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Hydrogen as an energy vector is seen as a key for the energy transition. Recently, more than 30 countries have launched their hydrogen strategies and roadmaps. Hydrogen storage and transportation are challenging steps of the hydrogen economy since all available options have significant drawbacks. This paper evaluates a power-to-liquid hydrogen process; the system is “charged” with electricity from renewable sources to produce hydrogen via water electrolysis; the produced hydrogen gas is liquefied and stored at ambient pressure and cryogenic temperature. The purpose of this paper is to report the first evaluation results of a system including a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser and a hydrogen liquefier. The evaluation was conducted using exergy-based methods, i.e. exergetic, exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analyses. The process of hydrogen liquefaction was simulated with the aid of the Aspen Plus software. The exergetic efficiencies for the liquefaction process and for the electrolyser are 42% and 47%, respectively. While the total exergetic efficiency of the power-to-liquid hydrogen system amounts to 44%. The total exergy destruction for the liquefier amounts to 9.3 MW and for the polymer electrolyser membrane electrolyser amounts to 19.3 MW. The electrolyser followed by the hydrogen compressors were identified as the components with the highest exergy destruction values and investment costs, while the compressors and the recuperators account for the highest exergoenvironmental impact. The sensitivity analysis shows that the specific liquefaction cost of hydrogen strongly varies with the electricity price and the cost of green hydrogen.

This study focuses on recovery options for end-of-life tires (ELTs). One of the most proper recovery options for ELTs is incineration of them in cement plants. There are 49 integrated cement factories which have Environmental Permit and License Certificate in Turkey as the final processing plant. Besides benefits of recovering ELTs to environment, cost aspect of process is crucial. In this study, logistic network design of waste tires sent from collection points to these factories to minimize the costs involved is planned. There are three echelons of supply chain as waste tires collection point, contractor firms and cement factories. Model for this network considers transshipment plan of waste tires between the echelons of supply chain and routes used to gather them. Model that deal with this system are expressed as mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. As a case study, model verified with data’s for Ankara

Environmentally friendly materials are being explored as alternatives to lime and cement binders in ground improvement. Biological treatment methods are environmentally friendly as they rely on the natural activity of ubiquitous microbes to produce extracellular polymeric saccharides (EPS) and calcite cements. EPS extruded by microbes exhibit strong adhesion from growth of fibrous bridges and bonds between surfaces. In situ polysaccharide secretion in soils to improve their engineering properties has not been examined. In this study, pulverised dried cattle manure (CM) are is used for in situ EPS production in a synthetic soft soil specimen. The indigenous facultative anaerobes and aerobes in animal waste produce negatively charged EPS molecules in the soil specimen. Bridging of sand particles and embedment of CM fibres in kaolinite aggregates caused an immediate increase in unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the stabilised specimen. EPS cementation improved soil strength by filling pores and engulfing kaolinite aggregates into bonded mass. Fibre reinforcement and bio-stabilisation by CM increased the UCS of the soil by 740%. Replacing C-intensive lime/cement binders by CM as a stabilising agent has the potential to prevent release of 1 t of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere per tonne of lime/cement consumed.

Various treatments of waste water include primary, secondary & tertiary methods. For improved and efficient treatment technologies, advancements are continuously being developed against traditional treatment technologies. The paper provides details of development in the field of nano technology for waste water treatment. Solution of Water crisis is up most priority for technocrats currently. Reasons for crisis are increase in population, climate changes, and deterioration in quality of waste water. This is high time to find new technologies for sustainable water management. Application of Nano technology has great potential in improving treatment efficiency and to supply safe water through unconventional sources. In this paper overview of nanotechnology application for waste water treatmentis presented. By under- standing characteristics and applying its use in advancement for existing treatment methods, sustainability can be increased to supply good quality of water to people.

