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An efficient and eco-friendly itinerary has been carried out for the synthesis of imidazole derivatives (3a–3h) from the reactions between substituted aldehydes (1a–1h), benzil (2a), and ammonium acetate (2b) in Citrus limon L. juice, Vitis vinifera L. juice, and Cocos nucifera L. juice. The purity of compounds was confirmed by their melting point and thin-layer chromatography. All synthesized compounds (3a–3h) were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, and CHN analysis and tested for in vitro herbicidal activity against Raphanus sativus L. (Radish seeds). The compounds (3a–3h) were also evaluated for their antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by the poisoned food technique. Antibacterial activity was also determined against Erwinia carotovora and Xanthomonas citri by the inhibition zone method. Activity data showed that compounds 3f and 3c were most active against Raphanus sativus L. (root) and Raphanus sativus L. (shoot), respectively. Compound 3d is most active against Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungus at highest concentrations. Compound 3b has shown the maximum inhibition zone, i.e., 2.10–7.10 mm against Erwinia carotovora at 2000 µg/mL concentration. Maximum Xanthomonas citrii growth was inhibited by compounds 3c, showing the inhibition zone 1.00–5.00 mm at highest concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, efficient and eco-friendly procedure for the synthesis of isoxazole derivatives (4a–4h) using one-pot three-component reaction between substituted aldehydes (1a), methyl acetoacetate (2a) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3a) has been achieved in presence of Cocos nucifera L. juice, Solanum lycopersicum L. juice and Citrus limetta juice respectively. The homogeneity of synthesized compounds was confirmed by melting point and thin layer chromatography. The synthesized compounds were characterized by using 1H NMR, FTIR and CHN analyses and evaluated for in vitro herbicidal activity against Raphanus sativus L. (Radish seeds). The compounds (4a–4h) were also screened for their fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Antibacterial activity was also tested against Erwinia carotovora and Xanthomonas citri. From bio-evaluation data, it was found that compound 4b was most active against Raphanus sativus L. (root) and Raphanus sativus L. (shoot) respectively. Compound 4b was also found most active against both the fungus viz. R. solani and C. gloeosporioides showing maximum percentage growth inhibition i.e. 90.00 against R. solani and 82.45 against C. gloeosporioides at 2000 µg/mL concentration. Compound 4 h has shown maximum inhibition zone i.e. 3.00–9.60 mm against Erwinia carotovora at 2000 µg/mL concentration. Maximum Xanthomonas citri growth was also inhibited by compound 4 h showing inhibition zone 1.00–5.00 mm at highest concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]