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The review presents an analysis of the epidemiological and epizootiological situation on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in the Russian Federation in 2021. 49 cases of CCHF were detected in 2021, which is 1.53 times higher than in 2020. The mortality rate was 6.1 %. Sporadic cases of CCHF were registered in the Stavropol Territory, Rostov, Volgograd Regions, the Republics of Dagestan and Kalmykia. The incidence rates of CCHF were below the long-term average annual values in the majority of the constituent entities. Epizootiological survey of stationary observation points has revealed that the number of Hyalomma marginatum imago corresponded to the average long-term indicators in 2021, the peak of H. marginatum activity was noted in the II–III decades of May. The proportion of Ixodidae tick pools positive for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus markers exceeded the long-term average indexes in a number of regions. On the territory of the natural focus of CCHF, the circulation of the CCHF virus of the genetic lineages “Europe-1” and “Europe-3” was detected in 2021. Based on the analysis of the epidemiological data of the previous year and natural and climatic factors affecting the abundance and vital activity of H. marginatum ticks, risk-based quantitative forecast for the incidence of CCHF in the Stavropol Territory for 2022 has been compiled.

An analysis of trends in the development of situation on brucellosis in the world over past decade and the data on the main risk factors for the occurrence of epidemiological complications regarding this infection in various regions of the world are provided in the paper. An expert assessment of the current epizootiological and epidemiological situation on brucellosis, the coverage of population and animals with immunization in the Russian Federation is given. Over 9 months of 2021, 210 potentially hazardous as regards brucellosis in cattle areas and 24 sites – as regards brucellosis in small ruminants – were registered in Russia. Compared to the same period in 2020, there was a decrease in the number of newly identified hazardous sites for bovine brucellosis by 35.8 % (117 areas). However, long-term upward trend in epizootiological adversity for bovine brucellosis in Russia persists. The epidemiological situation on brucellosis in the country for the period of 2012–2021 is characterized as unfavorable. Decrease in the number of newly detected human brucellosis cases (by 25.1 % of long-term average values) is observed against the background of persistent unfavorable epizootic conditions for brucellosis among epidemiologically significant species of small ruminants and cattle in regions with developed animal husbandry. In 2021, clusters of human cases were registered in the Republic of Dagestan and Penza Region. In the Republic of Dagestan, against the background of aggravation of epizootiological and epidemiological situation on brucellosis, there was also an alarming trend towards prevalence of a relatively high incidence among minors. The proportion of cases of brucellosis among children under the age of 17 in the Republic amounted to 60.3 % of the total number of minors with newly diagnosed brucellosis in Russia over the past 10 years. Taking into account current epizootic, epidemic situations and the long-term dynamics of the development of situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation, the incidence of brucellosis among the population is predicted to be 10–15 % lower than the average long-term values – 0.18–0.20 per 100000 of the population – in 2022. The number of human cases of brucellosis can range from 250 to 300.

A generalized analysis of the epidemiological and epizootiological situation on anthrax in the world in 2021 is presented. Provided is the forecast for the Russian Federation for 2022. In 2021, two cases of cutaneous form of anthrax were recorded in Russia among population living in the Siberian (the Republic of Tuva) and the North Caucasian (the Republic of Dagestan) Federal Districts. Epizootiological and epidemiological instability due to the infection was manifested in neighboring countries – Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Ukraine. Anthrax among farm and wild animals was registered in a number of countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, North and South America, and Australia. Human cases were noted mainly in Africa (Zimbabwe, Kenya, Uganda, China) and Asia (India, Indonesia, Iraq), and were caused by the contact and/or alimentary pathways of transmission of the pathogen as a result of forced slaughter of sick and/or butchering of fallen farm animals, consuming meat of sick and fallen cattle. The level of anthrax incidence among farm animals and humans in the Russian Federation in 2022 will be predetermined by the completeness of the implementation of regulated preventive measures, and, provided the strict introduction of comprehensive epizootiological and epidemiological surveillance, will be limited to sporadic cases of infection.

Analysis of the incidence of human brucellosis in the world in 2011–2020 is presented in the paper. An assessment of the epizootiological-epidemiological situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation in 2020 is performed. It is outlined that the epidemiological situation on brucellosis in Russia over the past decade was characterized as unfavorable with downward trend in the incidence rate against the background of persistent epizootiological insecurity among cattle and small ruminants. Between 2011 and 2020, 3507 first identified human cases of brucellosis were registered. The long-term average number of cases is 350 per year, including 28 cases among children under 17 years old. The average long-term intensive morbidity rate per 100 000 people was 0.24, among children under 17 – 0.1. In 2020, 119 human cases of brucellosis were detected in Russia (0.08), which indicates that the trend towards an improvement in the epidemiological situation on brucellosis continues. The largest number of brucellosis cases among people was registered in the North-Caucasian (77.1 % of the total incidence across Russia) and the Southern Federal District (13.5 %). In the period of 2010–2020 (9 months), 4610 areas potentially hazardous as regards bovine brucellosis and 422 – as regards brucellosis in sheep and goats were registered in the Russian Federation. Analysis of the development of brucellosis situation in Russia indicates that in the medium term, with the current trend maintained, there is a real risk of widespread brucellosis distribution among farm animals in the constituent entities of the Central, Volga, Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts, as well as the persistence of epizootiological insecurity in the North Caucasus and Southern Federal Districts. Taking into account the current epizootiological-epidemiological situation and the long-term dynamics of the development in the Russian Federation, one can predict the incidence of brucellosis in people at a level below the longterm average values – 0.13–0.18 per 100000 of the population in 2021.