Hydrogen is an outstanding source of energy and plays very important part in energy system. Hydrogen is one of the best energy carrier alternatives to fossil fuels because of its high energy density. It is very important to produce clean and renewable energy sources due to increasing population and pollution day by day. In 2018, the maximum hydrogen (94%) is manufactured from fossil fuels by steam reforming of natural gas, partial oxidation of the methane gas as well as coal gasification. The hydrogen production plays important role in any industrialized society, since hydrogen is required for many essential chemical processes. Several designed metal-based ideas can be employed as an efficient catalyst for hydrogen production for the alternate source of energy and society benefits. Proposed review is highlighting the different efficient strategies for hydrogen production.

Cement stabilized blocks can be made from waste sludge generated from Activated Alumina and MgO-CaO-MgCl2-HCl based defluoridation filters. The waste sludge is mixed with sand, cement and water are shaped in form of blocks using a mud block making machine. This requires semi-skilled and unskilled labourers and thus can be used for employment generation in places which are affected by fluoride in rural India. The paper discusses the process and manpower requirement for this venture.

In this experimental study was mostly focused on the impact of pilot diesel fuel Injection Timing (IT) on a dual fuel engine. The diesel engine was renewed in to dual fuel mode by injecting the Hythane20 (20% hydrogen and 80Methane) from the inlet manifold and Water in Diesel Emulsion 10 (10% water and 90% diesel WiDE10) as a primary fuel. Initially, the engine was operated at a constant Compression Ratio CR (18.5) and standard IT of 23°bTDC. Further, carried out the experimentation with retarded IT of 20°bTDC and Advanced IT of 26°bTDC. From the obtained results observed the higher Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) for 26°bTDC than the other. It is around 3.1 % higher and 6.45% lower Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) than the diesel. It was also reported drastic reduction in smoke opacity 27.45% than the diesel fuel operation.

Due to rapid movement of rural population to new regions and countries in order to find work and for better living conditions, population growth and economic development, there is gradual increase in production of waste and demand of electricity worldwide. According to World Bank statistics, the global Municipal Solid Waste generated was 1.3 billion tons in year 2012 and this is expected to increase above 2.2 billion tons per year by 2025. Due to lack of sites for waste disposal, it has become a serious environmental as well as health issue. Now various methods have been adopted for waste disposal. Among this, energy accessed from municipal solid waste is the most common practice adopted by developing countries. In addition, Waste to Energy and Energy from Waste technologies are used which include thermal and biological technologies. Gasification, pyrolysis and incineration are thermal technologies used in conversion of waste to energy. During these processes, syngas is produced which is used in combustion engine or turbines to generate electricity. Apart from this, biomethanation is also used in which biogas is produced. In this review article, we have discussed all the environmental and green methods used for the generation of energy from Municipal Solid Waste their advantages and drawbacks.

Plastics are an increasingly important component of urban solid waste. The disposal of waste materials, such as used plastic bags, has become a major issue. The vast amount of waste plastic bags collected in the twenty-first century has posed significant challenges for their disposal. The amount of waste plastic in the home is substantial and growing. Our results indicate cement blocks are ideal for laying and finishing pathways and streets because they are easy to lay and finish. This study was carried out on experimenting the substitute materials in the mixture of cement blocks a component of building materials which is normally manufactured using the mixture of cement, fine aggregate and water, following a certain ratio. A series of three different percentages of plastics bags were added with the mix and certain quantities were replaced by quarry dust instead of Fine aggregate. Tests were done on the blocks to study its compressive strength, split tensile strength the water absorption percentage and acid test. Both the test compressive and split tensile tests were conducted on the seventh and 28th day. Based on the results acquired, for compressive strength tests on the 28th day, the result a good indication is that the blocks can be produced by replacing the cement and fine aggregate with utilizing the plastic for and effective way of 1:1 and 1:2, with 10& 20% replacing with quarry dust having strength 10.7 and 9.5 N/mm2 respectively Which is 165 more than the conventional type of blocks. Similarly the water percentage is also nil and very marginal in the same proportions. The decrease in weight is existed in all the samples tested the result is equal in all mix compositions. This is uniform rate implies block undergo certain abrasion. Conclusions were drawn for utilising the above composition in a suitable non structured places and minimizing the plastic waste.

