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“Government is going about reform the wrong way” is frequently encountered in the specialized literature which characterizes the synthesis of the present audit period. Although there exists an Ethical Code in the economic word, the practical controversy over the features of the accounting regulation to adjust the economic environment seems to be endless. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the ethical behaviour of auditors and its influence on the degree of audits’ independence, in view of the historical changes and the actual circumstances of the audit market. For this, the biggest financial frauds that have occurred in Europe and US between 1925 and 2020 together with the role of reforms in the audit world are investigated. The results indicate a solution which seems to be in the consciousness of human beings, in the moral law of people written in the Ethical Code and checked by supervisory bodies.

In the contemporary world, there is a growing need for socially responsible and ethical leadership. Therefore, training future business leaders in the field of professional ethics and social responsibility is an important task of modern university education. To solve it, the participation of scientists and university teachers in the creation and implementation of advanced methods for the development of professional ethics of students is necessary. The aim of the study was to check the effectiveness of training future business leaders in professional ethics at university level using a new methodology created by the authors. In order to verify the hypotheses, an experiment was conducted. Additionally, the questionnaires and tests completed by the participants were analysed. The results of learning according to the new methodology, which confirm the expediency of its use for the development of parameters of professional ethics in future business leaders, are presented. The methodology described in the article can be used by university teachers to train future business leaders, as well as by organizational psychologists to conduct trainings with business leaders and personnel of enterprises and institutions.

This study is an attempt to empirically examine the relationship between a manager's virtuousness, and ethical and unethical behaviour in the context of Indian public sector undertakings. The study also assesses the moderating role of power distance culture in the relationship. A total of 256 managers participated in the study. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two forms of ethical behaviours namely, manipulative behaviour and behaviour of being fair and responsible. As one of the major findings, perception towards power distance culture seems to moderate the relationship between virtuousness and both forms of ethical behaviours.

PurposeWith the growing demand for ethical standards in the prevailing business environment, ethical leadership has been under increasingly more focus. Based on the social exchange theory and social learning theory, this study scrutinized the impact of ethical leadership on the presentation of ethical conduct by employees through the ethical climate. Notably, this study scrutinised the moderating function of the person-organisation fit (P-O fit) in relation of ethical climate and the ethical conduct of employees.Design/methodology/approachTo evaluate the research hypotheses, two-wave data were collected from 295 individuals who are currently employed in various Iraqi organizations (i.e. manufacturing, medical and insurance industries).FindingsIn line with the hypotheses, the outcomes from a sample of 295 workers working in different Iraqi entities exhibited a positive relation between the ethical behaviour of leaders and the ethical conduct of employees in the ethical climate. Moreover, it was observed that the P-O fit of employees moderated the relationship between ethical climate and the ethical conduct of employees such that the relationship was more robust for those with a high P-O fit in comparison to those with a low P-O fit.Research limitations/implicationsThe primary limitation of this study is in the data, which was obtained from a single source. Although the study conducted two surveys and utilised a mediation and moderation variables model that was less likely to be influenced by common method bias (CMB) (Podsakoffet al., 2012), one cannot completely rule out CMB. Apart from the potential effects of the CMB, the consistency of the empirical findings could have also been compromised since self-reported data were utilised in measuring ethical behaviour, which can be a very complex and sensitive issue. For this reason, the social desirability response bias cannot be ruled out completely. When possible, future studies must gather data from multiple sources. Furthermore, supervisors must evaluate the ethical behaviour of employees. Another limitation was that the findings of this study were based on a sample in a Middle Eastern cultural context such as in Iraq. Perhaps, the particular cultural features of this context, which encompassed, among other things, a strong adherence to religious values (Moaddel, 2010), could have influenced the findings of this study. It is true that the effects of differences (P–O fit) are highly likely to replicate across cultural contexts (Triandiset al., 1988). However, it can be seen that further studies are needed to evaluate the context-sensitivity of these findings (Whetten, 2009) by analysing other cultures, where the importance of religiosity is on the decline (i.e. in Western countries, Ribberinket al., 2018) or where the cultural features are very much different from those that apply to Iraq. Lastly, other external factors were not taken into account by this study as it tried to explain ethical behaviour. Ethics is a highly complex subject and is influenced by numerous variables at the organisational, individual and external environment levels. Thus, caution must be observed when making inferences from the present study which, to a certain degree, offered a simplified version of ethical behaviour by concentrating on a few variables such as the Arab culture's traditional ideology, which dominates even science (Abu Khalil, 1992). In addition, there are the political conflicts in the Middle Eastern cultural context such as what is happening in Iraq (Harff, 2018). Thus, it is important to include such aspects in future researches.Practical implicationsIn terms of management, the findings send a clear signal to those in the upper echelon that, without ignoring the issue of ethics in organizations, employees are a critical aspect to be taken into account to encourage ethical behaviour at the workplace. This study has important practical implications. First, this study determined that ethical leadership (here, of the supervisors) positively influences the behaviour of subordinates (refers to the supervisors here); this in turn further improves the ethical behaviour of employees. It is vital that managers or supervisors are motivated to practice ethical leadership because they directly influence the employees. It has been suggested that top managers, especially chief executive officers, have the ability to shape the ethical climate, which also influences the ethical behaviour of employees further. This study offered several feasible ways that managers can apply to achieve that. In particular, top managers may utilise the ethical climate as a way of communicating the ethical values that they have to their subordinates, thereby serving as a motivation for the subordinates to adopt an ethical behaviour. It was also suggested by this study that ethical climate and the P–O fit may, to some degree, substitute each other as they influence the ethical behaviour of employees. Therefore, firms that were identified to have a low level of ethical standards, practices, and policies, at least from the employees' perspective, are better poised to conduct ethical issues in order to construct the ethical behaviour of their subordinates. More importantly, it is highly essential that the value congruence between an organization and its followers be considered.Social implicationsThis study highlighted the notion of ethics and how it’s essential for society. Ethics refer to the norms, standards, and values that direct the behavior of an individual. Ethical behaviour is vital in society because we need to be treated with respect as human beings.Originality/valueThis study responds to recent calls for more research to identify factors which may strengthen or mitigate the influence ethical behavior in the workplace such as ethical leadership, ethical climate and Person–Organization.

