8 results on '"Kriiska, Aivar"'
Search Results
2. Palaeogeographic Model for the SW Estonian Coastal Zone of the Baltic Sea
- Author
-
Rosentau, Alar, Veski, Siim, Kriiska, Aivar, Aunap, Raivo, Vassiljev, Jüri, Saarse, Leili, Hang, Tiit, Heinsalu, Atko, Oja, Tõnis, Harff, Jan, editor, Björck, Svante, editor, and Hoth, Peer, editor
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. A new formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch in Estonia.
- Author
-
Hang, Tiit, Veski, Siim, Vassiljev, Jüri, Poska, Anneli, Kriiska, Aivar, and Heinsalu, Atko
- Subjects
HOLOCENE Epoch ,ICE cores ,CROSS correlation ,LAKE sediments ,HISTORICAL chronology ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL geology - Abstract
Copyright of Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences is the property of Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA AND PALEOLANDSCAPE RECONSTRUCTIONS OF THE BASIN OF AN EARLY AND MIDDLE HOLOCENE LAKE NEAR KUNDA, NORTH-EASTERN ESTONIA.
- Author
-
Sander, Kristjan and Kriiska, Aivar
- Subjects
PREHISTORIC settlements ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations - Abstract
The settlement site of Kunda Lammasmägi and its surroundings have been studied extensively since the 19th century. Nevertheless, a number of questions on the nature of the settlement and its surrounding environment remain unanswered. In this paper, we will present paleolandscape reconstructions based on geology, palynology, micro- and macrofossil analysis and radiocarbon datings published by various researchers. We will also include recent LiDAR data, results of the fieldwork carried out by the authors at Kunda Lammasmägi and along the paleolake shoreline, as well as the results of the analysis of archaeological material accumulated from 1933 to 2016 with an emphasis on lithic finds and pottery. Recent fieldwork, digital elevation modelling and typo-chronological review of the finds have clarified issues, such as the extent of stratigraphical mixing, association between the settlement stages and the paleolake development, and the human activity in other parts of the paleolake depression. Three distinct phases can be observed in the development of environmental conditions of the Kunda depression: 1) until the beginning of the Atlantic pollen assemblage zone, Lammasmägi existed as an island in the southern part of a postglacial lake; 2) during the first half of the Atlantic, the water level dropped, a remnant lake was left in the northern part, and Lammasmägi existed as a seasonal island or higher place in the marsh; 3) by the beginning of the second half of the Atlantic, the remnant lake was partly overgrown and Lammasmägi was surrounded by dry land. The analysis of archaeological material enabled the differentiation of four settlement phases: 1) in the Early Mesolithic I and II; 2) in the Late Mesolithic I; 3) in the Late Mesolithic II; and 4) in the Neolithic until the beginning of the Bronze Age. The first two settlement stages can be associated with the paleolake, while the subsequent two are associated with the present-day Kunda River and other streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
5. THE SECOND PLAGUE PANDEMIC IN THE BALTIC REGION - NEW EVIDENCE FROM ANCIENT DNA.
- Author
-
Keller, Marcel, Guellil, Meriam, Saag, Lehti, Malve, Martin, Valk, Heiki, Kriiska, Aivar, Slavin, Philip, Metspalu, Mait, Tambets, Kristiina, and Scheib, Christiana L.
- Subjects
PLAGUE ,PANDEMICS ,FOSSIL DNA ,YERSINIA pestis - Abstract
The Baltic region was repeatedly struck by plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, during the so-called Second Pandemic (14
th -18th centuries). After the initial wave, the Black Death (1346-1353), the Plague of the Great Northern War 1702-1714 is the most prominent outbreak in the Baltics, reportedly causing more deaths than any previous epidemic in some regions. Years of war, displacement and famines had weakened the local population and undermined state authorities, setting the stage for one of the last widespread plague epidemics in Europe. In the last two years, several papers presented a number of newly retrieved Y. pestis genomes from four Baltic sites, presenting evidence for repeated outbreaks of plague over several centuries. In our study, we aim to investigate the genetic history of the Second Pandemic in Estonia and neighboring regions, both by metagenomic screening of individuals on regular cemeteries and by targeted analysis of suspected plague burials. We present paleogenetic evidence for plague in six different urban and rural sites, spanning the 14th -18th centuries, linking the Baltic plague outbreaks to known Y. pestis lineages circulating in other parts of Europe at the same time and offering new insights into the phylogeography of the Second Pandemic. In addition, we contextualize our findings with the recently published plague genomes from the Baltic region which so far have not been presented comprehensively in synopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