The review presents an analysis of the epidemiological and epizootiological situation on Crimean hemorrhagic fever in the Russian Federation in 2020. During the stated period, 32 CHF cases were registered, which is the minimum indicator since the activation of the natural focus of CHF in 1999. The mortality rate was 3.1 %. The incidence was recorded in the Rostov, Astrakhan Regions, Stavropol Territory, the Republics of Dagestan and Kalmykia. A significant decrease in the incidence of CHF was noted in all entities of the Southern Federal District and the North-Caucasian Federal District. An imported from the Republic of Crimea case of CHF was detected in Moscow. The seasonality of morbidity, occupational, and age composition of CHF patients, modes of transmission, features of the clinical course of the disease in 2020 corresponded to the data of long-term observations. Epizootiological monitoring of the territory of the CHF natural focus showed that the abundance of Hyalomma marginatum adults and the percentage of Ixodidae tick pools positive for the presence of CCHF virus markers corresponded to the average long-term indicators at stationary observation points in 2020 , which indicates the persisting epizootiological disadvantage of the territory of the natural CHF focus in the Russian Federation. The persisting high numbers and infection rate of H. marginatum ticks can contribute to the development of an unfavorable epidemiological situation in the south of the country with a possible increase in the incidence of CHF in the Russian Federation in 2021.

A review of the epizootiological and epidemiological situation on anthrax in the world in 2020 was carried out. In the Russian Federation, five cases of human infection with cutaneous anthrax were registered in the entity of the North Caucasian Federal District – the Republic of Dagestan. A challenging situation was noted in the territory of border states – Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine. Epizootics of anthrax among livestock and wild animals were identified mainly in African countries. At the same time, the largest number of confirmed human cases was detected in Africa (Zimbabwe, Kenya) and Asia (Indonesia). The infection of individuals with the causative agent of anthrax was primarily associated with the ingestion of meat from sick and dead anthrax animals, contact with animals during forced slaughter, skinning and processing of contaminated meat. The incidence of anthrax in the Russian Federation in 2021 will be determined by the realization of the planned volumes of preventive measures and, provided they are properly implemented, will be limited to identifying sporadic cases of infection that are potentially possible within the limits of certain regions of Russia.

The paper presents the data on brucellosis incidence in a number of countries around the world. An assessment of the epizootic and epidemic situation of brucellosis in the Russian Federation in 2019 is performed. In 2019, Russia maintains the presence of an unfavorable epizootic situation for brucellosis. An increase in the number of brucellosis infected cattle by 14 % and primary foci of small cattle infection by 52 % was established. Epizootics of bovine brucellosis were mainly recorded in the North Caucasus (63.5 %), Southern (19.9 %) and Volga federal districts (7.4 %). The main number of points unfavorable for brucellosis of small cattle, and sick sheep and goats were detected in two federal districts – North-Caucasian (36.8 %) and Southern (26.3 %). The epidemic manifestations of brucellosis in the Russian Federation are closely related to the activity of the epizootic process among the main epidemiologically significant species of farm animals. In 2019, Russia registered 397 human brucellosis cases (0.27 0 / 0000 including 23 (0.08 0 / 0000 among minors. The number of cases of brucellosis and the value of the incidence rate in 2019 are comparable with long-term average data over the past 10 years. The largest number of human brucellosis cases, as in previous years, was established in the North-Western Federal District (278 cases, 70.4 % of the total number of cases) and the Southern Federal District (59 cases, 14.9 %). There is an increase in the relative long-term incidence of brucellosis in the Republic of Dagestan, Voronezh, Penza Regions and the Republic of Kalmykia. In the territories of these subjects in 2019, atense epizootic situation regarding brucellosis among cattle and small cattle was noted. Taking into account the current epizootic and epidemic situation and the long-term dynamics of brucellosis situation development in the Russian Federation, in 2020 it is possible to predict human brucellosis incidence at the level of 0.23–0.27 0 / 0000 .

The results of the analysis of epidemiological and epizootiological situation on anthrax in the Russian Federation and in the world in 2019 are presented in the paper. The forecast of morbidity rates in the Russian Federation for 2020 is made. In 2019, five cases of cutaneous anthrax were registered in the Russian Federation in two regions of the North Caucasian Federal District – Republic of Dagestan (4) and Stavropol Territory (1), which is two cases plus as compared to 2018. Outbreaks of infection among livestock animals and humans were recorded in such neighboring countries as Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The unfavorable epizootiological situation on anthrax was observed almost everywhere. The highest incidence rates among wild and livestock animals were found in a number of countries in Asia and Africa. Anthrax among people was registered mainly in African countries, infection occurred mainly by alimentary route, less often – through contact with carcasses, meat of animals. Anthrax morbidity rates among animals and humans in the Russian Federation in 2020 will be largely determined by the completeness of registration and coverage with specific immunization of livestock animals and groups of people under professional risk of infection and, if measures are fully implemented, incidence will not exceed single cases.