The objective of this research is to design, manufacture and test a multi-purpose evaporative type cooler which can be employed for refrigeration as well as space cooling. The focus in this study has been on utilization of cooled water obtained during the air cooling process of desert cooler. The intended application for utilization of this cooled water was for refrigeration of food stuff such as fruits and beverages. The refrigeration area considered here is the storage box kept inside the water tank of desert cooler. This storage box is cooled by heat transfer between the walls of storage box and the surrounding water in the tank of desert cooler. Three cooling loads of 3 W, 6 W and 9 W inside the storage box were tested. Experiments were done in the climate of eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Based on the findings of this study, the performance of the proposed cooler is considered to be reasonably well. The air was found to cool by maximum of 6 °C while the temperature inside storage box was cooled by a maximum of 9.2 °C. The highest coefficient of performance of the multi-purpose evaporative type cooler is reported to be 8.6.

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and off-specification fly ash (FA) in remediating acid mine drainage (AMD). The pH and AMD concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) were assessed. The effects of RCA particle size on pH and AMD metal concentrations were also investigated. Results showed that RCAs were effective in neutralising the acidic pH and lowering the AMD concentrations of iron, chromium, copper and zinc. The concentrations of calcium increased, but magnesium and manganese concentrations varied in the treatment process. FA acted as an additional source of metals and increased the concentrations of iron, copper and manganese significantly. Finer RCA particles were the most effective in raising the pH and reducing the AMD concentrations of magnesium, manganese and zinc. The concentrations of calcium, iron, chromium and copper remained unaffected by the RCA particle size. In addition, geochemical modelling indicated that sorption was the leaching controlling mechanism in untreated and FA-treated AMD, whereas it was solubility-controlled leaching in RCA-treated AMD. Finally, the research reported in this study suggests the use of RCA as an effective alternative to the conventional treatment methods for AMD remediation.

Fires, explosions, and spills at petrochemical industry facilities create air pollution exposure risks for surrounding residences, which are disproportionately communities of color and low-income c...

Usage of plastics in the form of personal protective equipment, medical devices, and common packages has increased alarmingly during these pandemic times. Though they have served as an excellent protection source in minimizing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) spreading, they have still emerged as major environmental pollutants nowadays. These non-degradable COVID-19 plastic wastes (CPW) were treated through incineration and landfilling process, which may lead to either the release of harmful gases or contaminating the surrounding environment. Further, they can cause numerous health hazards to the human and animal populations. These plastic wastes can be efficiently managed through thermochemical processes like pyrolysis or gasification, which assist in degrading the plastic waste and also effectively convert them into useful energy-yielding products. The pyrolysis process promotes the formation of liquid fuels and chemicals, whereas gasification leads to syngas and hydrogen fuel production. These energy-yielding products can help to compensate for the fossil fuels depletion in the near future. There are many insights explained in terms of the types of reactors and influential factors that can be adopted for the pyrolysis and gasification process, to produce high efficient energy products from the wastes. In addition, advanced technologies including co-gasification and two-stage gasification were also reviewed., Graphical abstract Image 1

With the rapid growth in the number of passenger cars (PCs) in China over the past decades, more than ten million tons of used tires have already become solid wastes and subsequently caused serious environmental issues. Due to the presence of synthetic rubber in PC tires, waste PC tires cannot be disposed through rubber reclaiming technology. Thus, waste PC tires have become one of fastest growing solid wastes in China. First, the current disposal capacity of the pyrolysis method, regarded as a promising technology for the disposal of waste PC tires, is surveyed and compared with other disposal methods mentioned in previous papers. Second, this work establishes a model to predict the total number of waste PC tires in the next five years depending on the rate of PC growth and current waste tire disposal capacity. Moreover, pyrolysis is evaluated on 15 collected waste PC tires selected from the most representative tire brands in the Chinese market. The corresponding results imply that ∼68.5% of S was into oil and ∼44.3% N and large amount of heavy metals resided in solid carbon which severely limit further applications. Finally, a new pyrolysis technology is introduced that may represent a solution to the limits in the application of tire disposal methods and relief for the coming waste tire crisis.

