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Lakes play a vital role in water conservation, biodiversity, tourism and job creation. However, seasonal changes, inflow of sewage and erosion increase the amount of nutrients discharged into the lakes and affect the structure of the ecosystem and the diversity of its planktons through the reduction of water quality. The purpose of this study was to identify the species composition and abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in Karon-4 lake to investigate the trophic indicators and water quality of this lake. For this purpose, after identifying 4 stations, sampling was done in 4 stages during 2017. Based on the results, 30 species of phytoplankton (belonging to 7 groups) and 58 species of zooplankton (belonging to 7 groups) were identified. The highest density of phytoplankton was observed in late summer and autumn, indicated the high values of soluble oxygen of the lake in these seasons beacause of increased photosynthetic activities. Most of the observed zooplankton species were also in the spring season and related to Copepoda, Rotifer and Cladocer. The average Shannon-Wiener and Margalf indices for phyto and zooplanktons indicated the improvement of living conditions and the possibility of the presence of more diverse species of zooplanktons due to the development of phytoplanktons in this lake. Therefore, in order to prevent algal bloom, in addition to controlling external factors (entry of various pollutants), attention should also be paid to internal conditions governing this dam. Finally, based on the abundance and diversity of species observed, this lake was classified as oligo-mesotrophic

The life cycle of barnacles usually consists of two stages: the free-swimming larval stage and the stationary stage. Their larval stage has 6 stages. Considering that plant essential oils showed anti-algae properties in previous studies, in this study, the toxicity of this essential oil was investigated on different stages of barnacle larvae of A. amphitrite species. Because they should not have a negative effect on the food chain. Also, in order to evaluate the toxicity effects of Z. multiflora essential oil on barnacle larvae as a study model. This test was performed based on the determination of LC50 in a 24-hour period on different stages of barnacle larvae, in such a way that in 24-well plates of each stock, 6 concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.5 µg/ml was prepared, then 1 ml of sea water and 10 barnacle larvae were added to each well and the number of dead and alive was checked by loupe. The obtained results showed that the LC50-14.198 µg/ml in the (VI ( stage of and the LC50-36.91 µg/ml in the) II( stage have a significant difference. Also, this plant essential oil showed a toxic effect on barnacle larvae at concentrations higher than 20 g/ml. But in general, the use of this herbal essential oil has significant biological activity due to having carvacrol as the main component of the essential oil. Also, by having different compounds such as phenolic, terpenoids and alkaloids, it can be a pioneer in the development of practical and bio-compatible with eco-management goals in low concentrations.

The current study aims to co‐encapsulate Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora) essential oil (ZEO) and nisin into chitosan nanogel as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent to enhance the shelf‐life of cheese. Chitosan‐caffeic acid (CS‐CA) nanogel was produced to co‐encapsulate Zataria multiflora essential oil and nisin. This nanogel was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The effect of free (TFZN) and encapsulated ZEO‐nisin in chitosan nanogel (TCZN) on the chemical and microbiological properties of Iranian white cheese was assessed. The particle size, polydispersity index value (PDI), zeta potential, antioxidant activity, and encapsulation efficiency of the optimal chitosan‐ZEO‐nisin nanogel were 421.6 nm, 0.343, 34.0 mV, 71.06%–82.69%, and 41.3 ± 0.5%, 0.79 ± 0.06 mg/mL. respectively. FTIR and XRD approved ZEO and nisin entrapment within chitosan nanogel. The chitosan nanogel showed a highly porous surface with an irregular shape. The bioactive compounds of ZEO and nisin decreased the pH changes in cheese. On the 60th day of storage, the acidity of treated samples was significantly lower than that of control. Although the lowest anisidine index value was observed in samples treated with sodium nitrate (NaNO3) (TS), there was no significant difference between this sample and TCZN. The lowest microbial population was observed in TCZN and TS. After 60 days of ripening, Coliforms were not detected in the culture medium of TCZN and TS. The results can contribute to the development of a natural preservative with the potential for application in the dairy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lakes play a vital role in water conservation, biodiversity, tourism and job creation. However, seasonal changes, inflow of sewage and erosion increase the amount of nutrients discharged into the lakes and affect the structure of the ecosystem and the diversity of its planktons through the reduction of water quality. The purpose of this study was to identify the species composition and abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in Karon-4 lake to investigate the trophic indicators and water quality of this lake. For this purpose, after identifying 4 stations, sampling was done in 4 stages during 2017. Based on the results, 30 species of phytoplankton (belonging to 7 groups) and 58 species of zooplankton (belonging to 7 groups) were identified. The highest density of phytoplankton was observed in late summer and autumn, indicated the high values of soluble oxygen of the lake in these seasons beacause of increased photosynthetic activities. Most of the observed zooplankton species were also in the spring season and related to Copepoda, Rotifer and Cladocer. The average Shannon-Wiener and Margalf indices for phyto and zooplanktons indicated the improvement of living conditions and the possibility of the presence of more diverse species of zooplanktons due to the development of phytoplanktons in this lake. Therefore, in order to prevent algal bloom, in addition to controlling external factors (entry of various pollutants), attention should also be paid to internal conditions governing this dam. Finally, based on the abundance and diversity of species observed, this lake was classified as oligo-mesotrophic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life cycle of barnacles usually consists of two stages: the free-swimming larval stage and the stationary stage. Their larval stage has 6 stages. Considering that plant essential oils showed anti-algae properties in previous studies, in this study, the toxicity of this essential oil was investigated on different stages of barnacle larvae of A. amphitrite species. Because they should not have a negative effect on the food chain. Also, in order to evaluate the toxicity effects of Z. multiflora essential oil on barnacle larvae as a study model. This test was performed based on the determination of LC50 in a 24-hour period on different stages of barnacle larvae, in such a way that in 24-well plates of each stock, 6 concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.5 μg/ml was prepared, then 1 ml of sea water and 10 barnacle larvae were added to each well and the number of dead and alive was checked by loupe. The obtained results showed that the LC50-14.198 μg/ml in the (VI(stage of and the LC50-36.91 μg/ml in the)II(stage have a significant difference. Also, this plant essential oil showed a toxic effect on barnacle larvae at concentrations higher than 20 g/ml. But in general, the use of this herbal essential oil has significant biological activity due to having carvacrol as the main component of the essential oil. Also, by having different compounds such as phenolic, terpenoids and alkaloids, it can be a pioneer in the development of practical and bio-compatible with eco-management goals in low concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, sequential electrospinning was employed to produce a multilayer film consisting of zein nanofibers (Z) and Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) with different layers. The layers include: Z (without ZMEO), Z1 (one layer of Z + ZMEO), Z3 (three layers of Z + ZMEO), and Z5 (five layers of Z + ZMEO). Then, the effect of this antimicrobial packaging was investigated in relation to increasing the shelf life of strawberries at 4 °C for 12 days. