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The prevalence estimations of hereditary ataxias are biased since most epidemiological studies are confined to isolated geographical regions and few nationwide studies are available. The study aims to assess the prevalence, distribution, and neurological features of the Cuban population with hereditary ataxias. A nationwide epidemiological study of hereditary ataxias was conducted in Cuba between March 2017 and June 2018. Patients were scheduled at the Cuban ataxia research center, various hospitals, or at their homes. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained through standardized questionnaires and validated clinical tools. Overall, 1001 patients were diagnosed with hereditary ataxias for a nationwide prevalence of 8.91 cases/100.000 inhabitants. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) was the commonest subtype, with highest prevalences at Holguín province (47.86/100.000), and a broad dissemination in the whole country. Most of neurological features were common between all SCA cohorts, but the frequencies of some of them varied between distinct subtypes. Within the SCA2 cohort, significant influences of long mutation size and higher disease duration over the muscle atrophy and oculomotor disorders were observed. Besides, higher disease durations were associated with resting tremor and dysphagia, whereas shorter disease durations were associated with hyperreflexia. The spreading of SCA2 to whole country and the documented raising of its prevalence set the rationales for higher-scope medical care and research strategies, supported in collaborative research networks. The wide epidemiological, clinical, and genetic characterization of this founder SCA2 population identifies this homogeneous cohort as an attractive source for the development of future clinical-genetic and therapeutic researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]