A huge quantity of textile effluent sludge is generated from 21 076 textile units of India and dumped in large areas, leading to contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater. Hence, effective management of this sludge is important for its reuse and safe disposal. Considering the utilization of this waste in construction activities, the current paper explores the potential of textile sludge produced from textile industry effluent treatment plants. Many researchers have attempted to reuse this sludge for the development of sustainable construction materials and suggested its optimum usage as a partial substitution for fine aggregate, cement and clay with or without additives for the manufacturing of non-structural building components. This paper provides a critical review of the production of non-structural elements – namely, sustainable building blocks, clay bricks, mortar and paver blocks – using textile effluent treatment plant sludge and recommends optimum ranges of 5–30, 5–40, 5–50 and 20–40%, respectively. The prominent gaps are suggested as the outcome of studies such as techno-economic feasibility of the product, thermal and energy building simulation along with the life-cycle assessment and fatigue life assessment of the developed paver blocks.

This project designed a plant that will process 250 tonnes of raw tomatoes per day. The duration of this production was spread across 24 hours and operated for 300 days in a year, which gave a yield of 17.5 tons of tomato powder per day. From these specifications, the best process route was synthesized. The process route selected involved choosing and sorting the tomatoes, washing, blanching, blending, spray drying (as the drying process), packaging and labeling. Through a series of investigations, the most feasible way to dry tomato powder on an industrial scale proved to be the spray-drying method because the process was very rapid, required low labor cost, and was relatively simple to operate and sustain. The particle size was also easy to control with this technology, making it easy to correlate with product standards. The equipment to be used was then identified which included the machine vision, a spray washer, a water Blancher, an industrial blender, a spray dryer, and a powder packaging machine. Material and energy balance were evaluated around the whole plant. A process flow diagram and basic piping and instrumentation diagram were also computed using engineering software such as Microsoft Visio. From the previous work done, the selected process unit, the spray dryer, was designed with a detailed piping and instrumentation diagram made around it. The site of the plant was resolved, adjacent oriental foods along the Lagos-Ibadan Expressway. It was necessary to site the plant in an area where raw materials can easily be delivered to. The area selected was directly linked to a major highway, the Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, thereby making transport quite affordable. The site layout alongside the plant layout was constructed. The layouts clearly showed the standard flow process.

Water scarcity is not a novel issue. It has already affected almost every continent in this blue planet. It is driven by two primary sources: increasing demand for fresh water due to the increase in population and overexhaustion of the available freshwater resources. During the past decade, stress has been given to extract fresh, clean and safe potable elixir of life from the bountiful stores of sea water by exploiting various technologies. As nanomaterials are providing promising solutions to almost all our problems, they are again being accessed in order to combat the problem of global freshwater scarcity. Desalination methods have marvellously improved under the impact of nanomaterials. Different metallic nanomaterials are being used to serve this purpose; for example, silver, iron, zinc, titanium dioxide in addition to natural and synthetically derived polymeric bionanomaterials. In the present paper, a brief account of all the metallic nanomaterials which are being used for treatment of water has been provided by thorough investigation on the research done till now. It strives to throw light on various materials and methods which are based on the exploitation of nanotechnology for the treatment of water.

