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Aim: We aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term probiotic yogurt consumption on pH, buffering capacity, and Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacilli and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in saliva of 6-8 months old healthy infants. Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy infants and their mothers were enrolled in the study. They were randomly allocated into two groups as study and control. In the study group, probiotic yogurt (Bifidobacterium Longum BB536, Bifidobacterium Bifidum Bb12, Lactobacillus Rhamnosus HN001) was given to infants for 3 weeks whereas, in the control group, home-made yogurt was consumed. A dental saliva pH-Indicator strip (GC, Japan) was used for salivary pH measurements. Buffering capacity was determined using CRT buffer (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein). The counts of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were evaluated using CRT bacteria (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein). ELISA was used for sIgA. Scores at baseline and three weeks after were statistically evaluated by Wilcoxon test using the IBM SPSS 20.0 program. Results: Salivary pH, IgA, S. mutans and lactobacilli values showed no significant change after 3 weeks of probiotic yogurt consumption, however there was a statistically significant increase in the buffering capacity of saliva (p=0.04). Conclusion: Short-term probiotic yogurt intervention in infants during the early stages of life might have benefits for oral health. Further studies with both short- and long-term use of probiotics must be implemented in infants to confirm the results and see the effects on other caries risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Astragalus roots are used to treat leukemia and for their wound healing properties in Southeast Anatolia-Turkey. Materials and methods: In vivo studies to investigate the effects of two Astragalus saponins were carried out on the immune response cytokines by using six to eight weeks old male Swiss albino mice. The production of IL-1β, TGF-1β, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines was determined by ELISA. The spleen and lymph nodes, isolated from the mice subjects, were analyzed to realize induction of the surface antigen productions for IL-2Rα (CD25) and CD69. In addition, their effects on the targets of inflammation such as NF κB, iNOS and NAG-1 were investigated in cell-based assays. Results: The results suggested that AST VII and Mac B had positive effect on Th1 cytokine release (IL-2 and IFN-γ), and suppression on Th2 cytokine production (IL-4). The immunohistochemical results exhibited induction of both IL-Rα (CD25) and CD69 surface receptors justifying the Th1 cytokine release. The compounds did not affect NF-κB or NAG-1 activity but iNOS activity was inhibited by Mac B with an IC50 of 156μg/ml. Conclusions: The results show that Ast VII and Mac B create powerful immunoregulatory effects without the stimulation of inflammatory cytokines in mice, and have no significant effect on the inflammatory cellular targets in vitro. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]