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The denotation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) terminology is one of the core issues in TCM theoretical studies. Fundamentally, it is about the relationship between "term and matter". Studying TCM terminology is of significant importance as the denotation of TCM terminology tends to change between "analogy" and "definition". The denotation could refer to the "definition" in some cases and "analogy" in others, causing confusion and inconsistency. This paper takes terminology of TCM etiology and pathogenesis as examples to analyze the different forms of "definition" and "analogy" of TCM etiology and pathogenesis, then analyzes the transition mechanism of cognition from "definition" to "analogy" and from "analogy" to "definition" based on the similarity of metaphor. After analyzing the rationale of "definition" and "analogy" in the terminology, it is concluded that TCM has no independent system of language and adopts single-focus presentation of metaphorical cognition. These two features explain the underlying rationale. This paper also analyzes whether wind and cold or bacteria and virus are the etiologies of exogenous disease. It is stated that the etiologies should be "something like wind", "something like cold" and "something like damp" and expounds the significant of studying TCM language from the perspective of metaphorical cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxin damaging the brain collaterals and toxin damaging the vessels and collaterals are important modern interpretations of the occurrence and development of stroke. The theory that "toxins can destroy the physique and damage the brain collaterals" also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of symptomatic cerebral artery stenosis. This paper explains the disease occurrence from healthy qi deficiency, analyzes the influence of fire toxin, turbid toxin and other toxin damages on cerebral vascular stenosis, as well as the pathological development from "collateral deficiency" to "collateral stagnation" and further to "collateral damage". It was concluded that "collateral deficiency and toxin damage" is the core pathogenesis of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (symptomatic cerebral artery stenosis). Parallel treatment of strengthening the deficiency, eliminating toxins, and dredging collaterals should be applied at specific stages. Invigorating qi and eliminating toxins should be distinguished from clearing heat and eliminating toxins. Besides, stage-tailored treatment should also be emphasized, which may provide reference for clinical treatment of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythema tuberculum is a common disease in dermatology and difficult to treat. Chang an cheng's skin under the successive generations of the successor, unique, unique experience. Yan xiaoning summarized the etiology and pathogenesis of nodular erythema as heat and humidity toxicity, and divided the syndrome differentiation into two syndromes: wind and heat toxicity containing moisture and heat. The prescription drug emphasizes in the overall concept of the foundation, both inside and outside treatment, treatment of the need to reconcile, both the spleen and stomach for the specimens. In this paper, Professor Yan Xiaoning's experience in the treatment of erythema nodule is summarized, and case 1 is attached as evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is defined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition as persistent or recurrent deficiency (or absence) of sexual fantasies/thoughts, and/or desire for or receptivity to sexual activity, which causes personal distress. As a largely subjective experience, sexual desire may or may not be accompanied by externally observable changes in sexual behavior. Aim. Describe the models of understanding HSDD and the contributing factors to provide the basis for a diagnostic interview and guidance for care for healthcare professionals as a standard operating procedure method. Review of the literature. Results. There are several models which have been developed to describe sexual desire, although there is still no universally accepted definition or description of it. The models are generally divided into more general two-factor models (e.g., excitation-inhibition, appetitive-consummatory) or more specific multifactorial models (in which the different components of sexual activity and their interaction are delineated). The etiology of the disorder is generally considered as multifactorial. Biomedical factors like diseases, drugs, and hormones, and psychological factors like life events, sexual biography, affective state, etc., as well as interpersonal factors like partner satisfaction, communication, duration of the relationship, and sociocultural factors interact with each other and contribute to the individual experience of desire or lack or absence of desire. In analogy to the multifactorial pathogenesis the therapeutic approach is usually multidimensional and includes basic counseling, individual and couple psychotherapy, hormonal and psychopharmacological treatment. Conclusion. The standard operation procedure for HSDD in women must be based on a biopsychosocial, multidimensional, and integrative perspective. Bitzer J, Giraldi A, and Pfaus J. Sexual desire and hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women. Introduction and overview. Standard operating procedure (SOP part 1). J Sex Med **;**:**-**. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]