The assumption that the gas is a connected phase leads to underestimation of the gas pressure in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. In this study, the high gas pressure is shown, by way of field investigations and laboratory experiments, to be caused by foam in the landfills. The field investigations indicated that environmental disasters that have occurred at several landfills in China were caused by high gas or pore pressures. During drilling in these landfills, it was found that a mixture of foam and leachate was ejected from the borehole. The laboratory experiments indicated that foam generation in the landfills was attributable to the two-stage anaerobic biodegradation behaviours of MSWs. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) decreased the surface tension of the leachate, enabling it to generate foam. The foam's composite index was adopted to evaluate foaming ability and foam stability of the leachate. Meanwhile, the liquid film in the foam divided the gas into a disconnected phase and remarkably increased its flow resistance. An experimental apparatus was designed to compare quantitatively the flow resistances of foam and gas in MSWs. When the foam and gas were injected into a saturated waste column at the same rate, the pressure drop of the foam (412 kPa) was 2·54 times that of the connected-phase gas (162 kPa), thereby resulting in lower residual liquid saturation for foam displacement. The unsaturated permeability coefficient of the foam was about an order of magnitude lower than that of the gas. Owing to the low permeability of waste to foam and continuous gas generation, high gas pressures are easily developed in wet landfills.

Heavy metals-containing drinking water and wastewater are posing a severe threat to the environment, and living beings on land, air and water. Different conventional, advanced nanomaterials-based and biological method has been employed for the treatment of heavy metals. Among the biological methods, microalgae are an important group of micro-organisms that have numerous environmental applications and can remediate heavy metals from wastewater. Also, it has numerous advantages over conventional remediation processes. Microalgae cells can uptake the heavy metal via different physiological and biological methods and are utilized as a nutrient source to regulate its metabolic process for the production of biomass. Furthermore, the enhancement in heavy metal removal efficiency can be improved using different strategies such as immobilization of algal cells, development of algal consortia and designing of microalgae-based nanocomposite materials. Also, it can significantly contribute towards environmental sustainability and future. Thus, the review provides a critical overview of heavy metals and their existence along with their negative effects on humans. This review provides insight on recent advanced nanomaterial approaches for the removal of heavy metals, overviews of microalgae-based heavy metal uptake mechanisms and their potential for the amputation of different heavy metals. Furthermore, the special focus is on recent strategies that enhance heavy metal removal efficiency and contribute towards sustainability for the development of a microalgae-based future.

Typical artifact in bond is every asset & vitality serious material. Handling for bond Moreover emits carbonic corrosive gas done environment. In this way they will be diminishing this natural contamination & esteem from claiming average fabricating materials, Different materials in ash, ground coarse blast-furnace dross, metakaolin, rice husk powder (RHA) Also silicon dioxide seethe may be utilized much appreciated will their pozzolanic conduct. RHA that holds secondary silicon dioxide content constructed through controlled smoldering about rice husk will a chance to be utilized likewise supplementary building material (SCM) done cement creation since it exhibits pozzolanic aspects and contributes should quality Also impermeableness from claiming cement. This paper displays a framework of the worth of effort apportioned on the usage about RHA Likewise fractional reinstatement from claiming bond previously; cement What's more its outcome for workability, compressive quality Furthermore chloride porous for concrete.

There has been a significant disproportion between the accessibility of regular structure materials and their interest in the ongoing past. Then again the late check quarry waste is bounteously accessible and the removal of waste plastics is a greatest test, as continued reusing of Poly Ethylene Terephthalate containers represents a potential threat of being changed to a cancer-causing material and just a little extent of PET bottles are being reused. Right now endeavor has been made to make of fly debris block by utilizing soil filled plastic container and accessible steel work were tied on the external surface of plastic bottles for the security of thermal impacts. The plastic bottle bricks produced have the properties, for example, perfect and in any event, completing, with unimportant water assimilation, expanded compressive quality, cost financial and corrosive protection from fulfill the expanding demand of customary building materials. This experimental study helps to understand the reuse of PET bottles for temporary residential structures.