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fibers demonstrated a uniform and smooth structure without any beads. The use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that ZMEO was physically encapsulated into multilayer Z, resulting in an enhancement in thermal stability. The multilayer film showed a sustained release pattern of the encapsulated ZMEO for Z3, lasting for 90 h, and Z5, lasting for 180 h. This was in contrast to the rapid release within 50 h observed with Z film. The release kinetics for Z5 showed a good correlation with both the Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas models, while for Z1 and Z3 films, Fickian diffusion was identified as the underlying mechanism. The findings of this study indicated that the multilayer film released ZMEO through a combination of diffusion and polymeric erosion. During a 12-day period of cold storage, strawberries that were treated with Z5 showed significant preservation of their anthocyanin (32.99%), antioxidant activity (25.04%), weight loss (24.46%), titratable acidity (11.47%), firmness (29.67%), and color (10.17%) compared to the control sample. The findings indicated that the sequential electrospinning technique used to create the multilayer nanofibrous film could be used in various fields, such as bioactive encapsulation, controlled release, antimicrobial packaging, and food preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Thymus plant is a very useful herbal medicine with various properties such as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Therefore, the properties of this plant have made this drug a suitable candidate for wound healing. In this study, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel containing Zataria multiflora volatile oil nanoemulsion (neZM) along with polycaprolactone/chitosan (PCL-CS) nanofibrous scaffold was used, and the effect of three experimental groups on the wound healing process was evaluated. The first group, HPMC gel containing neZM, the second group, PCL-CS nanofibers, and the third group, HPMC gel containing neZM and bandaged with PCL-CS nanofibers (PCL-CS/neZM). Wounds bandaged with common sterile gas were considered as control. Methods: The nanoemulsion was synthesized by a spontaneous method and loaded into a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel. The DLS test investigated the size of these nanoemulsions. A PCL-CS nanofibrous scaffold was also synthesized by electrospinning method then SEM and contact angle tests investigated morphology and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of its surface. The animal study was performed on full-thickness skin wounds in rats, and the process of tissue regeneration in the experimental and control groups was evaluated by H&E and Masson's trichrome staining. Results: The results showed that the nanoemulsion has a size of 225±9 nm and has an acceptable dispersion. The PCL-CS nanofibers synthesized by the electrospinning method also show non-beaded smooth fibers and due to the presence of chitosan with hydrophilic properties, have higher surface hydrophobicity than PCL fibers. The wound healing results show that the PCL-CS/neZM group significantly reduced the wound size compared to the other groups on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days. The histological results also show that the PCL-CS/neZM group could significantly reduce the parameters of edema, inflammation, and vascularity and increase the parameters of fibrosis, re-epithelialization, and collagen deposition compared to other groups on day 21. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the PCL-CS/neZM treatment can effectively improve wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postharvest fruit rot is a major problem in strawberry production chain worldwide. Aspergillus sp. is one of the major fungi associated with fruit rot of strawberry. In this study, an Aspergillus flavus was isolated from a rotten strawberry fruit. Based on the nucleotide sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions of rDNA, the fungus was confirmed as A. flavus. Pathogenicity of the isolated fungus was confirmed by artificially inoculating strawberry fruits under laboratory conditions. This strain was capable of producing aflatoxin B1 in vitro as determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Postharvest dip treatment of mature strawberry fruits with Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) (0.1%) completely suppressed A. flavus infection and prevented rotting of fruits. The results of this study suggest that ZEO can be used as a sustainable and safe alternative to chemical fungicides for the control of Aspergillus fruit rot of strawberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve a suitable alternative for high-risk chemicals, the antifungal effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) and ZnO-ZmEO (Zataria multiflora essential oil loaded on ZnO) were investigated against six isolates of Fusarium as a destructive phytopathogenic fungus. The results showed that ZnO-ZmEO had a fungistatic effect against all isolates except F. oxysporum f.sp. lentis, and fungicidal activity against F. graminearum. The mycelial growth inhibitory of ZnO-ZmEO was increased by 42.70% compared to the ZnO and by 66.33% compared to pure essential oil. According to the current findings, nanoencapsulation of Z. multiflora essential oil based on ZnO significantly enhanced its antifungal potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Candida infections have increased significantly in the antimicrobial resistance era, and synthetic antifungal drugs have limitations. The present work aimed to review the antifungal properties of Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) as an herbal remedy. Method: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SID, Civilica, and Magiran databases were searched for the antifungal activity on in vitro, in vivo, dental biofilm, and clinical studies of Z. multiflora on Candida species. Results: Overall, 33 articles evaluated the effect of Z. multiflora on Candida species and classified them into four groups, as follows in vitro (23), dental biofilm (6), in vivo (2), and clinical studies (3). All studies considered Z. multiflora effective in reducing or even inhibiting the growth of Candida species. NoMFC significant differences were seen in the effect of Z. multiflora on susceptible Candida compared to the resistant groups of Candida in the studies. It was also influential in inhibiting C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. kefyer, and C. zeylanoides. Conclusion: Considering the side effects and resistance of current antifungal drugs as well as the benefits of using herbal medicines, such as lower cost, less likely to develop drug resistance, the absence of side effects, and toxicity compared with chemical ones, it is possible as a powerful alternative to replace or combine with the current antifungal for Candida infection therapy along with other therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Aim: Dental caries is the most common and chronic disease of the oral cavity worldwide. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli are the most important etiological agent of dental caries. The aim of the present study was to compare the antimicrobial effect of Zataria multiflora essence with chlorhexidine (CHX) on the growth of streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). Material and Method: In this in vitro study, the standard strains of S. mutans (PTCC = 1683) and L. acidophilus (PTCC: 1643) were obtained as lyophilized ampoules. Zataria multiflora essence was extracted using the Clevenger apparatus. Serial dilutions of 0.2% CHX and Zataria multiflora essence were prepared. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of CHX and essence of Zataria multiflora were determined using the modified Epsilometer test. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and SPSS version 18. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The MIC levels of 0.2%CHX and Zataria multiflora for S. mutans and L. acidophilus were (0.00125,0.01) and (0.005,0.04) mg/ml, respectively. The antibacterial activity of CHX (0.2%) was more than Zataria multiflora essence. The antibacterial activity of 0.2% CHX and Zataria multiflora against S. mutans was more than L. acidophilus. Conclusion: Chlorhexidine is more active and effective against S. mutans and L. acidophilus strains compared with Zataria multiflora essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of plant essential oils (EOs) and nanomaterials due to their safety compared with synthetic chemicals has been considered in the management of plant diseases. In this study, the inhibitory effects of Zataria multiflora, Nepeta haussknechtii, Artemisia sieberi, and Citrus aurantifolia EOs in pure and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanocapsulated formulations were evaluated on the mycelial growth of Alternaria solani to find a suitable alternative for synthetic chemicals. The crystal structure and morphological properties of the fabricated nanomaterials were assessed via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. The textural features of the prepared nanoparticles were investigated with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and the presence of elements in the samples was studied with energy- dispersive X-ray (EDX) technique. The mycelial growth inhibitory (MGI) was performed in the laboratory by mixing with potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at concentrations of 100, 300, 600, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm. Based on the results, major differences were monitored between different concentrations. At the highest studied concentration, the inhibition of Z. multiflora EO was 100%, which was 43.20, 42.37, and 21.19% for N. haussknechtii, A. sieberi, and C. aurantifolia, respectively, and the inhibition of their nanocapsules was 100, 51.32, 55.23, and 26.58%, respectively. In the greenhouse study, Z. multiflora EO and its nanocapsule (ZnO-ZmEO) were compared with the ZnO and chlorothalonil fungicide based on the highest inhibitory of Z. multiflora in vitro. The highest antifungal effect was related to the