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1. Analysis of the atmospheric composition during the summer 2013 over the Mediterranean area using the CHARMEX measurements and the CHIMERE model

Author

Laurent Menut, Marc Mallet, Jean Sciare, Sylvain Mailler, S. Turquety, Paola Formenti, G. Rea, Guillaume Siour, Bertrand Bessagnet, R. Briant, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Atmospheric composition, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Climatology, Biogenic emissions, Environmental science, Mediterranean area, Vegetation, Mineral dust, Particulates, Atmospheric sciences, Arid
Abstract

The ADRIMED campaign provides measurements of all key parameters regarding atmospheric composition in the Mediterranean area during the summer 2013. This is an opportunity to quantify the ability of current models to adequately represent the atmospheric composition in this complex region, which is influenced by anthropogenic emissions from Europe, Africa, the Middle-East and from shipping activities as well as mineral dust emissions mostly from the arid areas in Africa, sea-salt emissions, biomass burning emissions and biogenic emissions from the vegetation. The CHIMERE model in its present version is a chemistry-transport model which takes into account all these processes. We show here by simulating the period from 5 June to 15 July 2013 with the CHIMERE model and comparing the results to both routine and specific ADRIMED measurements that this model allows an adequate representation the atmospheric composition over the western Mediterranean, in terms of ozone concentration, particulate matter (PM) and aerosol optical depth (AOD). It is also shown that the concentrations of PM on all the considered area is dominated by mineral dust, even though local dust emissions in Europe are certainly overestimated by the model. A comparison with sulphate concentrations at Cape Corsica exhibits some discrepancies related to the regridding of shipping emissions.

Published
2023

2. A new optical-based technique for real-time measurements of mineral dust concentration in PM10 using a virtual impactor

Author

Jean Sciare, Spiros Bezantakos, Griša Močnik, Luka Drinovec, Chrysanthos Savvides, Maja Remškar, Bojana Višić, Michael Pikridas, Iasonas Stavroulas, and Florin Unga

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Photometer, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, Aethalometer, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, law.invention, Atmosphere, 13. Climate action, law, Radiative transfer, Environmental science, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Atmospheric mineral dust influences Earth's radiative budget, cloud formation, and lifetime; has adverse health effects; and affects air quality through the increase of regulatory PM10 concentrations, making its real-time quantification in the atmosphere of strategic importance. Only few near-real-time techniques can discriminate dust aerosol in PM10 samples and they are based on the dust chemical composition. The online determination of mineral dust using aerosol absorption photometers offers an interesting and competitive alternative but remains a difficult task to achieve. This is particularly challenging when dust is mixed with black carbon, which features a much higher mass absorption cross section. We build on previous work using filter photometers and present here for the first time a highly time-resolved online technique for quantification of mineral dust concentration by coupling a high-flow virtual impactor (VI) sampler that concentrates coarse particles with an aerosol absorption photometer (Aethalometer, model AE33). The absorption of concentrated dust particles is obtained by subtracting the absorption of the submicron (PM1) aerosol fraction from the absorption of the virtual impactor sample (VI-PM1 method). This real-time method for detecting desert dust was tested in the field for a period of 2 months (April and May 2016) at a regional background site of Cyprus, in the Eastern Mediterranean. Several intense desert mineral dust events were observed during the field campaign with dust concentration in PM10 up to 45 µg m−3. Mineral dust was present most of the time during the campaign with an average PM10 of about 8 µg m−3. Mineral dust absorption was most prominent at short wavelengths, yielding an average mass absorption cross section (MAC) of 0.24±0.01 m2 g−1 at 370 nm and an absorption Ångström exponent of 1.41±0.29. This MAC value can be used as a site-specific parameter for online determination of mineral dust concentration. The uncertainty of the proposed method is discussed by comparing and validating it with different methods.