6. Ground-penetrating Radar and Geological Study of the Kudruküla Stone Age Archaeological Site, Northeast Estonia.
- Author
-
Tšugai, Alina, Plado, Jüri, Jõeleht, Argo, Kriiska, Aivar, Mustasaar, Mario, Raig, Hanna, Risberg, Jan, and Rosentau, Alar
- Subjects
ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations ,STONE Age ,GROUND penetrating radar ,CULTURAL property ,CHARCOAL - Abstract
A combined ground-penetrating radar (GPR), drilling and diatom survey was carried out in order to characterize formation of the Kudruküla Stone Age Comb Ware archaeological site, northeast Estonia. A few decades ago a cultural layer was discovered, located within fine-grained sands of the right bank of the Kudruküla Stream an altitude of 1.25-1.60 m above sea level. The layer is 15-35 cm thick and composed of poorly sorted sand of intensive reddish colour with abundant arteand ecofacts, human bones, burned hearthstones and charcoal pieces. Artefacts, in particular pottery, are well preserved and frequently present as large pieces. The Kudruküla site holds an exceptional position among other Stone Age coastal settlements in that it is not located directly on top of beach ridges, but is buried under ∼3 m of sand. When the Kudruküla settlement existed the level of the Litorina Sea was ∼6 m above present sea level, which is ∼4.5 m above the present location of the cultural layer. The current research is used to describe the geological structure of the area to provide a perspective on the history of the cultural material, and reveals that the cultural material is not restricted to one layer/lens only because it is irregularly and widely distributed within the sands of Kudruküla. The GPR and diatomanalyses show that the Kudruküla cultural material is redeposited, because it occurs within an ancient point-bar succession of a (Narva) river meander. Originally, the dwelling site had been located on top of the Narva-Jõesuu sandy coastal ridges, which subsequently suffered erosion and the sand resedimented at the Kudruküla location. Good preservation of the cultural items shows that, after redeposition, they were buried fast, probably within a year. The present Kudruküla stream has cut into the floodplain of the ancient (Narva) river to expose the redeposited layer/lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Puuduvad tõlgendused. Looduslikud ja jäänukleiuna interpreteeritud esemed Eesti arheoloogiakogudes
- Author
-
Johanson, Kristiina, Kriiska, Aivar, juhendaja, Jonuks, Tõnno, juhendaja, and Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond
- Subjects
Estonia ,rituaalid ,dissertations ,uskumused ,dissertatsioonid ,muuseumikogud ,maagia ,archaeological finds ,ETD ,artifacts ,kivistised ,väitekirjad ,artefaktid ,Eesti ,stone artefacts ,beliefs ,rituals ,kiviesemed ,fossils ,museum collections ,arheoloogilised leiud ,magic - Abstract
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone, Doktoritöö „Puuduvad tõlgendused. Looduslikud ja jäänukleiuna interpreteeritud esemed Eesti arheoloogiakogudes“ keskmes on tõlgenduseta või ühekülgselt seletatud leiud, mida on Eesti arheoloogiakogudesse praeguseks jõudnud märkimisväärne arv. Töö allikaks on kahte liiki leiud – looduslikud, nagu fossiilid ja veerised, ning inimtekkelised, nagu hilisematest kontekstidest leitud kiviesemeid (kivikirved, -talvad, tulekivist nooleotsad). Viimaseid on enamasti peetud jäänukleidudeks samal paigal asunud varasemast asulakohast. Analüüsitud leidudel on kahtlemata olnud erinevaid tähendusi. Kuigi suur osa tõlgendusi jääb spekulatiivseks, õnnestus mitmete leidude puhul nende leiukonteksti ning kasutus-kulumisjälgi arvestades näidata, et osa fossiile, veeriseid ning varasemaid kiviesemeid hilisemates kontekstides on teadlikult kunagistesse asulatesse, linnustesse või kalmetesse toodud. Veeriseid võidi kasutada erinevast materjalist esemete poleerimiseks, keedukividena vee soojendamisel, lingukivide või mängukividena. Samas on nii kirjalike allikate, etnograafiliste analoogide kui folklooritekstide põhjal teada, et erinevaid kive, fossiile ning kiviesemeid on kasutatud kaitse- ja ravimaagilistes toimingutes. Näiteks on kivikirveid, talbu ja nooleotsi, aga ka fossiile ja silmatorkava välimusega veeriseid peetud taevast välgulöögiga alla kukkunud piksenoolteks, mida kasutati muuhulgas äikese ja tulekahju eemal hoidmiseks, aga ka äkiliste haiguste ravimiseks. Eesti hilisraua-, kesk- ja uusaegsetest kontekstidest