This paper draws from follower centric perspective and implicit leadership theories to explore factors that predict higher congruence between real and ideal leader in followers’ view. It also examines the impact of sociodemographic and organizational characteristics to the prediction of perceived congruence. 267 Lithuanian employees from private and public organizations participated in internet-based survey. Followers filled up a questionnaire about their direct middle supervisors: they rated fit between ideal and real leader, leader’s ethical behaviour and productivity of work unit. Results indicate that both ethical behaviour of a leader and productivity are important predictors of employees’ perceived congruence between real and ideal leader. However, ethical behaviour has significantly higher standardized beta coefficients in comparison with productivity in public sector organizations. Therefore, the context needs to be considered when making leaders’ selection and promotion decisions based on follower preferences. Important insights for leadership research are also discussed in the paper.

Tidligere forskning på mobbing i arbeidslivet har hovedsakelig omhandlet det dyadiske forholdet mellom mobber og offer. Nyere forskning vektlegger hvordan tilskuerne både blir påvirket av situasjonen, samtidig som de kan påvirke utfallet på en konstruktiv eller destruktiv måte. Denne studien vil se på hva som skal til for tilskuere velger å gripe inn. Det gjøres ved å se hvorvidt informasjon om tilstedeværelsen av policy kan påvirke tilskuerens alvorsvurdering og grip inn-intensjon. Studien ønsker også å svare på hvorfor en velger å ikke gripe inn, ved å se på moral disengagement som en moderator. Dataen ble samlet inn ved å bruke et eksperiment hvor deltakerne fikk se en video med tre ulike betingelsesgrupper: informasjon om tilstedeværelse av policy eller informasjon om fraværet av policy (eksperimentelle) og en nøytral uten informasjon (kontroll). Deretter svarte de på samme spørreskjema. Til sammen var det 100 deltakere, hovedsakelig rekruttert fra Det psykologisk fakultet ved UiB. Resultatene viste at tilstedeværelsen av policy hadde en negativ sammenheng med alvorsvurdering, men det hadde en positiv sammenheng med å oppleve det trygt å varsle. Dette viser at policy er komplekst og trenger mer forskning for å forstå implikasjonene. Policy hadde ingen innvirkning for hverken passiv eller aktiv tilskueratferd. Dette kan tyde på at dette ikke er så situasjonsbestemt som antatt. Moral disengagement-skalaen hadde for lav reliabilitet til å kunne brukes i en moderatoranalyse, og det ble derfor ikke mulig å dra noen konklusjoner om denne sammenhengen. Previous research on workplace bullying has mainly focused on the dyadic relationship between perpetrator and victim. Recent research has emphasized how bystanders of workplace bullying are affected by the situation, and how they can influence the outcome in a constructive or destructive manner. This study will look at what it takes for bystanders to intervene in the situation. This is done by testing whether information about the existence of policies can affect the bystander’s appraisal of severity and their intention to intervene. The study wants to answer why someone chooses not to intervene by including moral disengagement as a moderator. Data was gathered using an experimental design in which participants watched a video with three different conditions: Information about the existence of policies and information about the absence of policies (experimental groups), and no information (control group). All participants answered the same questionnaire. The study included 100 participants, mainly recruited form the Faculty of Psychology at the UiB. The results showed that information about the existence of policies had a negative relationship with appraisals of severity, but it had a positive relationship with feeling safe to whistleblow. This shows that policy is complex and needs more research to understand the implications. Policy had no effect on either passive or active bystander behaviour. This may indicate that it is not as situational as assumed. The moral disengagement scale’s reliability was too low to be used in a moderator analysis. It was therefore not possible to draw any conclusions about the relationship. Masteroppgave i arbeids- og organisasjonspsykologi MAPSYK345 MAPS-PSYK MAPS-AOP

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of misconduct. The purpose of the research is to explore the need for organizational ethics management to promote good governance in the South African Department of Public Works and Infrastructure. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of misconduct indicates that despite the legislative and institutional frameworks that are implemented, various forms of misconduct persist in the department, the cause of which could be institutional and explored and described in the study. The relevance of this scientific problem decision is that this study intends to promote good governance in one chosen department in South Africa, and the findings may also apply to other government departments. Investigation in the paper is conducted in the following logical sequence: conceptual frameworks of organisational ethics management and good governance are explained, followed by an explanation as to how organisational ethics management can promote good governance; after that, a contextual framework is discussed, exploring various cases of misconduct that impede good governance in the Department of Public Works and Infrastructure. The methodological tools of the research methods were conceptual and document analysis and synthesis. The paper presents the qualitative study results which show few institutional factors, such as lack of audit action plans, absence of funding models, ineffective internal control systems, and lack of compliance. These may be considered factors impeding good governance in the Department. The results show that organisational ethics management needs to incorporate various aspects of ethics into the Department, such as ethics training, code of conduct, establishing an ethics committee, promoting ethical behaviour, and disciplinary measures to combat misconduct and promote good governance. The results of the research could be helpful for other South African government departments to combat misconduct and promote good governance.

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (HKJ) faces internal and external challenges and hazards that pose significant encounters for HKJ. Such challenges cast a heavy shadow on several public sectors, the most important of which is the public health sector. However, this dissertation aimed to investigate the influence of Public Service Motivation on Ethical behavior and Organizational Performance in Jordanian public hospitals. This dissertation had been divided into two folds that filled numerous flagrant gaps in the arena of PSM. In the first fold, we investigated the influence of PSM on Ethical Behavior using three-level models via SEM. In the second fold, we contribute to the methodological linking between PSM and Organizational Performance using econometrics techniques.