Published
2020

3. Chemical characterization of fine particles (PM2.5) at a coastal site in the South Western Mediterranean during the ChArMex experiment

Author

Hamza Merabet, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Jean Sciare, Riad Ladji, Noureddine Yassaa, Abdelkader Lemou, Mohamed Abou Mustapha, Nicolas Bonnaire, Lyes Rabhi, José Nicolas, Redha Dilmi, Laboratoire d'Analyse Organique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB), Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (CDER), Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique [Algérie] (MESRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene = University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, food.ingredient, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, food, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Chemical composition, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Total organic carbon, Maximum level, Sea salt, General Medicine, Pollution, Aerosol, 13. Climate action, ChArMEx, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science
Abstract

As part of the ChArMEx project (Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment, http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr ), one year of continuous filter sampling was conducted from August 2012 to August 2013 at a rural (coastal) site in Algeria aiming to better document fine aerosol seasonal variability and chemical composition in the Southern part of the Mediterranean. Over 350 filters have been collected, weighted, and analyzed for the main ions and organic and elemental carbon. The obtained mass concentrations varied between 2.5 and 50.6 μg/m3 for PM2.5. The annual modulations of PM2.5 showed higher concentrations in the end summer 2012 and the early summer 2013 (28.50 μg/m3 in August 2012, 20.23 μg/m3 in September 2012, 20.19 μg/m3 in July 2013, and 17.88 μg/m3in August 2013). The particulate organic matter (POM) presented the greatest contribution (50%), followed by the secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA, 27%). The average organic carbon OC concentrations ranged from 1.66 to 6.05 μgC/m3. The average elemental carbon EC concentrations ranged from 0.92 to 3.49 μgC/m3 and contributed 7% of the PM2.5 mass to Bou-Ismail. The average value of the OC /EC ratio was close to 5.1 in Bou-Ismail, and was close to that found in Finokalia 4 (Greece 2004, 2006) but was lower than that of Montseny 11 (Spain 2002–2007) Western Mediterranean Basin (WMB). The concentrations of water-soluble organic carbon WSOC in the PM2.5 ranging from 0.66 to 3.70 μg/m3 recorded the minimum level in March 2013, and the maximum level in August 2012, with an average of 2.02 μg/m3.

Published
2020

4. Response of atmospheric composition to COVID-19 lockdown measures during Spring in the Paris region (France)

Author

Nicolas Bonnaire, Valérie Gros, Yunjiang Zhang, Jean-Charles Dupont, François Truong, Martial Haeffelin, Jean-Eudes Petit, Olivier Favez, Robert Vautard, Leila Simon, Tanguy Amodeo, Jean Sciare, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), H2020 Research Infrastructures, INFRA: 654109, European Commission, EC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Seventh Framework Programme, FP7, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CEA, Financial support. This research has been supported by the Eu, European Project: 262254,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2010-1,ACTRIS(2011), European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Pollutant, Pollution, Ozone, media_common.quotation_subject, Particulates, Atmospheric sciences, Aerosol, chemistry.chemical_compound, Megacity, chemistry, 13. Climate action, 11. Sustainability, Environmental science, Air quality index, NOx, media_common
Abstract

Since early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to lockdowns at national scales. These lockdowns resulted in large cuts of atmospheric pollutant emissions, notably related to the vehicular traffic source where daily commuting of light-duty vehicles was almost completely stopped in numerous urban areas worldwide, especially during Spring 2020. As a result, air quality changed in manners that are still currently under investigation. Long-term in-situ monitoring of atmospheric composition provides, to this perspective, essential information. However, a robust quantitative assessment of the impact of lockdown measures on ambient concentrations is hindered by weather variability. Basic comparisons with previous years may thus be flawed, especially regarding secondary pollutants, whose concentrations strongly depends on meteorological conditions. In order to circumvent this difficulty, an innovative methodology has been developed. The Analog Application for Air Quality (A3Q) method is based on the comparison of each day of lockdown to a group of analog days having similar meteorological conditions. The A3Q method has been successfully evaluated and applied to a comprehensive in-situ dataset of primary and secondary pollutants obtained at the SIRTA observatory, a suburban background site of the Paris megacity (France). The overall slight decrease of PM1 concentrations (−14 %) compared to business-as-usual conditions conceals contrasting behaviours. Primary traffic tracers (NOx and traffic-related carbonaceous aerosols) dropped by 42–66 % during the lockdown period. Further, the A3Q method enabled us to characterize of changes triggered by NOx decreases. Particulate nitrate and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), two of the main springtime aerosol components in North-Western Europe, decreased by −45 % and −25 %, respectively. A NOx-relationship emphasizes the interest of NOx mitigation policies at the regional (i.e. city) scale, although long-range pollution advection sporadically overcompensated regional decreases. Variations of the oxidation state of SOA suggests discrepancies in SOA formation processes. At the same time, the expected ozone increase (+20 %) underlines the negative feedback of NO titration. These results provide a quasi-comprehensive observation-based insight on mitigation policies regarding air quality in future low-carbon urban areas.