ZnO-ZmEO by 53.33%. Therefore, the ZnO-ZmEO formulation can be recommended as a biofungicide for managing and controlling tomato early blight disease after further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wet bubble disease (WBD) caused by Hypomyces perniciosus is a major constraint of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivated worldwide. A few synthetic chemical fungicides are used to control WBD. In our study, the potential of essential oil (EO) from Zataria multiflora in inhibition of H. perniciosus was evaluated as an alternative to chemical fungicides. An isolate of H. perniciosus was isolated from wet bubble diseased A. bisporus and pathogenicity of the mycoparasite was determined under artificially inoculated conditions. The mycoparasitic fungus was identified using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. The EO was extracted from the aerial parts of Z. multiflora by microwave extraction method and evaluated in vitro for its antifungal activity against H. perniciosus. The EO of Z. multiflora (ZEO) at the tested concentrations (50% and 100%) inhibited the growth of H. perniciosus in the agar diffusion test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZEO was 0.04% as assessed by the poisoned food technique. The chemical composition of ZEO was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. A total of 23 compounds were identified. Among them, the most abundant compounds were Linalool (20.3%) and Bornyl acetate (15.5%). Linalool at the tested concentrations of 0.25% and 0.125% completely inhibited the mycelial growth of H. perniciosus in an in vitro assay. These results suggest that ZEO can be exploited for control of WBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SLNs are effective delivery systems for bioactive compounds. • SLNs enhance the stability and functionality of such nutrients. • ZEO-SLNs exhibit stronger antimicrobial activity compared to pure ZEO. • Alginate-coating containing ZEO-SLN prolonged the shelf life chicken meat. The current study aimed to assess the chemical, microbial, and sensory properties of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) in chicken fillets stored at 4 ± 1 °C for 12 days. As a result, the optimized ZEO-SLNS sample exhibited a spherical morphology with a droplet size of 251.51 ± 1.11 nm and a PDI of 0.34 ± 0.01 under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and zeta potential were approximately 55.4 % and −20.87 ± 1.39 mV, respectively. Furthermore, encapsulating ZEO in SLNS enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant activity compared to pure ZEO. As a result, the application of alginate-loaded ZEO-SLNS extended the storage time of fresh chicken fillets. Thus, the application of this edible coating showcased a remarkable ability to substantially decelerate both microbial and chemical changes in chicken fillets during cold storage conditions. This finding underscores the potential of the edible coating as an effective means to enhance the safety and quality of chicken products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries and oral infections have become a widespread issue in the modern world. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxicity characteristics of the extracts of Echinacea purpura, Arctium lappa, and the essential oil of Zataria multiflora as a potential herbal mouthwash. The essential oil of Z. multiflora leaves and the extracts of E. purpurea and A. lappa roots were prepared. The characterization was carried out by GC-MS and also, total phenol and flavonoid were assed for all three samples. The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The cytotoxic effect of the samples was evaluated on HEK 293 and HDFa cells by MTT test. Thymol and carvacrol contents in EO of Z. multiflora were measured at 31% and 42.2%, respectively. A. lappa had the lowest total phenolic and flavonoid value among the samples. On the other hand, the total phenolic content of Z. multiflora and the total flavonoid content of E. purpurea were the highest. The MIC values of Zataria, Arctium, and Echinacea against S. mutans were 0.011% v/v, 187.5 mg/ml, and 93.75 mg/ml, while MBC were 0.011% v/v, 375 mg/ml, and 187.5 mg/ml, respectively. The formulation showed bactericidal activity against S. mutans in the concentration of 5.86 mg/ml for Echinacea and Burdock extracts and 0.08 µl/ml for EO of Zataria. The formulation significantly affected microbial biofilm formation and induced biofilm degradation. The cell viability percentages were higher than 50% during 24 and 48 h. The formulation had a significant antimicrobial effect on cariogenic bacteria and C. albicans, with the lowest cytotoxic effects. Therefore, this formulation can be an appropriate candidate for mouthwash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A treatment containing Zataria multiflora essential oil was compared with antibiotic therapy for Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in a field trial. Treatment outcomes in response to ointment were monitored using microbiological culture. Intramammary ointment of a Z. multiflora essential oil (Group 1; IOZM) was compared with placebo ointment (Group 2; PO), cefquinome intramammary lactating cow ointment (Group 3; CFQ) and a negative control group (Group 4) in 18 dairy cows with Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis each group. Effects on bacteriological cure rate in response to ointment treatment were monitored by culture. Results from this field trials demonstrated that IOZM treatment had the potential to be as effective at eliminating Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis as treatment. Following a 14-d and 28-d experimental period, bacteriological responses were observed in 9 out of 18 IOZM treated cows compared with 10 out of 18 CFQ treated cows. Also, the California Mastitis Test grade had no significant effect on treatment. The results of this trial suggest that S. aureus subclinical mastitis treatment with Z. multiflora essential oil, which indicates that this treatment could be used as an alternative treatment. We successfully treated the S. aureus subclinical mastitis in bovine with Z. multiflora essential oil and can suggest it's used instead of antibiotic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydatidosis is a common disease of both humans and animals, resulting from infection with the larvae of Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiparasitic (protoscolicidal) activities of three essential oils in vitro. Methods: This study was designed to evaluate the biochemical composition and in vitro antiparasitic effects of Zataria multiflora, Origanum vulgare and Mentha pulegium essential oils. Gas chromatography was performed to identify the main components of the herbal oils. To determine the antiparasitic properties of the essential oils, live protoscoleces from hydatid cysts were exposed to three concentrations of the herbal oils and were incubated at 37°C for 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 minutes. Results: The biochemical analysis of these oils indicated that carvacrol and thymol were the major compounds of the Zataria oil. Further, carvacrol and thymol in Origanum essential oil and pulegone and piperitone in Mentha oil were the major compounds. The quickest and slowest antiparasitic effect was achieved from Zataria and Origanum (10%) or from Zataria (0.6%), respectively. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the mortality rate of protoscoleces exposed to 0.6% and 1% concentrations, respectively, of Zataria and Origanum at the predetermined exposure times (P

The main shortcoming of polylactic acid (PLA) for packaging applications is its brittleness. Thus, there is a pronounced interest in the potential use of PLA/zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP) systems as active food packaging. In this study, ZnO NPs and two types of essential oils (EOs) including Zataria multiflora L. (ZEO) and Mentha piperita L. (MEO) at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5% w/w) were used for the production of active PLA-based bionanocomposites for packaging applications. The presence of ZnO NPs and EOs led to increased film thickness and improved contact angle properties. ZnO NPs boosted the PLA-based films' WVP, whereas the EOs had the opposite effect. The increase in the ZEO and MEO content reduced the ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus and increased the elongation at break. The X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirmed that the improvements are related to the ZnO NPs exfoliation and good interaction between PLA and ZnO NPs in the presence of EOs. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the incorporation of ZnO NPs increased the glass transition temperature (Tg), but did not change the melting temperature (Tm), though the addition of the EOs lowered the values of both parameters. Morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the presence of ZEO/MEO led to increased pinholes, pores, and roughness in the microstructure of the films. These results revealed that ZnO-PLA films containing EOs may be used as controlled release antimicrobial food active packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Novel and more efficient compounds are urgently required for medical treatment of cystic echinococcosis (CE). Germinative cell culture of Echinococcus granulosus could be used for anti-echinococcosis agent tests and other biological studies on CE. This study was performed to establish an in vitro cell culture model for E. granulosus germinative cells and to evaluate the lethal effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) on the cultured cells. Methods: The inner surface of germinal layers of CE cysts was scraped, and the obtained materials were trypsinized to obtain a suspension of single germinative cells. Medium 199 was used as the basic culture medium and was supplemented with fetal bovine serum, 2-mercaptoethanol, l-cysteine, l-glutamine, glucose, sodium pyruvate, hydatid fluid, amphotericin B and antibiotics. The cells were cultured at a concentration of 104 cells/ml of culture medium and incubated at 37 °C. The culture medium was replaced every 7 days. Chemical composition of ZMEO was identified by GC-MS analysis. ZMEO was tested at concentrations of 0.5–8 mg/ml. Viability of the cells was assessed by trypan blue exclusion assay. Results: A significant increase in the cell number was evident at 20, 30 and 45 days after cultivation. At 45 days of cultivation, the number of cells was approximately five-fold higher than on the first day. In GC-MC analysis, carvacrol, p-cymene, g-terpinene and thymol were found to be the main compounds of ZMEO. The lethal effect of ZMEO on the germinative cells at concentrations of 6, 7 and 8 mg/ml was 100% after 60, 25 and 7 min of exposure, respectively. Conclusions: At 45 days of cultivation, the cell concentration was suitable for the desired in vitro experiments. A high lethal effect of ZMEO on the germinative cells of E. granulosus may be considered an opportunity for the introduction of a novel, more effective and safer therapeutic agent for treatment of CE using an herbal product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human listeriosis is predominantly associated with contaminated food consumption, including seafood, shrimp, and RTE foods. Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that is mainly found in freshwater, seawater, and fish mucus. Seafood contamination can occur during food processing. L.monocytogenes levels of below 100 cfu/g can be found in seafood samples. The present study was conducted to investigates the effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) and potassium sorbate (PS) on microbial and chemical changes in raw rainbow trout at 4°C to extent shelf life and improve food safety. First, the chemical compositions of ZEO were identified. Then, different percentage of ZEO (1.5, 0.8, and 0.5%) and PS (2%) were inoculated in raw fish fillets and analyzed for TVC, TBA, TVB‐N, pH, sensory attributes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and inoculated L. monocytogenes (1 × 105 cfu/g) survival at 4°C for 12 days. The best sensory evaluation score was observed for the samples treated with 0.8% and 1.5% ZEO. Overall, this study results indicated that the treatment of rainbow trout fillet with 1.5% ZEO is the best method for controlling the growth of L. monocytogenes at refrigerator temperature without any undesirable sensory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydatidosis is a common disease of both humans and animals, resulting from infection with the larvae of Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiparasitic (protoscolicidal) activities of three essential oils in vitro. Methods: This study was designed to evaluate the biochemical composition and in vitro antiparasitic effects of Zataria multiflora, Origanum vulgare and Mentha pulegium essential oils. Gas chromatography was performed to identify the main components of the herbal oils. To determine the antiparasitic properties of the essential oils, live protoscoleces from hydatid cysts were exposed to three concentrations of the herbal oils and were incubated at 37°C for 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 minutes. Results: The biochemical analysis of these oils indicated that carvacrol and thymol were the major compounds of the Zataria oil. Further, carvacrol and thymol in Origanum essential oil and pulegone and piperitone in Mentha oil were the major compounds. The quickest and slowest antiparasitic effect was achieved from Zataria and Origanum (10%) or from Zataria (0.6%), respectively. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the mortality rate of protoscoleces exposed to 0.6% and 1% concentrations, respectively, of Zataria and Origanum at the predetermined exposure times (P<0.05). The three concentrations of Mentha had the same significant statistical differences (P<0.05). Conclusion: Essential oils, Zataria multiflora, Origanum vulgare and Mentha pulegium had significant protoscolicidal activities that were dependent on the concentration of the oils and the exposure times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of herbal plant essential oils (EOs) from selected Iranian plant species such as Ferulago angulata, Zataria multiflora, Cuminum cyminum, and Mentha longifolia against antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains. For this purpose, the Escherichia coli strains, isolated from raw cow’s milk and local dairy products (yogurt, cream, whey, cheese, and confectionery products) collected from different areas of Hamedan province, Iran, were investigated for their resistance to antibiotics (i.e., streptomycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and cefixime). Thus, the E. coli strains were tested for their susceptibility to the above-mentioned essential oils. Regarding antibiotics, the E. coli strains were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin. In relation to essential oils, the most effective antibacterial activity was observed with Zataria multiflora; also, the bacteria were semi-sensitive to Cuminum cyminum and Mentha longifolia essential oils. All strains were resistant to Ferulago angulata essential oil. According to the results, the essential oil of Zataria multiflora can be considered as a practical and alternative antibacterial strategy to inhibit the growth of multidrug-resistant E. coli of dairy origin.

Meat products, such as fish meat, are known to be susceptible to undesirable chemical and microbial reactions that characterize spoilage. In this study, the effect of a sodium alginate and chitosan coating incorporated with Mentha piperita, Artemisia dracunculus, and Zataria multiflora essential oils on chemical and microbial attributes of rainbow trout meat was evaluated during storage at 4°C. Chemical and microbial assays were performed on rainbow trout fillets with alginate and chitosan coatings and 0.2% concentration of test essential oils. The results showed that the alginate coating with essential oils significantly decreased production of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) and reduced the growth of foodborne spoilage bacteria during storage at 4ºC. At day 12, the best results were obtained in chitosan coating + Z. multiflora, with 5.96 ± 0.12, 4.93 ± 0.12, and 3.83 ± 0.2 for total viable counts, psychrotrophic bacterial count, and lactic acid bacteria count, respectively. Moreover, the lowest amounts of chemical analysis were observed in chitosan coating + Z. multiflora at the final day (0.54 ± 0.03 and 20.31 ± 0.1 for TBA and TVBN, respectively). Our study revealed that essential oils can be used as effective natural components against undesirable chemical and microbial reactions in fish meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch. and Allium sativum L. essential oils and the use of the most effective one in packaging and evaluation of the film properties. The antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E.coli, B. cereus, S. enteritidis was studied using the disk diffusion method and MIC and MBC was determined. Then CMC films produced with the addition of Zataria multiflora Boiss. And Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (1.6%, 2.4%, and 3.2%). The addition of essential oils caused to reduce the moisture content to 16.25% and 17.91%, solubility to 69.01% and 64.78%, the color difference to 21.50 and 12.86 and tensile strength to 54.12 and 29.26 Mpa, respectively. An increase in concentration of Satureja khuzistanica essential oil made the film more resistant to water diffusion by 1.05×10-13(g/s m Pa) compared to Zataria multiflora. Regarding the possibility of producing the degradable film with antimicrobial essential oils, it is desirable to use these materials to increase food shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research was carried out to make zein microcapsules containing Zataria multiflora essential oil (Z. multiflora EO) by the electrospraying method to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the microcapsules on Z. tritici and F. graminearum fungi, as well as X. translucens and R. tritici bacteria. To achieve this aim, Z. multiflora EO was encapsulated at different concentrations (0, 5,10%, and 15% v/v) in electrosprayed zein microcapsules and the characteristics of the electrosprayed zein microcapsules were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Porosity and specific surface values were measured by the BET method. Then, the amount of loaded Z. multiflora EO was determined for efficiency. The antifungal and antibacterial activities of the electrosprayed zein microcapsules were measured using the agar well diffusion method. The results of SEM showed that the morphology of