The present paper brings to the fore issues relating to the meaning and construction of ethics in online team communication by exploring the discursive strategies that contribute to the construction of a team&rsquo, s sense of duty and individual virtuousness. The study relies on a complex toolkit which includes ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse and conversation analysis. Data consist of a one-day interaction unit as part of a larger set of real communication exchanges (ca. 34,000) over a time period of six months, observation notes, as well as unstructured interviews. Our empirical analysis has revealed that individual virtuousness and sense of duty are actually interrelated. A virtuous team climate leads team members to share positive perceptions about the team, which in turn increases team commitment. Furthermore, we argue that the blurring of private and professional life not only allows for the enactment of ethic-driven discourse strategies that result in enhanced cooperation and improved team performance, but also for high levels of interconnectivity and improved social interaction. The results of the analysis supplement organisational literature based on ethics-centred observations on the effectiveness of virtual work, and show how a discourse-driven approach can provide tools for further theorisations about the practices and the ecology of digital communication.

Social responsibility is applied in many industrial branches around the world, and in recent decades, various aspects of corporate social responsibility have been analysed in the apparel and textile industry. The textile and clothing industry is rapidly developing branch of the industry, so modern corporations must be able to respond to market demands and place products on the market as soon as possible. In doing so, they must be aware of their environment and actors who are involved in the process in any way and must adapt their business in order not to cause harm to others and do not pollute the environment. However, in spite of the efforts of organizations to be socially responsible, we still meet today with textile and clothing companies, which behave very unethically towards their actors. As long as there is an opinion that the realization of a profit is on a far higher scale and that it is far more valued by employees, consumers, investors and other stakeholders, there will exist a problem of implementing a socially responsible business. Organizations tend to reduce all critical aspects that negatively affect the production itself and are often criticized by the community. They try to behave ethically towards all actors, but the unethical reflection in the business is present to a lesser extent. The aim of this paper is to study the textile and clothing industries through the prism of corporate social responsibility at the national level. Particularly important is the way companies in this sector are dealing with social responsibility issues.

Background: Worldwide, immoral cyberspace users have continued to use the Internet to commit crimes; this has caused unease and has called for quick response to the problem especially within the educational sector. The practical value of this study is in its benefit to other researchers who may be attempting to understand South African or Nigerian cyber technology user‘s behaviour; it may also help relevant educational authorities to get relevant understanding of behaviour in the realm of cyberspace. Objectives: This study examined undergraduate students in relation to cyber technology at the University of Zululand (UNIZULU), South Africa, and the Federal University of Agriculture in Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Nigeria. Method: A survey design, questionnaire as the tool for data collection was adapted and samples for the study were drawn from undergraduate students in two conveniently selected universities in South Africa and Nigeria. Overall, 450 undergraduate students were invited to participate in the survey; 380 respondents completed and returned the questionnaire, resulting in a response rate of 84.4%. Results: Most of the respondents from the sampled universities reported that they were aware of what constitutes unethical cyber behaviour. Furthermore, the participants revealed that they hardly received orientation at the universities on cyber behaviour. The challenges that the students faces were reported. Conclusion: This study recommends that universities should sustain orientation and/or training programmes on cyber-ethics and cyber security awareness at the start of each academic year. The results of this study may spark further discussions and research on cyber technology access and use in contemporary society.

This dissertation contributes to the existing body of knowledge on ethical and investment exclusions. Accordingly, the first chapter examines the consequences of ethical exclusions from the point of view of excluded firms. Specifically, it makes use of the Norway GPFG's ethical exclusion announcements and documents a post-announcement negative return impact on firms' stock prices which is not reversed in the short term. Furthermore, I find that product exclusion announcements influence some ethics-sensitive investors who also divest negatively screened firms. Therefore, the chapter demonstrates that ethical exclusions can adversely affect firm equity value, at least in the short term. The second chapter examines the impact of sector exclusions on the portfolio of a long-term well-diversified investor. Using industry indices spanning 1900–2018, we identify a number of risks associated with sector exclusion strategies. Focusing on the part of the portfolio which is being substituted away from a given sector, we show that negative screenings can give rise to substantial drawdowns and unintended geographical tilts. We conclude that over the long run the consequences of sector exclusion for investors are likely to be non-trivial. The third chapter conducts a survey of industry professionals’ views on divestments. Respondents consider negative portfolio screenings most useful for attracting funds from ethically concerned investors and are least in favour of using them for risk management purposes. Furthermore, professionals express the lowest levels of disagreement about the expected returns of non-controversial sectors, relative to those of controversial sectors. We also classify respondents into clusters depending on their opinions regarding sector exclusions. Those who are divestment “sceptics” form risk estimates with higher resemblance to historic performances than divestment “devotees”. Overall, survey responses imply that exclusions scepticism does not stem from an expectation that controversial sectors have superior performance to non-controversial sectors., Cambridge Judge Business School (CJBS), Centre for Endowment Asset Management (CEAM), Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), King's College, Cambridge

WOS: 000418898300003 The purpose of this study is to identify nursing educators' responsivity to the ethical principles in nursing education and the unethical instructor behaviours they have experienced or witnessed. This study, which is descriptive in nature, was conducted with 134 volunteer nursing educators who work in nursing schools providing education at both undergraduate and graduate levels in Turkey. The data were collected through a questionnaire and analysed using SPSS 15.0 package programming. Results were obtained using numbers, percentages, descriptive statistics, Chi-square test for the variables identified in census, dependent and independent t-test, and variance analysis for the measured variables. It was found that although the instructors participating in the study took ethical principles into consideration while doing their duty, they reported to have witnessed or experienced unethical instructor behaviours. Besides, the proportion of unethical behaviours that were witnessed by the participants was always higher than the ones that were experienced. Research Fund of The University of CukurovaCukurova University [D2006TF7] This paper is the first section of a PhD dissertation titled "Ethics in Nursing Education". The thesis consisted of two sections titled ethics in nursing education and ethics education in nursing. This study was supported by the Research Fund of The University of Cukurova. Project Number: D2006TF7.