Published
2021

5. Shipborne measurements of ClNO2 in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula during summer

Author

John Crowley, Roland Rohloff, Monica Martinez, Justin Shenolikar, Sebastian Tauer, Frank Drewnick, Horst Fischer, Friederike Fachinger, Nils Friedrich, Michael Pikridas, Philipp Eger, James Brooks, Jan Schuladen, Ivan Tadic, Jos Lelieveld, Jean Sciare, Eoghan Darbyshire, and Hartwig Harder

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, geography, Dinitrogen pentoxide, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, chemistry.chemical_compound, Oceanography, Mediterranean sea, chemistry, Peninsula, Environmental science, Diel vertical migration, Air quality index, Sulfur dioxide, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Shipborne measurements of nitryl chloride (ClNO2), hydrogen chloride (HCl) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were made during the AQABA (Air Quality and climate change in the Arabian BAsin) ship campaign in summer 2017. The dataset includes measurements over the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf (also known as Persian Gulf) with observed ClNO2 mixing ratios ranging from the limit of detection to ≈ 600 pptv. We examined the regional variability in the generation of ClNO2 via the uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) to Cl-containing aerosol and its importance for Cl-atom generation in a marine boundary layer under the (variable) influence of emissions from shipping and oil industry. The yield of ClNO2 formation per NO3 radical generated was generally low (median of ≈ 1–5 % depending on the region), mainly as a result of gas-phase loss of NO3 dominating over heterogeneous loss of N2O5, the latter being disfavoured by the high temperatures found throughout the campaign. The contributions of ClNO2 photolysis and OH-induced HCl oxidation to Cl-radical formation were derived and their relative contributions over the diel cycle compared. The results indicate that over the northern Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Oman the formation of Cl-atoms will enhance the oxidation rates of some VOCs, especially in the early morning.

Published
2019

6. The ASKOS experiment for the validation of Aeolus L2A aerosol product

Author

Eleni Marinou, Jan-Berend W Stuut, Griša Močnik, Vasslis Amiridis, Marco Rosoldi, Thomas Rutz, Stelios Kazadzis, África Barreto, Holger Baars, Ioanna Mavropoulou, Mika Komppula, Sergio Rodrigez, Dragos Ene, Konrad Kandler, Stefano Casadio, Vassiliki Daskalopoulou, Cordula Zenk, Jean Sciare, Peter Knipertz, and George Hloupis

Subjects
business.industry, Product (mathematics), Environmental science, Process engineering, business, Aerosol
Abstract

For the in-orbit calibration and validation of the Aeolus products, ESA organized the Aeolus Tropical campaign, which will take place on June-July 2021 at Cape Verde region. During the campaign, Aeolus underfights will be performed with several aircrafts (by DLR, NASA, LATMOS, and the University of Nova Gorica (UNG)) and advanced ground-based instrumentation will be deployed in Mindelo island within ASKOS (https://askos.space.noa.gr/) experiment. ASKOS observations will provide an unprecedented dataset for the aerosol and wind conditions in the region, in order to provide reference values for the Cal/Val of the mission. Apart from the main aerosol Cal/Val objective of ASKOS, the foreseen synergistic activities will provide a wealth of information to address scientific questions posed by the participating groups on dust characterization, transportation and it’s impact of radiation and cloud formation.Here, we report on the status of the ASKOS preparations for the evaluation of the aerosol and cloud product, focusing on the instrumentation requirements and availability, as well as the engagement of the scientific community so far. ASKOS will deploy advanced ground-based and airborne remote sensing and in-situ instrumentation, including the full ACTRIS aerosol and cloud remote sensing/in-situ facilities and airborne in-situ sensors to be operated on drones and/or aircrafts. The main ground-based remote sensing instrumentation in Cape Verde will consist of sophisticated lidar systems, including the EVE lidar, a circular polarization system that is tailored to mimic the Aeolus measurement from ground, the multi-wavelength Polly-XT and the WALL-E prototype for detecting particle orientation. The instrumentation will also include sun-photometers such as AERONET-CIMEL, but also polarimeters to advance microphysical retrievals for non-spherical particles such as dust. Cloud remote sensors including a cloud radar and a microwave radiometer will operate in parallel along with meteorological radiosondes. In-situ sensors at surface and onboard UAVs and light aircrafts will be available. ASKOS will be fully supported by several operational modeling simulations for meteorological and atmospheric composition forecasting. ASKOS will remain open to contributions from other communities and research groups and more synergies will be pursued in the future.

