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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is described as an immune disorder with inflammation and neurodegeneration. Relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) is one of the most common types of MS. The diagnostic manner for this disorder typically includes the usage of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, this is not always a very precise diagnostic method. Identification of molecular biomarkers in RRMS body fluids samples compared to healthy subjects can be useful to indicate the normal and pathogenic biological processes or pharmacological responses to drug interaction. In this regard, this study evaluated different miRNAs in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of RRMS compared to controls and their correlations with altered T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells, osteopontin (OPN), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels. The frequency of Tr1 cells was measured using flow cytometry. Also, the expressions of different miRNAs were evaluated via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and plasma levels of IL-10 and OPN were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The obtained results showed the Tr1 cells' frequency, Let7c-5p, and miR-299-5p levels decreased in RRMS patients to about 59%, 0.69%, and 20% of HCs, respectively, (P < 0.05). The miR-106a-5p levels increased about 7.5-fold in RRMS patients in comparison to HCs (P < 0.05). Moreover, the results showed that there was an increased negative association between Tr1 frequency and plasma-OPN levels in RRMS patients in comparison to HCs and also, we found a moderate positive correlation between plasma-IL-10 and miR-299-5p expression of RRMS patients. Overall, it may be possible to use these biomarkers to improve the diagnostic process. These biomarkers may also be considered for clinical and therapeutic studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. Recent studies have documented that resveratrol exhibits cardioprotective effects. The present study attempts to explore whether resveratrol suppreses IL‐6 in hypertrophied H9c2 cardiomyoblasts through histone deacetylase, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). To induce hypertrophy, the cells were incubated with angiotensin II (Ang II). Treatment groups were treated with different doses (1, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM) of resveratrol (R). Cell viability was measured using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell size was determined using crystal violet staining. Gene expression was assessed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction technique. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure IL‐6 concentration. The results showed that cell area and ANP messenger RNA (mRNA) levels decreased significantly in R25+Ang, R50+Ang, and R100+Ang groups, as compared with Ang group. Therefore, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μM of resveratrol were used to to evaluate its anti‐inflammatory effects. The results revealed that Ang II upregulated IL‐6 at both mRNA and protein levels (p <.001 vs. normal) and resveratrol (50 μM) decreased IL‐6 mRNA (p <.01) and protein (p <.05) significantly in comparison to Ang group. However, in groups in which the cells were pretreated with SIRT1 inhibitor, EX‐527, the response of resveratrol was partially reversed. Transcription levels of IL‐6 receptor components (gp130 and gp80) did not change significantly among the experimental groups. The current data suggests that resveratrol protects H9c2 cells against Ang II‐induced hypertrophy by suppression of IL‐6 through SIRT1 activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the relationship between dietary patterns and inflammatory markers including serum high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) and interleukin 17A (IL‐17A) in females. Methods: In the present cross‐sectional study in female teachers living in Yazd, central Iran, data on anthropometric measurements and general information were gathered. A food frequency questionnaire was completed by participants and then, subjects were invited to give blood samples. Major dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis and serum inflammatory markers were compared according to quintiles of dietary patterns scores. Results: In total, 320 subjects aged 40.38 ± 8.08 years were included. Three dietary patterns were derived: (i) 'traditional' with a high intake of poultry, salt, eggs, other vegetables and red meat; (ii) 'vegetables and fruits' with a higher intake of tomatoes, yoghurt drinks, green leafy vegetables, dried fruits, fruits, other vegetables and organ meats and (iii) 'dairy and saturated fat' with a high loading of high‐fat dairy products, butter, low‐fat dairy, margarine, eggs, other vegetables and green leafy vegetables. Participants in the highest quintile of the 'vegetables and fruits' dietary pattern had significantly lower serum hs‐CRP levels compared to those in the lowest quintile (3.6 ± 0.4 mg/L vs 2.6 ± 0.4 mg/L, respectively; P < 0.05). None of the dietary patterns were associated with circulating IL‐17 levels. Conclusions: Higher consumption of fruits and vegetables is inversely associated with serum hs‐CRP but not IL‐17 levels. Studies investigating the dietary patterns in association with IL‐17 in other populations are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SNP (rs11209026, Arg381Gln, R381Q) in the IL-23 receptor (IL23R) confers protection against multiple inflammatory diseases, representing one of the most significant human genetic polymorphisms in inflammatory diseases. We, therefore, investigated the association between IL-23 R R381Q gene polymorphism and asthma. This case-control study was performed on 209 patients, and 200 healthy controls. Using PCR-RFLP, the R381Q variant was screened in the IL-23R gene of the patients and controls. Serum IgE levels were measured using ELISA technique. Eosinophil absolute count was done with Sesmex cell counter. Our results indicated that the genotype and allele frequencies of the IL-23R R381Q polymorphism is significantly different between asthmatic patients and control subjects (p<0.001; odd ratio= 0.266; 95%, CI=0.118-0.604. Moreover, the asthmatic patients had higher eosinophil count and total serum IgE levels than controls as expected (p<0.001). The present study suggested that R381Q polymorphism in IL-23 receptor may be a predisposing allele for asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]