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Aware of the uncontrolled increase in greenhouse gas emissions, and designated as the main contributor, carbon dioxide (CO2), until now, has been the hottest point in research on gaseous waste management. Thus, the use of CO2 is attracting more and more interest in renewable fuel generation processes. In this sense, this chapter aims to compile a wide range of applications for the use of CO2 as an essential raw material in the conversion of fuels. Beyond briefly discussing the technologies for direct chemical conversion of CO2 for the generation of alternative fuels, our approach focused on examining in more detail the biological use of CO2, through microalgae-based processes. Finally, the chapter presents some recommendations for the future exploration of CO2 generation technologies for fuels.

The increasing demand by energy and the current need of the replace fossil resources it is leading the research and development (R&D) sector to search by renewable feedstock and renewable processes. Thus, major emphasis is being put into sustainable technologies and environmentally benign. In this context, microalgae have been extensively exploited for their versatility and capacity of the produce a broad spectrum of bioproducts. In particular, the viability of these microorganisms to generate electrical energy from organic and inorganic residues is an attractive technological route. The use of microalgae in electrochemical systems has the potential to produce bioelectricity associated with bioremediation and wastewater treatment. This integration could be advantageously exploited to the development of a self-sustaining biobased system. In this sense, this chapter is intended to provide a overview of various aspects associated with the bioelectricity production from microalgae.