In this article, we build a Quantitative Discretion Index (hereafter referred to as QDI) to identify within the financial statements the most vulnerable areas related to possible opportunistic earnings management (hereafter referred to as EM) practices, with the aim of supporting ethical behaviour in corporate social communications. In order to better explain the QDI construction method, a practical example is implemented, starting from an analysis of the consolidated balance sheet of an Italian listed company operating in the media sector (in 2016). The QDI might be added to the contents of voluntary information provided by companies that pay attention to ethical behaviour and corporate social responsibility. Within each corporate balance sheet, the QDI allows stakeholders to identify the evaluation discretion areas, where any possible EM practices may be more likely and on which it may be more useful for stakeholders to focus their research attention. Business ethics aims to mitigate EM practices in social communications, including voluntary communication. Indeed, the discretional nature of the assessment of financial statements items by the administrative body represents one of the main weaknesses in the activity of mitigating earnings management practices. At present, the literature has dealt with the relations between ethical behaviour and EM; however, the research should also provide tools that can identify and neutralise the possibilities that opportunistic EM practices can be implemented, thus resulting in more ethical business practices.

Bu tez çalışmamızda; iş ilişkisinde işçinin ahlak ve iyiniyet kurallarına uygun davranma yükümlülüğü ve bu yükümlülüğün yasal dayanakları, işçinin hangi davranışlarının İş Hukukunda ahlak ve iyiniyet kurallarına aykırı davranış olarak kabul edildiği, işçinin ahlak ve iyiniyet kurallarına uygun davranma yükümlülüğünün sınırları, işçinin ahlak ve iyiniyet kurallarına uygun davranma yükümlülüğüne aykırı davranması neticesinde işverenin sahip olacağı haklar araştırılmıştır. Çalışmamızda işçinin ahlak ve iyiniyet kurallarına uygun davranma yükümlülüğünün kapsamı, muhtevası ve sonuçlarına ilişkin uygulamalı araştırma yapılmamış; konuya ilişkin yazılı ve bilimsel eserler, makaleler, doktrinel çalışmalar ve yargı kararları incelenmiştir. İşçinin ahlak ve iyiniyet kurallarına uygun davranma yükümlülüğü, ahlak ve iyiniyet kurallarına aykırı davranış halleri, işçinin ahlak ve iyiniyet kurallarına aykırı davranmasının hukuki ve cezai sonuçları ayrı başlıklar halinde incelenmiş; ancak çalışmamızın konusu, işçinin ahlak ve iyiniyet kurallarına uygun davranma yükümlülüğü olduğundan, işe iade konusuna ve işçinin, ahlak ve iyiniyet kurallarına uygun davranma yükümlülüğü dışında, iş sözleşmesinden doğan diğer yükümlülüklerine bu çalışmamızda detaylı şekilde değinilmemiştir. In this thesis study; employee's obligation to act in accordance with the code of ethics and good faith and legal basis of this obligation, which behaviors of the worker are considered to be contrary to the rules of ethics and good faith in Labor Law, limits of the obligation of the employee to act in accordance with the rules of ethics and good faith, rights of employer as a result of violation of the obligation of the employee to act in accordance with the rules of ethics and good faith were examined. In our study, there was no applied research on the scope, content and results of employee's obligation to comply with the code of ethics and good faith; but written and scientific works, articles, doctrinal studies and judicial decisions are examined. Employee's obligation to act in accordance with the rules of ethics and good faith, behaviors contrary to the rules of ethics and good faith, legal and criminal consequences of violating the rules of ethics and good faith were examined in separate titles in this study. But, since the subject of our work is the obligation of the worker to act in accordance with the rules of ethics and good faith, subject of reemployment lawsuit and other obligations arising from the employment contract except than the obligation of the employee to comply with the rules of ethics and good faith, were not examined in detail in this study. 133

Orientation: Despite increased interest in the topic of ethical behaviour, the unethical behaviour of individuals in various professions is increasing. In order to support professional bodies in their quest to promote ethical behaviour of professionals, one needs to consider what organisations can do to promote ethical conduct.Research purpose: The purpose of this research study was to investigate whether organisations that have spiritual values, that is, workplace spirituality, have a significant impact on the ethical behaviour of project managers.Motivation for the study: Project management as a profession has always been concerned about quality and ethics, but ethical behaviour seems to be on the increase rather than on the decrease. Therefore, it is necessary to consider factors within the organisational context that can promote ethical behaviour.Research approach/design and method: The study was quantitative in nature, and data were collected from individuals studying towards a project management qualification. A descriptive case study design was used and data were collected once-off by means of a survey.Main findings: The findings of the study indicated that workplace spirituality influenced ethical behaviour to some extent, as it promotes responsibility and fairness, which are key values of the Project Management Institute.Practical/managerial implications: If organisations adopt spiritual values and promote a spirituality-based culture, ethical behaviour could be encouraged. However, workplace spirituality should not be seen as a quick fix to reduce unethical behaviour, and unless there is honest commitment by organisational leaders to transform organisations into humanised and spirituality-based workplaces, not much will be achieved in terms of promoting ethical behaviour.Contribution/value-add: The study contributes to the literature regarding ethical behaviour and workplace spirituality.

