neighbourhood of vowels. To determine the Proto-Slavonic phonological units, a modified methodological proposition of Jerzy Bańczerowski has been used. In light of the analysis, the vowels [i], [y], [Ƅ], and [ƅ] -- which have until now been treated as separate phonological units -- are realizations of two phonemes: /i/ which covers non-back high vowels (→ [i], [y]), and /Ƅ/ which covers lowered non-back vowels (→ [Ƅ] and [ƅ]). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a new, systematic treatment of the Pashto continuations of the Old Iranian vocalism. The analysis is accompanied by an assessment of the etymology of the Pashto forms mentioned in George Morgenstierne's Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (EVP) and its postumously revised New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (NEVP). This contribution has also implications for our understanding of the historical morphology, notably the case system, of Pashto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]