the electrosprayed zein microcapsule was influenced by the concentration of Z. multiflora EO (p < 0.05). DSC results indicated the compatibility between the Z. multiflora EO and the zein polymer. The FTIR spectrum showed that adding Z. multiflora EO changed the secondary structure of the zein protein. XRD patterns showed that the electrosprayed zein microcapsules were in a semi-crystalline state. The BET results determined the average pore diameter of microcapsules. Electrosprayed zein microcapsules containing Z. multiflora EO had inhibitory effects on both fungi and bacteria (p < 0.05). According to the results, the electrosprayed zein microcapsules containing Z. multiflora EO can be used as an antimicrobial compound for fruit and vegetable products. • Z. multiflora EO was encapsulated in electrosprayed zein microcapsules. • FTIR-spectra revealed that Z. multiflora EO affected the zein protein structure. • Z. multiflora EO loaded microcapsules were effective against fungi and bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zataria multiflora Boiss. belonging to the family Lamiaceae is an important folkloric medicinal plant in Fars province, Southwestern Iran. In this study, essential oil constituents, phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities from the aerial parts of Z. multiflora collected from different natural habitats of Fars province were investigated. The essential oil of all samples was extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed using GC and GC-MS. The main chemical constituents were, thymol (34.41 - 54.35 %), p-cymene (9.49 - 19.85 %), γ-terpinene (7.34 - 16.70 %), carvacrol (5.35 - 15.34 %) and α-pinene (1.63 - 5.25 %). The total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and by the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, respectively. Total phenols varied from 234.66 to 302.28 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight, and IC50 values in the radical scavenging assay ranged from 348.63 to 453.76 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was individually evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans using disc diffusion and serial dilution methods. The oils obtained from different geographical habitat showed high activity against four medically important pathogens. The results support the traditional usage and also possible use of Z. multiflora essential oil and extracts in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Zataria multiflora (ZM) is a plant with ethnopharmacological value which was recently tested to reduce symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of ZM essential oil on spatial cognitive and noncognitive behavior, as well as hippocampal tau protein and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) concentrations in rats with AD. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five adult male Sprague Dawley rats (300±30 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups: control (intact rats); sham (received intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjection of normal saline); AD control (rats with AD that did not receive any treatment); vehicle control (rats with AD that orally received tween-80, 5% (ZM essential oil vehicle) for 20 days) and experimental (rats with AD that orally received ZM essential oil 100 µl/kg/day for 20 days). AD was induced by bidirectional microinjection of ß amyloid 1-42 (10 µg/2µl). Tau protein and TNFα concentrations were measured by ELISA methods. Spatial cognitive and noncognitive behavior were determined by Morris water maze (MWM) test. Results: ZM essential oil significantly improved latency time, time spent in the target quarter and cognitive behavior of rats with AD compared to control and sham groups (p<0.05). Hippocampal tau protein and TNFα concentrations were significantly higher in both AD control and vehicle groups compared to control and sham groups respectively (p<0.01 and p<0.001), administration of ZM essential oil reduced these parameters as compared to AD control and vehicle groups respectively (p<0.01 and p<0.001). Conclusion: ZM essential oil improves spatial learning and memory of rats with AD as assessed by MWM test. These effects are associated with decreased concentrations of hippocampal tau protein and TNFα. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Plant-derived essential oils (EOs) shave many usages in health and medicine, such as antibacterial agents. The aim of this study was the improvement of antibacterial activities of two EOs using nanotechnology. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity was investigated on four important human pathogenic bacteria using the 96-well plate microdilution method, a quantitative approach. Eleven formulations were prepared using each of the EOs. Eventually, the best nanoformulation with the smallest particle size and polydispersive indices (PDI and SPAN) was selected using each EO for further investigations. Moreover, two microemulsions with similar ingredients and the same portion in comparison with two selected nanoemulsions were also prepared. Antibacterial activity of each EO was compared with its micro- and nano-emulsions. Results: The antibacterial efficacy of Zataria multiflora EO (ZMEO) was significantly better than Mentha piperita EO (MPEO). Besides, the antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion of ZMEO with a particle size of 129 ± 12 nm was significantly better than no- and micro-formulated forms of ZMEO. Interestingly, the efficiency of MPEO nanoemulsion (160 ± 25 nm) was also significantly better than MPEO and its micro-formulated form. Conclusion: Regardless of the intrinsic antibacterial property of two examined EOs, by formulating to nanoemulsion, their efficiencies were improved. Nanoemulsion of ZMEO introduced as an inexpensive, potent and green antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of edible coatings to protect food has increased dramatically in recent years. In this study, the pileus of button mushroom Agaricus bisporus was coated with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose and essential oil nanoemulsion of Zataria multiflora at three concentrations of 200, 300 and 400 mg/l and stored at 8 ° C for 2 weeks. Then weight loss, brix, texture strength and solution color were investigated. Button mushroom coated with essential oil nano-emulsion showed a significant difference in weight loss from that of control. The results showed that Increasing the concentration of nanoemulsion reduced the weight loss of the pileus. Also, the amount of moisture loss in the pileus is similar to the trend of weight loss. Therefore, the nano-emulsion coating reduced the drying process in the pileus. Tissue strength was increased with increasing concentrations of nano-emulsion oils compared to control , and the best concentration was 300 and 400 mg/l. The brix was increased until the seventh day and decreased at the end of the durability period , with the lowest concentration at 400 mg/l. Also, two parameters L and ΔE were suitable at 400 mg/l of nanoemulsion oil concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zataria multiflora Boiss. (ZM) from Lamiaceae family, is an herb native to Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan with a history of use both as a condiment and a traditional medicine. The herb and/or its preparations have also shown promising effects in modern pharmacological studies. With regard to the importance of reducing synthetic drug administration both as growth promoters and therapeutic agents in poultry industry, this review is a short account of current knowledge about the beneficial effects of this herb on broiler health and performance parameters based on published materials in different databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scientific Information Database, Scopus, etc. It seems that ZM, possibly due to the presence of thymol and carvacrol as its main constituents, can affect broiler's health especially with regard to its antioxidant effects, immunomodulatory properties and proper effects on gut bacterial pathogens and/or microbiota. It should be kept in mind that although major constituents of ZM essential oil (as the most studied preparation of the herb) are relatively similar, their relative content may show a broad range that can subsequently affect the outcome of ZM essential oil administration to broilers. Overall, ZM is a pluripotent herb and its effect on broilers should be more clarified in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Utilization of essential oils instead of chemical preservatives has received significant attention in recent years. The present study aims to evaluate chemical composition and antibacterial and antioxidant properties of essential oils of Zataria multiflora, Artemisia deracunculus and Mentha piperita. Methods: Chemical profile of the essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The microwell dilution and agar disk diffusion methods were used to evaluate the antibacterial properties of the essential oils. Total phenolic content, β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching test and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were carried out to determine the antioxidant properties. Results: Menthol (39.18%) and mentone (21.64%) were the main components of the essential oil of M. piperita, while estragol (34.75%) and limonene (15.72%) were the