Biyomedikal ahlakî iyileştirme, normal, sağlıklı insanların ahlakî kapasitelerini artırmak için yapılan biyomedikal müdahalelerdir. Bu tezde bu tip müdahalelerde oksitosin hormonu kullanımı ve bu müdahalelere ivedi bir ihtiyaç olup olmadığı sorgulanmaktadır. Ahlakî iyileştirme tezini savunanlar, bu müdahalelerin küresel sorunları çözmek için acil bir ihtiyaç olduğu konusunda ısrar ederler. Fakat, bu tezde biyomedikal ahlakî iyileştirmeye acil bir ihtiyacın olmadığı, aksine ihtiyacımız olan şeyin bu küresel sorunlara yönelik bilgi ve farkındalığı artırmak olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Biomedical moral enhancement is the interventions to improve normal, healthy human beings' moral capacities via biomedical methods. In this paper oxytocin use in these interventions and whether they are urgent are questioned. The defenders of moral enhancement insist that there is an urgent for biomedical moral enhancement because of the global problems. However, it is emphasized in this paper that there is not an urgent need for biomedical enhancement; rather there is a need for improvement people's knowledge and awareness on these global problems. 57

This paper aims to examine the impact of national cultural values on the relation between auditing and reporting standards and ethical behaviours of firms. Based on a regression analysis using data regarding 54 countries between the years 2007 and 2012, we found that the impact of the perceived strength of auditing and reporting standards onthe perceived ethical behaviours of firms is accentuated when a society is characterized by low power distance and ingroup collectivism, and high institutional collectivism, futureorientation and uncertainty avoidance. Empirically, the study addresses a gap in the literature by highlighting the influence of national culture on the effectiveness of legalsettings and regulations on ethical behaviours.

This study aims to explore the shopping behavior of Italian baby-boomers in the food and grocery industry and to assess if this behavior can be considered ethical. A qualitative methodology was used: semi-structured in-depth interviews have been conducted among 19 individuals, responsible for the grocery in their households. Results, analyzed based on the principles of grounded theory, suggested that the participants are generally loyal shoppers looking mainly for quality. Their behavior can be considered ethical and tends to be proenvironmental, respondents have in fact showed some concerns about the environment. However, the study highlighted a general lack of knowledge of the ethical issues in the food and grocery industry among Italian baby-boomers. Practical implications of this study can be considered by responsible corporations in order to target baby-boomers. Three major recommendations are made: a) make ethical products more straightforward, b) differentiate the marketing strategies c) communicate clearly the ethical practices adopted by the corporation.

Tez çalışmasının temel amacı, örgüt algısının ve pozitif psikolojik sermaye düzeyinin etik davranışlar üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmanın kuramsal çerçevesini örgüt iklimi, pozitif psikolojik sermaye ve etik davranışlar arasındaki ilişkilerin açıklanması ve bu kavramların ortaya çıkmasını sağlayan bireysel ve örgütsel faktörlerin incelenmesi oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada söz konusu kavramların önemi ve birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerine değinilmektedir.Literatürde, pozitif psikolojik sermayenin olumlu veya olumsuz örgütsel tutum ve davranışları etkilediği ileri sürülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, işgörenlerde örgüt iklimi algısının oluşmasında ve etik davranışlar sergilenmesinde de örgütsel ve bireysel faktörlerin önemli bir role sahip olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Diğer taraftan örgüt iklimi ile işgörenlerin etik davranış sergilemesi arasında karşılıklı olarak bir etkileşim olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Pozitif psikolojik sermeye ileişgörenlerin etik davranışlar sergilemeleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olacağı varsayılmaktadır. Tez çalışmasının metodoloji kısmında, söz konusu değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin ortaya konulması ve araştırma modeli çerçevesinde bağımsız değişkenler ile bağımlı değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin açıklanması temel alınmıştır.Araştırmanın amacı çerçevesinde, Çanakkale ilinde faaliyet gösteren Mehmet Akif Ersoy devlet hastanesinde görev yapmakta olan 250 çalışandan anket yöntemi vasıtasıyla elde edilen veriler faktör analizi, kolerasyon analizi ve regresyon analizleri yardımıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre; örgüt iklimi ile etik davranışlar ve pozitif psikolojik sermaye ile etik davranışlar değişkenleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkilerin bulunduğu kabul edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, araştırma modelindeki bağımsız değişkenlerin (örgüt iklimi, pozitif psikolojik sermaye) bağımlı değişken (etik davranışlar) etkileme düzeyleri ile bağımsız ve bağımlı değişkenlerin kendi aralarındaki etkileşim düzeyleri açıklanmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Örgüt iklimi, pozitif psikolojik sermaye, etik davranışlar The main objective of this thesis, is to examine the effects of organizational climate and positive psychological capital levels on ethical behaviors. The theoretical framework of the study aims at explaining the relations between organizational climate, positive psychological capital and ethical behaviors, and examining the individual and organizational factors that enable these concepts to emerge.In literature,positive psychological capital positively or negatively affects organizational attitudes and behaviors.In addition, it is emphasized that organizational and individual factors play an important role in the formation of organizational climate perception and ethical behavior in employees.On the other hand,organizational climate and positive psychological capital are considered among the premises that are accepted to be effective in employees' ethical behaviors.It is accepted that there is a mutual interaction between the organizational climate and the employees behaving ethically.It is accepted that there is a mutual interaction between positive psychological capital and the employee's ethical behavior.In the methodology part of the thesis study, it is aimed at,determining the relationships between these variables and disclosing the relationshipsbetween the independent and the dependent variables within the framework of researchmodel.For the purpose of this research,the data obtained by the survey method from 250 employees working in the Mehmet Akif Ersoy state hospital operating in the province of Çanakkale were evaluated with the help of factor analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis.Based on thefindings gathered from this study,it has been assured that there are statisticallysignificant relationships between organizational climate and ethical behaviors, and positive psychological capital and ethical behaviors.Besides,the influenceof independent variables (organizational climate, positivepsychological capital)ondependent variable(ethical behaviors)andinteraction levels ofindependent and dependent variables were examined.Key words: organizational climate, positive psychological capital, ethical behaviors 193