In the present time, our main sources of energy are fossil fuels like petroleum, coal, natural gases which are burned to access the required energy for various purposes such as home, industries, agriculture, etc. The uses of these sources ultimately producing various types of pollution such as air, water, soil and adding it’s harm effects to the society. In the present state, numbers of works have been carried out to develop the useful materials to harvest the light to full fill the demand of the society. In this review, analysis of facts has been carried out on various light harvesting materials related with main group elements. As we know, the light energy source is unlimited and able to fulfill the demand of each sector of society completely if it would be harvested in large extent and further, it will be very useful for human beings or for our next generations.

Recent years have seen rapid growth in utilizing vegetable oils to derive a wide variety of bio-based chemicals and polymer materials to replace petroleum-based chemicals and polymer materials for minimizing environmental impact. Castor oil is a renewable resource and an important platform chemical. The interest in preparation of bio-based chemicals and polymer materials using castor oil as raw material has been increasing. Castor-oil-based chemicals mainly include biodiesel fuels, lubricants, plasticizers and polyols, while castor-oil-based polymers mainly include polyurethane, polyesters, resin, elastomers and cross-linked polymers. With this in mind, the present review summarizes and analyzes castor-oil-based chemicals and polymers in a wide range of industries and provides a perspective on future utilization.

Various municipal solid waste management (MSWM) technologies were evaluated using life-cycle analysis (LCA). The study aimed to compare different MSWM approaches: landfill with composting, anaerobic digestion (AD) combined with landfill, incineration and AD combined with incineration. The Impact 2002 + approach and Simapro 9.1.1.1 software using the Ecoinvent v3.6 database were used to compare environmental impacts. The study showed that landfill with composting had the highest environmental impact due to its high potential of global warming and depletion in ecosystem quality, while other scenarios showed reduced impacts. AD combined with incineration was found to have least environmental impact, mainly due to energy recovery from AD. The goal of the study was to determine more environmentally sustainable alternatives for MSWM using LCA within the system boundary.

Underground repositories for nuclear fuel waste will eventually become filled, and access shafts will have to be sealed. In many international studies, the preferred sealant is a compacted sand–bentonite mixture in which montmorillonite in the bentonite swells as it absorbs groundwater and develops swelling pressure. Lowered porosities in the bentonite lead to reduced hydraulic conductivity. Sealing is most effective when the seal is saturated and swelling pressure has been maximised. The time required to reach complete hydration is important. This paper describes the development of swelling pressures during hydration of a field-scale shaft-sealing experiment at Canada’s underground research laboratory. Numerical modelling used the finite-element program Code_Bright and hydro-mechanical parameters from laboratory tests to determine time-dependent porosities, total pressures and degrees of saturation in the full-scale field project. Data from laboratory-scale ‘wetting’ tests on specimens of seal material were then used in models by Liu and Dueck and Börgesson to evaluate changes in swelling pressures with time. Six years of data from field instruments indicate that the seal was functioning as designed. In the future, when the seal becomes fully hydrated and reaches stress equilibrium, the modelling suggests that swelling pressures in the seal will be in the range of 0.43–0.86 MPa. This is broadly similar to the value of 0.8 MPa suggested by a separate series of laboratory swelling tests. Full saturation and maximum swelling pressure can be expected in 17–19 years after the seal has been completed.

As environmental crises such as global warming become more and more serious due to the large amount of carbon dioxide emitted by the burning of fossil fuels, much attention has been paid to carbon neutrality. Hydrogen, with zero carbon content, is a clean and renewable energy carrier having a large energy density. It is considered as one of the most desirable alternatives to fossil fuels. Electrochemical water splitting, unlike the steam reforming process accelerating fossil fuels depletion and CO2 emissions, can produce H2 powered by renewable energy such as solar or wind. As a promising way to promote carbon neutralization, hydrogen production by electrolysis of water is meaningful both in terms of scientific research and practical application. In order to drive electrochemical water splitting with low power consumption, efficient, durable and affordable electrocatalysts with low overpotentials are in urgent need. Therefore, this mini-review briefly introduces the current development status and mainstream obstacles of carbon-based materials used in electrochemical water splitting.