major components of the essential oil of A. dracunculus. The main components of the essential oil of Z. multiflora were carvacrol (36.81%) and thymol (33.04%). The essential oils of M. piperita and Z. multiflora showed greater antimicrobial effects. Moreover, Z. multiflora showed the greatest antioxidant activity among the essential oils. The total phenolic content of Z. multiflora was 228.14±0.45 mg gallic acid equivalent/g. Conclusion: Given their favorable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, the essential oils of Z. multiflora, A. deracunculus and M. piperita can be used as natural food preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss Essential oil (EO) on the growth, spore production, and citrinin production of Penicellium citrinum PTCC 5304 in the culture media as well as Iranian ultra-filtered white cheese in brine was investigated. Radial growth and spore production on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) were effectively inhibited by EO in a dose-dependent manner. At 200 ppm, the radial growth and sporulation declined by 92% and 100%, respectively. The growth was completely prevented at 400 ppm of EO on PDA and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the oil was estimated at 400 ppm. Furthermore, the Zataria multiflora also significantly suppressed the mycelial growth and citrinin production in broth medium at all investigated concentrations (P < 0.05). At 150 ppm of EO, the citrinin accumulation and mycelial growth reduced by 88.6% and 89.6%, respectively. The EO was tested at all concentrations and the findings show an inhibitory effect of P. citrinum against the radial fungal growth and citrinin production in cheese. However, no concentration of EO could completely inhibit the growth and production of citrinin in cheese. We therefore concluded that Zataria multiflora has the potential to substitute the antifungal chemicals as a natural inhibitor to control the growth of molds in foods such as cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of the essential oil of Zataria multiflora was examined against the local strains of Xanthomonas campestris isolated from the soil. The pathogenicity of the bacteria was confirmed using seedlings on culture media under sterile conditions. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of Zataria multiflora essential oil and two main components (thymol and carvacrol) were evaluated by the microdilution method in microtiter plates. The morphology of the surface of the seeds and characteristics of the grooves were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Hermetic effect of the essential oil and antimicrobial activity of the solvent on X. campestris were evaluated. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of Zataria multiflora essential oil were 231.8 and 463.5 μg/mL, respectively. The viability of X. campestris in Yeast Malt Broth was reduced by 100% in the presence of Zataria multiflora essential oil (231.8 μg/mL), while, the seeds contaminated with the same count of X. campestris were disinfected at higher concentration of Zataria multiflora essential oil (463.5 μg/mL). Killing of X. campestris cells adhered to the seeds with uneven surface and deep grooves required greater concentrations of the essential oil. The impregnation of the seeds in the essential oil at 463.5 μg/mL showed that a 2-h exposure period causes the least possible damage to the seedlings and is sufficient to prevent the occurrence of the disease caused by X. campestris in Brassica oleracea . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Virgin olive oil is a vastly consumed product, with widespread appreciation for its good nutritional and health properties. However, oxidation can reduce its quality. The aim of this study was to investigate how the essential oil of Zataria multiflora (Shirazi thyme) can contribute to the prevention of virgin olive oil oxidation in comparison with the actions of α-tocopherol and BHT. Furthermore, the synergistic activities of citric acid with BHT, Z. multiflora essential oil, and α-tocopherol were investigated. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity of the essential oil was determined using radical scavenging capacity and reducing power assays. Virgin olive oil samples were stored at 60±1 °C in closed amber bottles for 16 days. Oxidation levels of samples were determined by measuring peroxide, anisidine, TOTOX, K232, K268 values, and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the samples during the storage period. Results: Z. multiflora essential oil exhibited a significant radical scavenging capacity and reducing power. Peroxide, anisidine, TOTOX, K232, and K268 values of samples containing Z. multiflora essential oil were significantly lower than those of the control group (without antioxidants). Z. multiflora essential oil reduced the oxidation of virgin olive oil to the same extent as BHT did. Z. multiflora essential oil was more effective than α-tocopherol. The synergistic activities between citric acid and the various compounds, i.e. BHT, Z. multiflora essential oil, and α-tocopherol were 2.42%, 4.74%, 1.28% respectively. Conclusions: In general, Z. multiflora essential oil can be considered as natural antioxidant for the stabilization of virgin olive oil against oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Edible film using sage seed gum loaded Zataria multiflora essential oil nanoemulsion was developed. • Antioxidant activity of the films was significantly increased by incorporating ZMEO nanoemulsions. • Antimicrobial activity of the films was increased by increasing concentration of ZMEO nanoemulsions. • Mechanical properties of the films was improved in the presence of ZMEO nanoemulsion. A bioactive film with two concentrations of sage seed gum (SSG) (1 % and 1.5 %) incorporating 2 % and 4 % Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) nanoemulsion was developed. Microbiological evaluation, including disc diffusion and time-kill tests, as well as mechanical and chemical characteristics namely film thickness, water-solubility, water vapor permeability, tensile strength and elongation at break, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis, antioxidant activity, and color analysis, were examined. Results showed that the antimicrobial properties of SSG films incorporating ZMEO nanoemulsion increased significantly (P < 0.05) by the multiplication of essential oil concentration. The films with 1 % SSG-4 % ZMEO showed acceptable antioxidant properties (∼65 %), and improved physical properties (508 % thickness increase, 56.63 % water solubility decrease, and 36.85 % water vapor permeability decrease), whereas tensile strength decreased only 29.8 %, and elongation increased 115 %. According to the results, SSG-ZMEO film may have positive potential impacts on increasing the shelf-life of foodstuffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): The aim of the present study was to prepare, characterize, and evaluate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO). Materials and Methods In this study, Z. multiflora essential oil loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (ZESLNs) were prepared to improve its efficiency in controlling some fungal pathogens. SLNs containing Z. multiflora essential oil were prepared by high shear homogenization and ultra sound technique. ZEO SLNs contained 0.03% ZEO in 5% of lipid phase (Glyceryl monostearate GMS and Precirol® ATO 5).Tween 80 and Poloxamer 188 (2.5% w/v) were used as surfactant in the aqueous phase. The antifungal efficacy of ZE-SLNs and ZEO was compared under in vitro conditions. Results: The particle size of ZE-SLNs was around 255.5±3 nm with PDI of 0.369±0.05 and zeta potential was about -37.8±0.8 mV. Encapsulation efficacy of ZE-SLNs in crystalline form was 84±0.92%. The results showed that the ZEO and ZE-SLNs had 54 and 79% inhibition on the growth of fungal pathogens, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) under in vitro conditions for the ZEO on the fungal pathogens of Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and Rhizopus stolonifer was 300, 200, 300, 200, 200 and 200 ppm, respectively, for ZE-SLNs, it was 200, 200, 200, 100, 50 and 50 ppm. The antifungal efficacy of ZE-SLNs was significantly more than ZEO. Conclusion: Our results showed that the SLNs were suitable carriers for Z. multiflora essential oil in controlling the fungal pathogens and merits further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of postharvest treatment with chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs = T1) and Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) incorporated in (ZEO@CSNPs = T2), on the shelf-life extension and antioxidant activities of whole cucumbers during storage were evaluated. Coated and control cucumbers were stored at 10 ± 1 °C with 90-95% RH for 21 days. Measurements of physicochemical and microbial growth were accomplished every 3 days. After 15 days, the fruit decay in the T2 coating was 2% vs. 12 and 97.7% in the T1 coated and uncoated fruit, respectively. Significant differences were obtained for weight loss, firmness, respiration rate, DPPH-radical scavenging activity, reducing power and microbial counts ( P < 0.05) during storage. There were significantly higher levels of DPPH-radical scavenging activity and reducing power in T2-treated cucumbers compared with that in the T1-treated followed by