Günümüzde otonom makineler hızla gelişiyor ve makine zekâsı birçok sektörde insan faaliyetlerinin yerini almaya başlıyor. Makinelerin arttırılan özerklik seviyesi ile bir insan müdahalesine gerek kalmadan belirli bir komutu başından sonuna kadar gerçekleştirebilecek sistemler hedefleniyor. Nesnelerin interneti ile makineler kendi aralarında iletişime geçmeye başladı bile ancak hala insanların dahil olduğu kritik senaryolarda makinelerin nasıl davranması gerektiği kesinleşmiş değil. Sürücüsüz otomobil üreticileri gelecekte trafiği daha güvenli hale getireceklerini iddia etseler de, geleneksel trafik sistemindeki otonom otomobiller şu an için çözülmesi gereken problemler yaratıyor. Dünyanın her yerindeki bilim insanları, özellikle yakın gelecekte kullanmaları beklendiğinden sürücüsüz araç etiğinin nasıl geliştirilmesi gerektiği sorusuna cevap arıyorlar. Bu makineler insanların bile bazen tereddütte kaldıkları etik ikilemlerle karşılaştıklarında nasıl karar vermeliler? Ahlak felsefesinin ünlü dilemmalarından olan `Trolley Problemi` bu sefer asfaltta karşımıza çıkıyor. Sürücüsüz araçların etrafındaki varlıkları algılama yeteneği ve otonomi seviyesi arttıkça kaza durumlarında hangi canlıyı korumaya karar verecekleri herkes için hayati önem taşıyor. Otonom makineler ve etik arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için ilk önce sürücüsüz otomobillerde otonomi düzeylerine göre bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Daha sonra makine etiğine farklı yaklaşımlar incelenerek mevcut etik makine sınıflandırmaları karşılaştırılmıştır. Bir ahlaki faillik durumunun sürücüsüz araçlara atfedilip edilemeyeceğini araştırmak için, konsept iki bölüme ayrılmıştır: ahlak ve faillik. Öncelikle ahlak ve makine arasındaki ilişkiyi iki soru temelinde tartışılmıştır: (a) makinelere etik davranışın ne olduğu gösterilebilir mi ve (b) makinelere ahlaklı olmayı öğretebilir miyiz. İkinci olarak, bir makinenin özerklik, niyetlilik, sorumluluk ve hesap verebilirlik yeteneklerini inceleyerek bir faillik durumuna sahip olup olamayacağı tartışılmıştır. Autonomous machines are becoming more and more involved in our lives. By interacting with their environment, these machines are able to perform certain tasks without human intervention. With this ability, they are used in tasks requiring human labor in many sectors. Driverless cars, for example, are expected to reach a level of autonomy that enables them to perform a journey without any need for a human being in the near future. Autonomous machines while performing a specific task are making specific decisions for each of their actions. It is very important to ensure that the machines can make `right‟ decisions since the consequences of their actions may affect human beings directly. Therefore, it is important that the autonomous vehicles on the traffic act ethically when faced with a conflict.In order to examine the relationship between autonomous machines and ethics, I first make an assessment on autonomous cars according to their autonomy levels. Later I examine the different approaches to machine ethics and criticize the existing moral machine classifications. In order to investigate whether a moral agency can be attributed to autonomous cars, I divide the concept into two sections: morality and agency. First I construct the relationship between morality and machine on the basis of two questions: (a) can we introduce ethics to machines and (b) can we teach morality to machines. Second I question whether a machine can have an agency by examining their competence of autonomy, intentionality, responsibility and accountability. 73

Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte elektronik ürünler piyasasına her geçen gün yeni modeller ve markalar dâhil olmaktadır. İşletmelerin temel amacının iyi hizmet sunmak ve bireylerle uzun dönemli ilişkiler kurabilmek olduğu düşünüldüğünde elektronik ürün piyasasında tüketicilerin işletmelere, markalara ve satış elemanlarına güvenmeleri önem teşkil etmektedir. Bu sebeple günümüz artan rekabet şartlarında işletmeler, sadık müşterilerini korumayı ve mümkün olduğunca arttırmayı hedeflemektedirler. Bu doğrultuda işletmelerin faaliyetlerini sürdürebilmeleri için güvenilir ve en iyi olmaları giderek önem kazanan bir unsur haline gelmiştir. Bu bakış açısıyla geliştirilen çalışmanın amacı markaya, işletmeye ve satış elemanına duyulan güven ve satış elemanının etik davranışlarının yeniden satın alma davranışına etkileri araştırmaktır. Bu kapsamda, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile 30 Mayıs – 15 Temmuz 2017 tarihleri arasında Muğla ili sınırları içerisinde yaşayan son 1 yıl içerisinde elektronik ürün satın almış, 18 yaşını doldurmuş bireyler ile örneklem oluşturulmuştur. Bırak- al yöntemiyle 400 anketten elde edilen 312 geçerli anket ile araştırma hipotezleri SPSS 22 istatistikî programı kullanılarak betimleyici, normallik, faktör ve güvenilirlik analizleri ve hipotez testleri bulguları elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; markaya ve işletmeye olan güvenin tekrar satın alma davranışında anlamlı ve pozitif bir etkisi olduğu, satış elemanına duyulan güven ve satış elemanlarının etik davranışlarını da analize dâhil edince bu etkinin biraz daha arttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. New models and brands are included daily in the electronic products market by the development of technology. Considering that the main purpose of the businesses is to provide good service and to establish long-term relationships with individuals, it is important that consumers rely on businesses, brands and sales staffs in the electronic product market. Therefore, in today's increasing competition conditions, businesses target to protect their loyal customers and increase them as much as possible. In order to achieve this, the companies' being reliable and the best to sustain their activities has become an increasingly important element. The aim of this study, which was developed with this perspective, is to investigate the trust in the brand, the business and the sales staff, and to investigate the effects of the ethical behaviors of the sales staff on the repurchase behavior of customers. Within this scope, the sample has been formed with individuals who are 18 years old and have purchased electronic products within the during last year living in the province of Muğla between the dates of 30 May - 15 July 2017 by means of convenience sampling method. 312 valid questionnaires acquired from 400 questionnaires were used to obtain descriptive, normality, factor and reliability analyzes and hypothesis tests using the SPSS 22 statistical program. As a result of the research; it is concluded that the trust in the brand and the business has a significant and positive effect on the repurchase behavior and also results show that when the variables of trust in thesales staff and the ethical behaviors of the sales staff are included in the model, this effecthas increased slightly. 115