The review presents an analysis of epidemic and epizootic situation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the Russian Federation in 2010–2019, summarizes the results of epizootiological monitoring of the CCHF natural focus territory in the south of European part of Russia. An unfavorable epidemiological situation regarding CCHF is maintained in the Russian Federation. In 2010–2019, 999 CCHF cases were registered in nine regions of Southern and North-Caucasian Federal Districts. In 2019, an increase in the CCHF incidence level in the entities of the SFD and NCFD was observed as compared to 2017–2018. The expansion of the territory with registered epidemic manifestations of CCHF continues. In 2010–2019, the number of imago and pre-imaginal phases of Hyalomma marginatum – the main vector of the CCHF virus in Russia, remained consistently high. High numbers of H. marginatum ticks and their CCHFV infection rates can contribute to the development of an unfavorable epidemiological situation in the south of the Russian Federation with a possible increase in the CCHF incidence in 2020.

In 2018, between June14 and July 15, final matches of the FIFA World Cup-2018 were held in 11 cities of the Russian Federation. That event was the biggest mass event with international participation in the history of Russia. During the period, in the process of sanitary-epidemiological welfare provision, developed earlier scintific-and-practical achievementds for prevention of emergency situations of sanitary-epidemiologoical character were implemented to the fullest extent. Objective of the study – analysis of evolution of the developed in Russia scientifically-substantiated approaches in the sphere of sanitary-epidemiological welfare provision of mass events and aggregation of the results of their implementation during preparation and holding of FIFA World-Cup-2018. Utilized were information-analytical materials from the Rospotrebnadzor Administrations by the constituent entities of the Russian Federatuion, Centers of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the entities of the Russian Federation, RusRAPI “Microbe” of the Rospotrebnadzor, data from Organizing Committee “Russia-2018”, Federal Turism Agency, information published in periodical press. Scientifically substantiated model of sanitary-epidemiological welfare provision during mass events was developed in the Russian Federation. It includes expert evaluation and quantification of potential epidemic hazard of mass event which allows for targeted prophylactic and anti-epidemic measures with rationalized loads and adequate frequency of repeat. The paper discusses the complex of measures carried out during preparation and holding of FIFA World Cup-2018 by the functional areas: sanitary protection of the territory; epidemiological surveillnace over relevant anthropozoonotic, natural-focal zoonotic, sapronotic infectious diseaseas; sanitary surveillance over communal facilities, catering facilities, sites of accomodation of the participants and guests; sanitary-hygienic monitoring of ambient environment objects; provision of anti-epidemic preparadeness and readiness of the Rospotrebnadzor authorities and institutions and medical organizations; provision of readiness of laboratory facilities; involvement of additional forces and capacities and interagency cooperation in response to emergency situations of sanitary-epidemiological character.

The paper contains the data on the morbidity rates as regards natural-focal infectious diseases and results of epizootiological monitoring in the locality of the XXII Olympic and XI Paralympic Winter Games-2014 in Sochi. It is demonstrated that the significant ones in the infectious disease incidence chart are hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, Ixodidae tick-borne borrelioses, pseudotuberculosis, intestinal yersiniosis, leptospiroses, rabies, rickettsiosis, and tularemia. Represented are the data on the peculiarities of a number of regional pathogenic strains. Noted is fact that complex activities, which were carried out by the agencies and institutions of the Rospotrebnadzor, Krasnodar Territory and Sochi resort-town Administration, allowed for the stabilization of the situation on natural-focal infections.

Epidemiological situation on West Nile Fever (WNF) in Europe in 2013 was characterized by a notable rise of morbidity rate primarily due to the outbreak of WNF in Serbia (302 cases registered). In the North America, in the United States and Canada, WNF manifestations in 2013 were characterized by the lower intensity compared to previous epidemic season. 192 cases were registered in 16 constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2013. It was revealed, that genotype 2 West Nile Virus (WNV) circulated in the territory of the Volgograd and Saratov regions, the same as in Serbia, Greece and Italy, and genotype 1 WNV in the Astrakhan region. According to the data obtained from the Reference Center for monitoring over WNV pathogen, WNV markers were detected in the territory of 61 constituent entities of the Russian Federation throughout the period of observation in 1999-2013 which testified to the existence of potential risk of human exposure during epidemic season in most of the parts of country. According to Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring forecast, climatic conditions in Russia for the next 5-10 years will stick to global warming trend which will contribute to further spread of WNV onto the northern areas.

Represented is epidemiological evaluation of the morbidity rate as regards Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Russia in 2012. Summarized are the results of epizootiological surveillance over the territory of CHF natural focus in the South of European part of Russia. Forecast of CCHF epidemiological situation development for 2013 is made based on the epizootiological monitoring data.