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Objective: Investigate the influence of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of Eca109 cells and their mechanisms to provide new ideas and pathways for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer. Methods: The hypoxia is induced by incubation of Eca109 cells with cobalt chloride at 250 μmol/L. Eca109 cells are respectively cultured in normoxia and hypoxia after 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h. The morphologic changes, growth and proliferation are observed by inverted microscope. The proliferation is detected by MTT. Taking advantage of Nucleocounter NC-3000 to analyze the cell apoptosis of each group. Results: The proliferation abilities of Eca109 cells cultured in hypoxia are weakened, but the apoptotic ratio of cells is higher than that in the normoxia group. Among them, the cells cultured in hypoxia after 24 h have the highest apoptotic ratio. And then the apoptotic ratio of Eca109 cells cultured in hypoxia after 36 h falls back a little compared with the cells cultured in hypoxia after 24 h. Conclusion: Hypoxia can inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of human esophageal carcinoma cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]