Bir destinasyonu ziyaret eden turistin destinasyondan zihninde olumlu bir imajla memnun ayrılması destinasyonun rekabet üstünlüğü sağlamasında önemli bir unsurdur. Turistlerin destinasyondan memnun ayrılmasını birçok faktör etkilemektedir. Bu faktörlerden biri de destinasyonda turistlere ziyaretleri sırasında eşlik eden turist rehberlerinin hizmetleridir. Turist rehberleri turistlere tur sırasında eşlik eden, destinasyonun tanıtımını yapan, destinasyon hakkında bilgi veren ve tur süresince turistler ile destinasyon arasında arabuluculuk, yönlendiricilik gibi rolleri üstlenen kişilerdir. Turist rehberlerinin tur süresince sergilemiş olduğu performansın kalitesi, turistlerin destinasyona karşı olumlu ya da olumsuz bir imaj oluşturmalarını etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, turist rehberlerinin performansının destinasyon imajına etkisi ve etik davranışlarının bu ilişkideki düzenleyici rolünün ortaya konulmasıdır. Bu amaçla kuramsal bir model oluşturulmuş ve araştırma hipotezleri geliştirilmiştir. Kapsamlı bir literatür taraması sonucunda oluşturulan anket formu, Nevşehir ilini ziyaret eden yerli ve yabancı 438 turiste uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada turistlerin sosyo-demografik özelliklerinin ve ölçek maddelerinin değerlendirilmesine ilişkin frekans dağılımı analizi, ölçeğin maddelerini gruplandırmak için açıklayıcı faktör analizi, ölçeklerin geçerliliğini ortaya koymak için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve düzenleyici etkiyi belirlemek için yapısal eşitlik modellemesi gibi istatistiksel analiz yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda turist rehberlerinin performansını oluşturan `bilgi` ve `yetenek` boyutlarının, destinasyonun hem `bilişsel imajına` hem de `duyuşsal imajına` anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu bulgusu elde edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda, turist rehberlerinin etik davranışlarının `dürüstlük` ve `güvenilirlik` boyutlarının bu ilişkide düzenleyici etkiye sahip olduğu, `mesleki sorumluluk` ve `adil olma` boyutlarının ise düzenleyici etkisinin olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Son olarak, elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda gerek turist rehberlerine gerekse turist rehberi yetiştiren eğitim kurumlarına birtakım önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Ensuring that a tourist leave the destination with a positive image in her/his mind and as satisfied is an important factor for achieving competitive advantage. Tourists' satisfaction with the destination depends on many factors. One of these factors is the services of the tourist guides accompanying the tourists during their visit to the destination. Tourist guides are the people who accompany tourists during the tour, promote the destination, provide information about the destination, and act as mediators and directors between tourists and destinations during the tour. The quality of the performance of tourist guides during the tour affects tourists' development of positive or negative image perception of the destination. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the performance of tourist guides on destination image and the moderating role of ethical behaviors in this relationship. With this end in view, a theoretical model has been created and research hypotheses have been developed. The questionnaire form, which was developed as a result of a comprehensive literature review, was applied to 438 domestic and foreign tourists visiting Nevsehir province. In this research, statistical analysis methods such as frequency distribution analysis for the assessment of the tourists' socio-demographic characteristics and scale items, explanatory factor analysis for grouping the items of the scale, confirmatory factor analysis for determining the validity of the scales, and structural equation modeling for determining the moderation effect were used. In the results of the study, it was concluded that the `knowledge` and `skill` dimensions that constitute the performance of the tourist guides had a significant effect on both the `cognitive image` and the `affective image` of the destination. At the same time, it was concluded that the `honesty` and `reliability` dimensions of the ethical behavior of the tourist guides had a moderating role in this relationship, while the dimensions of `professional responsibility` and `fairness` did not have a moderating role. Finally, based on the findings, some suggestions have been made to the tourist guides and the educational institutions that train the tourist guides. 172