the control fruit. In conclusion the ZEO loaded CSNPs coating could improve the quality of cucumber and protect the bioactive components during storage. Industrial relevance Cucumber as a good source of antioxidants is one of the most popular and widely grown vegetable crops in the world. However, it has a short shelf-life (< 14 days) that is mainly related to firmness loss, discoloration, desiccation and fungal rot. The reduction of losses is a major objective of postharvest technology for cucumbers, which tries to utilize safe and efficacious methods to control contamination and the growth of spoiling fungi. On the other hand, the nano-/micro-encapsulation of EOs allows protection of their sensitive bioactive compounds from unfavorable environmental conditions and enhances their bioactivity during food processing and storage. So, in this study a new edible coating, consisting of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs), was introduced to extend the shelf-life of cucumber as well as protect the bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim In the present in vitro study, we investigated the time-related antimicrobial efficacy of Aloe vera and Zataria multiflora ( Z. multiflora) plant essential oils compared to calcium hydroxide ([Ca[ OH]2) to eliminate Enterococcus faecalis ( E. faecalis) from root canals. Methods A new strain of E. faecalis ( Enterococcus spp. AGH04) was isolated from a previously root-filled tooth with persistent apical periodontitis. The 16S rRNA sequence was analyzed and deposited in GeneBank under accession number . A total of 108 extracted human single-rooted teeth were contaminated with this bacterial strain and treated with Aloe vera essential oil, Z. multiflora essential oil, and Ca(OH)2 for 1, 7, and 14 days. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the chemical composition of the oils. The percentage reduction from initial c.f.u./ mL counts were calculated and analyzed. Results Carvacrol, thymol, and linalool were the main constituents of both essential oils. The c.f.u./ mL count reductions significantly increased for all three medicaments when the contact time was extended. A statistically-significant difference was observed between the medicaments after 1 and 7 days, but there was no significant difference after 14 days. Conclusions Both medicinal herbs showed equal antimicrobial efficiency against E. faecalis, comparable to Ca( OH)2 for the prolonged contact time of 14 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I ntroduction: This study compared the antifungal effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil (EO) with that of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as an irrigant for root canals infected with Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: Sixty mandibular premolars were infected with C. albicans suspension. After 72 h of incubation, the samples were divided into four groups. Teeth in Group 1 were irrigated with minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of Z. multiflora EO, in Group 2 with twice the MFC of Z. multiflora, in Group 3 with MFC of NaOCl, and in Group 4 with distilled water (DW). Pre- and post-operative samples were cultured, and fungal colony count of each specimen was obtained. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (P < 0.05). Results: NaOCl at MFC and Z. multiflora EO at twice the MFC showed the highest antifungal efficacy, with no significant difference (P > 0.05). However, antifungal efficacies of these irrigants were significantly different from those of Z. multiflora EO at MFC and DW (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed that Z. multiflora EO at twice the MFC had the same antifungal efficacy as NaOCl at MFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils from six chemo-types of Zataria multiflora (ZMO) was obtained and examined for chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Chemical analysis of ZMO was done by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant capacity of ZMO was examined through measuring ABTS, H2O2, nitrite and malondialdehyde (MDA) scavenging effects. The antibacterial activity toward Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination. The cytotoxic effect of ZMO was tested on the human nasopharyngeal cancer cell line (KB), liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG-2) and epithelial breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The main components of ZMO were carvacrol (4–57%), thymol (1–45%), p-cymene (4–20%), γ-terpinene (1–38%) and linalool (1–33%). ZMO exhibited good antioxidant activity against ABTS, H2O2, nitrite and MDA at concentrations less than 10 μg/mL. ZMO showed good cytotoxic activity against tested bacteria and fungi, and tumor cell line at concentrations less than 10 and 20 μg/mL, respectively. Thymol-rich ZMO exhibited stronger antioxidant activity, while carvacrol-rich ZMO exhibited stronger antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactococcosis caused by Lactococcus garvieae is known as one of the serious economical bacterial diseases in aquaculture species of both freshwater and marine fish at a wide range of water temperature mainly from 13 °C to 37 °C. The PavA gene and Hly gene, the genes responsible for encoding fibronectin and hemolysin proteins, respectively are the well known virulent factors of L. garvieae . The effect of essential oil of Zataria multiflora was evaluated on expression of these genes in two virulent isolates of L. garvieae isolates recovered from diseased rainbow trout. Fresh cultures of the bacterial isolates were exposed to 1/2–1/16 (0.12–0.015 μl/ml) of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Z. multiflora essential oil and the expression of PavA and Hly genes was assessed by real time PCR works. The results showed that under MIC concentration (0.12 μl/ml) of the essential oil, the expression of both Hly and PavA genes was significantly suppressed in both bacterial isolates (P < 0.05). Therefore, it is feasible to use Z. multiflora in forms of oral and/or bath administration to reduce morbidity and mortality by Lactococcus garvieae in fish via the suppression of expression of these virulent genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to investigate the nanoencapsulation of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) in chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) in order to enhance antifungal activity and stability of the oils against one isolate of Botrytis cinerea Pers., the causal agent of gray mould disease. ZEO was encapsulated by an ionic gelation technique into CSNPs with an average size of 125–175 nm as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From UV-vis spectrophotometry results, the drug encapsulation and loading efficiency of ZEO decreased from 45.24% to 3.26% and from 9.05% to 5.22%, respectively, upon increasing initial ZEO content from 0.25 to 1 g/g chitosan. In vitro release studies also demonstrated a controlled and sustained release of ZEO for 40 days. The superior performance of ZEO when encapsulated by CSNPs under both in vitro and in vivo conditions in comparison with unmodified ZEO against B. cinerea was revealed. The in vivo experiment also showed that the encapsulated oils at 1500 ppm concentration significantly decreased both disease severity and incidence of Botrytis -inoculated strawberries during 7 days of storage at 4 °C followed by 2–3 more days at 20 °C. These findings revealed the promising role of CSNPs as a controlled release system for EOs in order to enhance antifungal activities. Industrial relevance: Application of plant essential oil (EOs) treatment at pre- or postharvest stage has been considered as an alternative treatment to the use of synthetic fungicides to prevent fruit postharvest decay and to extend the storage life while retaining the overall quality of different fresh commodities. Although EOs have proved to be good antimicrobial agents, their use for maintaining fruit quality and reducing fungal decay is often limited due to their volatile compounds which can easily suffer degradation under the action of heat, pressure, light and oxygen. Furthermore, they are insoluble in water, and for certain applications a controlled release is required. In this regard, nano-size carriers provide more surface area and can possibly upgrade solubility, enhance bioavailability and improve controlled release and targeting of the encapsulated food ingredients, in comparison to micro-size carriers. These findings revealed the promising role of CSNPs as a controlled release system for EOs in order to enhance their antimicrobial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The efficacy of Mentha piperita L, Zataria multiflora Boiss and Thymus vulgaris L essential oils (EOs) was evaluated for controlling the growth of Phytophthora drechsleri, the causative agent of damage to many crops that is consumed directly by humans. Materials and Methods: The EOs used in this study was purchased from Magnolia Co, Iran. The pour plate method in petri dishes containing Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was used to evaluate the antifungal properties of EOs. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) as well as mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) were measured. The IC50 value (the concentration inhibited 50% of the mycelium growth) was calculated by probit analysis. Results and Conclusion: The fungal growth was significantly reduced by increasing concentrations of tested EOs. The complete reduction was obtained with Shirazi thyme at all concentrations, whereas the complete reduction for peppermint and thyme was observed at 0.4% and 0.8% (v/v) concentrations, respectively. Meanwhile, the minimum inhibition was observed when 0.1% peppermint (MGI values of 9.37%) was used. The IC50, MIC and MFC values of Shirazi thyme was 0.053, 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively. Similarly, MIC and MFC values of peppermint and thyme were recorded 0.4% and 0.8%, respectively. The results obtained from this study may contribute to the development of new antifungal agents to protect the crops from this pathogenic fungus and many agricultural plant pathogens causing drastic crop losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of essential oils (EOs) obtained from the aerial parts of Zataria multiflora Boiss against Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by in vivo and in vitro methods. Also, the effects of gamma-irradiation (0, 10 and 25 kGy) as a new microbial decontamination on the antibacterial activities of Z. multiflora were examined. For this purpose, the collected herbs were exposed to radiation at doses of 0, 10 and 25 kGy following essential oil (EOs) extraction by steam distillation. Then, the in vitro antibacterial potency of the irradiated and non-irradiated oils was determined by using disc diffusion, agar well diffusion and MIC and MBC determination assays. The in vivo antibacterial activity was also studied in sepsis model induced by CLP surgery by Colony forming units (CFUs) determination. The results showed that the extracted oils were discovered to be effective against all the gram positive and gram negative pathogens in vitro system. In addition, the oil significantly diminished the increased CFU count observed in CLP group. Moreover, the irradiated samples were found to possess the antibacterial activities as the non-irradiated ones both in vitro and in vivo systems. These data indicated the potential use of gamma-irradiation as a safe technique for preservation of Z. multiflora as a medicinal plant with effective antibacterial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zataria multiflora Boiss., with the common name Avishan-e-Shirazi, is native to Iran. This herb has been found to possess varied pharmacological properties. In the present study, for the first time, colon chemopreventive effects of Z. multiflora essential oils (0.01% and 0.1% in the diet) in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were demonstrated. For this purpose, the oxidative stress/antioxidant parameters (lipid peroxidation, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ferric reducing ability of plasma) concomitant with xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (CYP450 and GST) were considered. Moreover, the colonic ß-catenin protein was examined in colon tissues followed by histopathological analysis. The results showed that the dietary intervention of Z. multiflora oils in tumor-bearing rats induced with DMH caused significant modulatory effects on DMH-metabolizing enzymes, but with lack of oxidative stress/antioxidant status. In parallel, the elevated protein ß-catenin induced by DMH decreased significantly in treatment groups. However, the decreased tumor formations in histopathological biopsies in treated groups further confirmed these results. Thus, with reference to histopathological and biochemical data, it can be safely concluded that inhibition of colon premalignant lesions induced by DMH was mediated by the interference of Z. multiflora oils through the modulatory effect of DMH-metabolizing enzymes in association with ß-catenin and no impact of antioxidant/oxidative stress state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The virulent factor of Lactococcus garvieae contains a specific capsule gene cluster including epsD. Some herbal essential oils have antibacterial activities and could negatively affect the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, 15 strains of L. garvieae were recovered from diseased rainbow trout, and were identified by molecular works. The encapsulated strains were then detected using both staining and molecular studies. The effect of Shirazi thyme ( Zataria multiflora ) essential oil was then assessed on the expression of the encapsulated positive epsD gene strains with a higher genetic diversity. The phylogenic features of the five identified encapsulated positive epsD gene categorized them into a group, two clusters and three genogroups. Also, the obtained results showed that from the five encapsulated positive epsD strains, only two strains showed a higher genetic diversity. The antibacterial activity of essential oils of Shirazi thyme ( Z. multiflora ), Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum zeylanicum ) and Garlic ( Allium sativum ) to these two encapsulated positive epsD gene strains revealed the highest inhibition effect by Z. multiflora with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.12 μl/ml. Subinhibitory concentrations of 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 and 1/16 MICs of Z. multiflora on the epsD gene production showed a suppression effect in reducing this gene production. Therefore, this essential oil could be advantageous for the control of lactococcosis in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to improve the physical, mechanical and water-vapor permeability (WVP) properties of kappa-carrageenan (KC) films by including montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay in the film-forming solution. To further improve these properties, the combined effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil (ZEO) and MMT was also investigated. The incorporation of MMT improved the physical and mechanical properties of KC film. Film made from KC alone had a tensile strength (TS) of 26.29 MPa, while the KC film with 10% nanoclay had a TS of 34.67. Further analysis was provided by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy that confirmed the dispersion of MMT in the KC matrix. It was also shown that the combined effect of nanoclay and ZEO significantly improved the TS and EB of KC films. ZEO decreased the WVP of the nanocomposite films; for example, 3% ZEO reduced WVP by around 78%. The antimicrobial activity of nanocomposite films was also studied using the overlay and vapor-phase methods; the films effectively inhibited the growth of five pathogens tested. Thus, the incorporation of both nanoclay and ZEO into KC films is a promising way to manufacture films with better mechanical, antimicrobial and WVP properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatin films were prepared from gelatin solutions (10% w/v) containing Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMO, 2, 4, 6 and 8% w/w of gelatin). Scanning electron microscopy observations indicate that ZMO droplets were well dispersed in the film matrix. Water solubility, water swelling, water uptake, water vapor permeability, tensile strength, elongation at break and Young's modulus for gelatin films were 27 ± 0.8%, 391 ± 11%, 135 ± 5%, 0.22 ± 0.014 g mm/m2 kPa h, 4.4 ± 0.4 MPa, 125 ± 7% and 8.8 ± 0.4 MPa, respectively. Incorporation of ZMO into gelatin films caused a significant decrease in swelling and water uptake and increase in solubility and water vapor permeability, a significant decrease in tensile strength, increase in elongation at break, decrease in Young's modulus of the films, dose-dependently. Gelatin/ZMO showed UV–visible light absorbance/transmission ranging from 280 to 480 nm with maximum absorbance at 420 nm. Gelatin films exhibited very low antioxidant activity while, gelatin/ZMO films exhibited excellent antioxidant properties. The gelatin/ZMO films also exhibited excellent antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Our results suggested that the gelatin/ZMO films could be used as an active film due to its excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties for food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The pathogenicity of Streptococcus iniae in fish is depending on the secreted virulence factors, such as streptolysin S (SLS). It is demonstrated that some plant essential oils can affect the production of bacterial toxins. In this study, broth macrodilution method was first used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Rosmarinus officinalis and Zataria multiflora essential oils against S. iniae. Hemolysin assay and real-time PCR analysis were then conducted to investigate the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of the essential oils on SLS major encoding gene, sagA, in two isolates of S. iniae. The obtained data showed that both R. officinalis and Z. multiflora decreased the hemolytic activity of S. iniae supernatant, dose-dependently. However, SLS was not inactivated when the essential oils were added to the bacterial culture supernatant. The transcription of sagA was significantly down-regulated during treatment of the bacterial isolates with subinhibitory concentrations of the essential oils. This data suggested that both R. officinalis and Z. multiflora could be advantageous for the control of streptococcosis caused by S. iniae, via inhibition the growth and repression the production of SLS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]