The design, construction and evaluation of a large consolidometer for testing municipal solid waste (MSW) and other non-conventional materials is proposed. The apparatus features leachate recirculation and biogas production monitoring. Furthermore, it is equipped with moisture content sensors, suction and at-rest lateral earth pressure measuring capabilities. Fresh MSW samples were collected from a metropolitan centre landfill and were used to test performance and conduct MSW mechanical behaviour analyses. Values of vertical stress (σz) ranging from 10 to 1000 kPa were employed in the test, which lasted for approximately 1 year. The results show that the secondary compression index was affected by sample saturation and that biogas composition acted as an indicator of the MSW phase of decomposition. Lateral earth pressure at rest values increased with σz, although they decreased over time for the same loading stage. Values of primary compression and swelling indexes (cc and ce, respectively) are close to those reported in the literature for similar material.

Advanced transportation biofuels have been the focus of intensive development since the early 2000s, and gasification in combination with synthesis technologies represents a flexible production pathway to deliver fuels for heavy-duty transport sectors that are difficult to electrify. This article is related to the pilot-scale development of a process concept aiming to smaller-scale production plants than are feasible with fluidized-bed gasifiers. Five test weeks with a total gasification time of 347 hours were realized at a pilot plant that consisted of the pressurized staged fixed-bed gasifier, raw gas cooling to 500–600 °C, filtration with robust metal filters, and catalytic reforming of tars and methane. The gasifier combined an updraft primary stage and a catalytically enhanced secondary stage where most of the updraft tars were decomposed. The tar content of the product gas, 2–12 g/m3, was of the same order of magnitude as determined previously for fluidized-bed gasifiers. Consequently, similar filtration and reforming methods could be successfully applied. After the reformer, the contents of C2-hydrocarbon gases and high-molecular-weight tars were negligible. Esa Kurkela,* Minna Kurkela, Ilkka Hiltunen Pilot-scale development of pressurized fixed-bed gasification for synthesis gas production from biomass residues Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01554-2

Raw materials requirement is foremost necessary in construction sector. Due to the increase in construction activities, the raw material utilization is also increased, which may lead to depletion of the resources. The usage of M sand also increases day by day. On the other side, waste disposal is posing a major threat to environment and human health. This paper shows the investigation carried out in manufacturing fly ash bricks made by utilizing vermicompost as an alternative material for M sand, the physical and chemical properties of M sand and vermicompost are studied and they seem to be the same. In this study, an attempt is made to check the feasibility of replacement of vermicompost for M sand in brick making. The brick specimens are casted as per the mix proportions and they are tested for strength and durability at the age of 28 days. It has been identified that the vermicompost replacement at 5% and 10%, the compressive strength of the brick is 7.90 and 7.31% respectively, which is found to be nearer to the strength of the control specimen and the water absorption for all the mixes of the brick casted were below 20% as per IS code. Inclusion of vermicompost in the fly ash bricks will tend to reduce the use of M sand.

Aromatics are traditionally produced by the catalytic reforming of naphtha. However, with the demand of aromatics increasing and the reserves of petroleum resources declining, measures should be made to reduce the dependence of aromatics production on petroleum resources. Methanol-to-aromatics is proved to be an effective way to replace traditional naphtha-to-aromatics path. In order to compare the economic and environmental performance of aromatics production from naphtha and methanol, this paper carries out an emergy evaluation for each system by sorting out the simulation and literature data. Based on the emergy data collected, the emergy indices of each system are calculated. The results show that the sustainabilities of methanol-to-aromatics systems are higher than that of the naphtha-to-aromatics system, indicating the advantages of aromatics production from methanol. Among the methanol-to-aromatics systems, the aromatics from biomass-methanol system has the highest sustainability, indicating that the biomass based methanol-to-aromatics system is worth promoting. The sustainability indexes of methanol-to-aromatics systems based on coal and coke oven gas are less than 1, which means unsustainable. Meanwhile, the sustainability of natural gas based system is slightly higher than 1. The economic and environmental benefits of these systems can be optimized by improving resource utilization and reducing investment costs. Furthermore, the combination of different raw materials for methanol production should be considered.