leitud varasemate kiviesemete leiud võiksid viidata just sellele uskumusele. Maagilisi kaitse- ja ravipraktikaid iseloomustab variatiivsus, mis tähendab, et vajadusel omistati maagilist toimijalisust väga erinevatele esemetele ja ainetele. Nii ei pea kaitse- ja ravimaagilisi esemeid otsima atraktiivsete või silmatorkavate leidude hulgast ning pigem võib neid leida esmapilgul ootamatute, looduslike või igapäevaste asjade seast. See teadmine andis põhjuse juba kogutud arheoloogilise allikmaterjali analüüsimiseks lähtuvalt maagia aspektidest., The doctoral dissertation „Missing interpretations. Natural and residual finds in Estonian archaeological collections“ is concentrated on numerous selection of finds in Estonian archaeological collections that have remained uninterpreted or have attached only one-sided explanations. The source material of the thesis includes two kinds of finds – natural, like fossils and pebbles, and human-made, like stone artefacts (stone axes, adzes, flint arrowheads) found from chronologically later contexts. The latter have mostly been interpreted as residual finds. The analysed finds have undoubtedly had different meanings and functions. Although the large part of interpretations are destined to remain speculations, the find context of several finds or use-wear on them enabled to show that part of fossils, pebbles and earlier stone artefacts have deliberately been brought to the later settlement sites, hillforts or cemeteries. Pebbles could have been used for burnishing items of various materials, as potboilers to heat water, ammunition stones or playing pieces. At the same time we know from written sources, ethnographical analogues as well as folklore records that different pebbles, fossils and stone items have been used in apotropaic and curing magical practices. For example stone axes, adzes and arrowheads, but also fossils and conspicuous pebbles have been regarded as thunderbolts that have fallen from the sky with a lightning strike; among other things they were used to keep away fires and lightning, but also to cure suddenly appearing diseases. Several finds in Estonian Late Iron Age, medieval and modern contexts can refer namely to this belief. Magical curing and apotropaic practices are characterised by variety, which means that when needed agency could be ascribed to very different artefacts and substances. Thus we do not have to look for apotropaic and curing magical items among attractive and outstanding artefacts and they can rather be found amid unexpected, natural or everyday instruments. This understanding motivated to analyse the already gathered archaeological material from the viewpoint of magic.
- Published
- 2018
8. Praktikate püsivus. Multidistsiplinaarne uurimus küttide ja korilaste matustest Eestis, ajavahemikul 6500–2600 aastat eKr
- Author
-
Tõrv, Mari, Kriiska, Aivar, juhendaja, Eriksen, Berit V., juhendaja, Nilsson Stutz, Liv, juhendaja, and Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond
- Subjects
Estonia ,dissertations ,dissertatsioonid ,kütid-korilased ,ETD ,archaeology ,hunter-gatherers ,matused ,arheoloogia ,väitekirjad ,Eesti ,burial customs ,matmiskombestik ,tanatoloogia ,funeral ,thanatology - Abstract
Käesoleva töö “Persistent practices. A Multi-Disciplinary Study of Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Remains from c. 6500–2600 cal. BC, Estonia” [“Praktikate püsivus. Multidistsiplinaarne uurimus küttide ja korilaste matustest Eestis, ajavahemikul 6500–2600 eKr“] keskmes on küsimus, kuidas kohtlesid kiviaja kütid ja korilased surnuid. Lähtun surnukehast, õigemini selle materiaalsetest jäänustes, milleks siin on terviklikud luustikud ja üksikud inimluud asulate kultuurkihtides. Matmispraktikaid rekonstrueeritakse arheotanatoloogia abil ning surnute esmaseid identiteete osteoloogiliste meetodite ja süsiniku ja lämmastiku stabiilsete isotoopide analüüside kaudu. Luu kollageenist tehtud radiosüsiniku dateeringud annavad uurimusele ajalise sügavuse. Uute radiosüsiniku dateeringute kohaselt leidsid kõige vanemad matused toimusid 7. aastatuhande keskel Narva Joaorus. Noorimad dateeringud seevastu kuuluvad Tamula ja Naakamäe matustele, jäädes aega umbes 2600 eKr. Stabiilsete isotoopide uuringud näitavad, et vaadeldud inimluud kuuluvad sisemaa kalastajatele ja ranniku küttidele. See omakorda näitab, et kuni 3. aastatuhande keskpaigani eKr oli püügimajanduslik elatusviis määrava tähtsusega, lubades