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Proton exchange membrane technology is proven for stationary application but one of crucial aspect of this technology is its durability which is subjected to the operating conditions i.e. load transients, switch ON/OFF events and idling conditions. Such operating conditions may lead to premature failure of electrolyzer (ELY) and fuel cell (FC). However, transient load variation and rapid switch ON/OFF are unavoidable conditions in microgrid due to erratic variation in the photovoltaic source power during cloudy condition and load transients. Therefore, it is challenging to develop a control (energy management) strategy which can ensure the smooth operation of FC and ELY and achieve the others multi-objectives such as balance in demand and supply, higher energy efficiency, reliability and resiliency. The smooth operations of FC and ELY can be achieved by controlling the rate of change of power during transient operating conditions. Present study is dedicated to energy management system (EMS) of hydrogen storage based microgrid. In present study, photovoltaic (PV) generator is used as primary generator while battery and hydrogen (metal hydride) units are used as energy storage mediums. Different control strategies i.e. model predictive control (MPC), hysteresis band control strategy (HBCS), equivalent consumption and minimization strategy (ECMS) and state machine (SM) are used in proposed EMS. The operating cost of system is found to be 8.79, 8.88, 29.54 and 14.73 USD while efficiency is obtained 79.0%, 80.5%,77.4% and 80.0% in HBCS, MPC, ECMS and SM modes, respectively. • Energy management system (EMS) for integration of hydrogen technologies. • Model predictive, hysteresis band, ECMS and state machine are used in EMS. • Effect of different control strategies in EMS on microgrid performance. • Smooth operation of Electrolyzer and Fuel cell in microgrid. • Effect of the EMS on the utilization factor of system components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a hierarchical energy management strategy (EMS) based on low-pass filter and equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is proposed in order to lift energy sources lifespan, power performance and fuel economy for hybrid electrical vehicles equipped with fuel cell, battery and supercapacitor. As for the considered powertrain configuration, fuel cell serves as main energy source, and battery and supercapacitor are regarded as energy support and storage system. Supercapacitor with high power density and dynamic response acts during great power fluctuations, which relives stress on fuel cell and battery. Meanwhile, battery is used to lift the economy of hydrogen fuel. In higher layer strategy of the proposed EMS, supercapacitor is employed to supply peak power and recycle braking energy by using the adaptive low-pass filter method. Meantime, an ECMS is designed to allocate power of fuel cell and battery such that fuel cell can work in a high efficient range to minimize hydrogen consumption in lower layer. The proposed EMS for hybrid electrical vehicles is modeled and verified by advisor-simulink and experiment bench. Simulation and experiment results are given to confirm effectiveness of the proposed EMS of this paper. • Reduce stress on battery and fuel cell to lift power performances and fuel economy. • Adaptive low-pass filter to allocate peak power and braking energy to supercapacitor. • Minimizing hydrogen consumption while improving the working efficiency of fuel cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Integrating powertrain optimization and optimal control of a fuel cell mining truck. • Jointly considering energy efficiency and degradation cost of fuel cell and battery. • Multi-level fuel cell powertrain design/control optimization and implementation. • Robust and efficient global optimization method for complex optimization problem. • New methods to apply fuel cell to heavy duty vehicles at reduced lifecycle cost. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) system, as a highly efficient, zero pump-to-wheel emission and quick refuelling energy conversion device, is particularly suited for heavy-duty transportation applications. An optimally designed hybrid powertrain with a battery energy storage system and optimal operation control can extend the operating life of the PEMFC system and reduce its lifecycle cost. This work focuses on the minimization of the lifecycle cost of a PEMFC hybrid electric propulsion system through the joint powertrain system design and control optimizations. The approach models and predicts the cost of hydrogen fuel determined by the energy efficiency of the powertrain, as well as the costs associated with the performance degradation and life-shortening of the PEMFC and the battery under a given vehicle operation profile. A nested, tri-level optimization problem is formulated for identifying the optimal powertrain component sizes and energy management parameters, and an advanced surrogate-based global optimization method is used to solve the complex optimization problem. The advantage of the new approach is revealed through the optimal design and control development of a representative mining truck operating under a real-world operation profile, reducing its mining tonnage specific cost by ten percent over its lifecycle. The new integrated design and control optimization method improved energy efficiency, reduced environmental pollutants, and lowered the lifecycle cost of fuel cell mining trucks, contributing to broader applications of the PEMFC technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]