Environmental protection and sustainability have been a serious challenge due to the excess amount of waste plastic, and the inefficient methods of its disposal. This study aims at exploring the feasibility of using plastic material in asphalt concrete followed by the design and evaluation of modified asphalt mix. Four different types of asphalt mixtures were made by mixing mineral aggregates with plastic aggregates of different shapes and sizes. The conventional dense-graded asphalt concrete incorporating mineral aggregates was selected as control material, whereas the other three types of asphalt mixtures were produced by substituting 3D-printed plastic aggregates for mineral aggregates. Marshall characteristics were utilized to evaluate the volumetric and mechanical properties of the asphalt mixtures. Test results show that the asphalt mixture containing solid plastic aggregate appears to have a 14.3% reduction in bulk density, thereby potentially reducing the haul costs. Due to the angular shape of the aggregate, the stability for the asphalt mixture containing the 3D-printed aggregate is 1.95 times higher than that for the asphalt mixture incorporating all mineral aggregates. The addition of the plastic printed aggregate enhances the strain capacity to achieve failure of the asphalt mixture. However, caution should be taken when incorporating the hollow or fine printed aggregates into the asphalt mixture due to their variation of volumetric properties.

Water scarcity is a source of concern for modern society. This study analyzed the environmental performance of integrating conventional and upgraded technologies for water production. Life Cycle Assessment technique was applied for the impact categories of Primary Energy Demand, Global Warming Potential and Water Depletion for obtaining 1.0 m3 potable water. The results obtained from the individual analysis of each technology suggested that potable reuse is a promising alternative due to it has registered a lower Water Depletion than the other schemes, with equivalent performances for Primary Energy Demand (4.76 MJ/m3) and Global Warming Potential (155 gCO2eq/m3). The best results of integrating technologies were obtained by the arrangement associating potable reuse and chemical treatment, with performances 65 to 67% lower than the other assessed compositions, depending on the water rate from potable reuse in the mix.

This research article deals with the variable parametric study on dual fuel compression ignition engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel with hydrogen supplement at atmospheric condition. The parametric study include variation in engine speed (18–30 rev/sec), gaseous fuel flow rate (0–18.4LPM), pilot fuel flow rate (9.92–15.79Mlpm) and ignition timing (20–45° BTDC). The experiment was conducted on a four stroke, 0.5-liter single cylinder E6 Ricardo engine. From the experimentation, overall parametric variation of 4.15%, 64.7%, 76.61% and 57% in thermal efficiency, CO, N O X and opacity respectively was observed. However, with increase of hydrogen content resulted in increased engine performance, increased in NOx emission and reduction in CO emission with same WCO biodiesel flow rate.

Due to the frequent occurrence of oil spills and the large-scale production of oily wastewater, the treatment of oily sewage has become an important issue for sustainable development. Recently, materials prepared from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) for oil-water separation have been found to be effective due to their high separation efficiency, good recyclability, and superior sustainability. However, few reviews have focused on the advantages and limitations of LCB for sewage treatment. This review summarizes the performance of modified LCB in oily wastewater treatment, in terms of the advanced modification methods applied and the structural dimensions of LCB materials according to the principle of superwetting oil-water separation. Research on the preparation technologies, separation mechanisms, and treatment efficiency of different LCB materials are briefly summarized, along with the characteristics of different LCB material types for oily wastewater treatment. Finally, the future prospects and challenges faced in the development of LCB materials are discussed.