töös vaadatud surnuid koondada ühisnimetaja kütid ja korilased alla. Arheoloogiliselt nähtavad matmispraktikad said osaks nii naistele, lastele, kui ka meestele. Seetõttu võib öelda, et esmastel identiteetidel ei olnud matmispraktikate valimisel määravat rolli. Pikk ajaline perspektiiv lubab jälgida nii praktikate püsivust, kui ka muutusi. Arheotanatoloogiline analüüs näitab, et aktsepteeritava normi moodustas hulk erinevaid praktikaid. Kusjuures suur osa toonastest rituaalidest jääb tabamatuks. Arheoloogiliselt jälgitavatest praktikatest domineerib esmane laibamatus, samas tõestati ka mitme-episoodiliste matuste olemasolu Eestis. Surnuid sängitati nii asula kultuurkihti, kalmistutele, kui ka üksikmatustena asustusest eemale. Hoolimata mitmetest erinevustest rõhutatakse töös, et matuserituaalide põhisisu säilis ajavahemikus 6500–2600 eKr suures osas muutumatuna. Selleks muutumatuks tuumikuks võib pidada kohest tegutsemist surma ilmnemisel, surnukeha kesksust praktikate läbiviimisel, elevate ja surnute maailma ranget eraldamatust ja praktikate avatud iseloomu, mis võimaldas nende säilimise ja järk-järgulise muutumise ligi nelja aasta tuhande jooksul. Võtmesõnad: matmispraktikad, praktikate teooriad, keha materiaalse kultuuri osana, arheotanatoloogia, süsiniku ja lämmastiku stabiilsed isotoobid, radiosüsiniku dateeringud, kütid ja korilased, kiviaeg, Eesti, The thesis “Persistent practices. A Multi-Disciplinary Study of Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Remains from c. 6500–2600 cal. BC, Estonia” focuses on the question of how death was handled within and among hunter-gatherer communities in Estonia. The study departs from the human remains – both intact skeletons and loose human bones in occupation layers – bringing the human body to the foreground to detect mortuary practices through the lens of archaeo-thanatology, and to recreate the primary identities of these people by the application of osteological methods and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope studies. The time depth is provided by the radiocarbon dates of human bone collagen. The new radiocarbon dates show that the first burials took place at Narva Joaorg starting from the mid of the 7th millennium cal. BC. The youngest hunter-gatherer burials derive from Tamula that was used as a burial place for a longer time period; its end date corresponds to the burial at Naakamäe, being c. 2600 cal. BC. Stable isotope results show that all the human remains belonged to inland fishers and coastal hunters of marine fished and mammals, indicating the importance of hunting and gathering subsistence until the mid of 3rd millennium cal. BC in Estonia. Burials contained the remains of both females, males, and adults and children of all age groups. These general observations about biological sex and age allege that mortuary rituals were carried out irrespective of the primary identities of the deceased. The long temporal perspective allowed observing the continuum and change of practices. As indicated by the archaeothanatological analyses, a range of practices were considered as norm. Only a fraction of the population received archaeologically observable handling; the vast majority of these constitute primary inhumations in a variety of body positions either with or without grave goods. Also, clear evidence of practices in multiple episodes was demonstrated. The deceased had been placed in the ground of contemporary settlement sites, cemeteries, and solitary graves close to the hunter-gatherer pathways. However, instead of stressing the differences in grave goods, or in places for the dead, and/or variability in body positions, it is stressed that a unchanging pattern of underlying norms of mortuary practices persisted from the first evidence of mortuary remains in c. 6500 cal. BC until the mid 3rd millennium cal. BC. This core of practices was formed by the immediate handling of the dead, primacy of the corpse, absence of clear separation between life and death, and open character of the mortuary practices that allowed the maintenance and gradual change of mortuary rituals within and among hunter-gatherer communities. Key words: mortuary practices, practice theory, body as material culture, archaeothanatology, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, radiocarbon dates, hunter-gatherers, Stone Age, Estonia
- Published
- 2016
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.