YÖK Tez ID: 544975 Geçmişten günümüze ahlak konusuna; sosyal hayatta, eğitim sis¬temlerinde ve kurumlarda temel amaç olarak değinilmiştir. Toplumu şekillendirmede büyük bir etkiye sahip olan eğitim sistemlerinde ise ahlak kavramına öncelikli bir yer verilmiştir. Eğitim sisteminde ahlakın oluşumunda eğitim yöneticilerinin ve özellikle okul yöneticilerinin ahlaki değerleri ve davranışları büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında, günümüzde küreselleşme ve bilgi teknolojilerindeki gelişmelerle birlikte yaşanan hızlı sosyal değişimler nedeniyle önemi artan ahlak ve eğitim kavramları çeşitli yönleriyle ele alınarak, okul yönetiminde ahlakın önemi vurgulanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada, okul yöneticilerinin, ahlaki sorumlulukları konusundaki duyarlılıkları ile algıları ve ahlaki tutum ve davranışların okul yönetimindeki etkililiği incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın bölümleri genel hatlarıyla şu şekilde sıralanmaktadır. İlk olarak, eğitim ve ahlak kavramları ele alınmış, tanımları, önemi, boyutlarından bahsedilmiş, devamında söz konusu bu kavramların birbirleriyle olan ilişkileri literatür ışığında tartışılarak, ilgili hipotezler geliştirilmiştir. Sonrasında, yönetim ve okul yönetimi konuları incelenerek, yönetim ile ahlak arasındaki ilişkiye yer verilmiştir. Son bölümde ise okul yönetimin temel unsurları olan okul yöneticilerinin, öğretmenlerin ve öğrencilerin ahlaki sorumlulukları ele alınarak ahlakın okul yönetimindeki önemi ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Sonuç ve değerlendirme kısmında ise elde edilen bulgular açıklanmıştır. Aynı bölümde, gelecekteki araştırmacılara ve yöneticilere öneriler sıralanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Eğitim, Ahlak, Okul yönetimi, Okul yöneticisi, Öğretmen. From past to present, the morality have evaluated in social life, education system and institutions as a main purpose. Edication systems which have agreat influence on shaping the society have given priority to the concept of morality. The moral values and behaviors of the education administrators and especially the school administrators are a major importance in the formation of the morality in the education system. In the thesis study, nowadays, moral and educational concepts, which have become increasingly prevalent due to globalization and rapid social changes in information technologies, have been tired to be emphasized in various ways. In the study, the school administrators' sensitivity to moral responsibilities with their perceptions and moral attitudes and behaviors were examined in school management. The parts of this study are listed in these order. Firstly, education and morality are handled their meaning and importance are mentioned, that is the relations between these notions have developed the hypothesis in the light of literature that are examined and the relationship between administration and morals are included. In the lost part, the importance of morals are tired to revealed by dealing with the moral responsibilities of school principals, teachers and students who are the main factors of school management. In the conclusion and evaluation parts the results are explained. Also, in the same part, suggestions are made for future researchers and managers. Keywords: Education, Morality, School Administration, School Administrator, Teacher

İlişkisel tarama modeline göre tasarlanan bu araştırma, lise öğrencilerinin sosyal medya aktiviteleri ile ahlaki olgunlukları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca öğrencilerin sosyal medya aktiviteleri ve ahlaki olgunluklarının çeşitli demografik değişkenlere göre farklılaşma durumları da incelenmiştir. Tokat il ve ilçelerindeki lise düzeyi okullardan basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen toplam 563 öğrenciye Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Ahlaki Olgunluk Ölçeği ve Sosyal Medya Ahlaki Olgunluk Anket Formu uygulanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda öğrencilerin demografik değişkenlere göre sosyal medya aktivitelerinin birçoğunda; günlük hayattaki ve sosyal medyadaki aktiviteleri arasında; demografik değişkenlere ve sosyal medya aktivitelerine göre günlük hayattaki ve sosyal medyadaki ahlaki olgunluklarında; günlük hayattaki ve sosyal medyadaki ahlaki olgunlukları arasında anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. This research, which is designed in accordance with the relational screening model, has been conducted to examine the relationship between social media activities and moral maturity of high school students. In addition, the differentiation of social media activities and moral maturity of students on the basis of various demographic variables also have been examined. Personal Information Form, Moral Maturity Scale and Social Media Moral Maturity Questionnaire have been applied to 563 students who were selected by simple random sampling method from various high schools in Tokat and its districts. As a result of analysis, significant differences have been found in many of the social media activities of the students according to the demographic variables; in activities in daily life and social media; in the moral maturity of daily life and social media according to demographic variables and social media activities; between the moral maturity of daily life and social media. 178

Araştırmanın amacı ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde dindarlık ile ahlaki çözülme eğilimleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Dindarlık ile ahlaki çözülme arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için Konya il merkezinde yer alan dört faklı okul türünde öğrenim gören sınıf ve yaş aralıkları farklı olan 364 öğrenciden veri toplanmıştır. Araştırmada karşılaştırmalı ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılarak veriler öğrencilere kişisel bilgi formu, İslami dindarlık ölçeği ve ahlaki çözülme ölçeği uygulanarak elde edilmiştir. Araştırma yapılırken öğrencilerin dindarlığına ve ahlaki özelliklerine etki eden unsurlar bağımsız değişkenler yoluyla ankete eklenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 22.0 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizlerde betimsel istatistikler, bağımsız örneklem T Testi ve F testi analizleri kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak ortaöğretim düzeyindeki öğrencilerde ahlaki çözülme düzeyi ile dindarlık eğilimi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. İlişkinin yönüne bakıldığında ise dindarlık ölçeğinin alt boyutlarında yüksek puanlar alan öğrencilerin yüksek ahlaki çözülme eğilimi sergiledikleri görülmüştür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Dindarlık, Ahlaki Çözülme, Eğilim. The aim of this study is to analyze the relation between high-school students' religiosity and moral disengagement tendencies. The data has been collected to examine the relation between the religiosity and moral disengagement from 364 students that are at different ages and grades in four different school types in central Konya. Correlational survey model has been used and the data has been gathered via applying personal information from Islamic religiosity scale and moral disengagement scale. During the survey the factors that affect students' religiosity and morality are added to the questionnaire via independent variables. The collected data has been analyzed by SPSS 22.0 program descriptive statistics, unpaired T test and F tests have been used in the analysis. As a result a significant relation between moral disengagement level and religiosity tendency has been found among high-school students. When the direction of the relation is considered, it is seen that the studets who got high grades in the subdimensions of resligiosity scale also displayed a high level of moral disengagement.Keywords: Religiosity, Moral Disengagement, Tendency 86