Published
2021

7. The monitoring nitrous oxide sources (MIN2OS) satellite project

Author

Joël Léonard, Jean-Luc Attié, Hélène Reynal, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Naoko Saitoh, Laurent Berdeu, Rona Thompson, Jos Lelieveld, Elizabeth Pattey, Z. Zelinger, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Frédérick Pasternak, Isabelle Pison, Prabir K. Patra, Václav Nevrlý, Jan Suchánek, Olivier Saint-Pé, Rémi Chalinel, Juying Warner, Laure Brooker, Jean Sciare, Philippe Ricaud, Jérôme Vidot, Michal Dostál, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Airbus Defence and Space [Les Mureaux], ASTRIUM, Agroressources et Impacts environnementaux (AgroImpact), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU), J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the ASCR, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Cyprus Institute (CyI), Chiba University, University of Maryland [Baltimore], Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), The TN2OR project is funded by the Région Occitanie, the University of Toulouse, the Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo-France, the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Airbus Defense and Space, and Sciences et technologies pour l'Aéronautique et l'Espace (STAE) foundation. RC's PhD has been funded by Région Occitanie and Airbus Defense and Space., Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Airbus Defence and Space, Airbus Group, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
Daytime, N2O emissions, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Equator, Soil Science, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Modelling, Atmosphere, Mixing ratio, Computers in Earth Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Atmospheric sounding, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Nitrous oxide, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Sources, Geology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Spectral bands, Atmosphere of Earth, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Satellite, Space-borne observations
Abstract

International audience; The Monitoring Nitrous Oxide Sources (MIN2OS) satellite project aims at monitoring global-scale nitrous oxide (N2O) sources by retrieving N2O surface fluxes from the inversion of space-borne N2O measurements that are sensitive to the lowermost atmospheric layers under favorable conditions. MIN2OS will provide emission estimates of N2O at a horizontal resolution of 1° × 1° on the global scale and 10 × 10 km2 on the regional scale on a weekly to monthly basis depending on the application (e.g., agriculture, national inventories, policy, scientific research). Our novel approach is based on the development of: 1) a space-borne instrument operating in the Thermal InfraRed domain providing, in clear sky conditions, N2O mixing ratio in the lowermost atmosphere (900 hPa) under favorable conditions (summer daytime) over land and under favorable and unfavorable (winter nighttime) conditions over the ocean and 2) an atmospheric inversion framework to estimate N2O surface fluxes from the atmospheric satellite observations. After studying three N2O spectral bands (B1 at 1240–1350 cm−1, B2 at 2150–2260 cm−1 and B3 at 2400–2600 cm−1), a new TIR instrument will be developed, centered at 1250–1330 cm−1, with a resolution of 0.125 cm−1, a Full Width at Half Maximum of 0.25 cm−1 and a swath of 300 km. To optimally constrain the retrieval of N2O vertical profiles, the instrument will be on-board a platform at ~830 km altitude in a sun-synchronous orbit crossing the Equator in descending node at 09:30 local time in synergy with two other platforms (Metop-SG and Sentinel-2 NG) expected to fly in 2031–32 aiming at detecting surface properties, agricultural information on the field scale and vertical profiles of atmospheric constituents and temperature. The lifetime of the MIN2OS project would be 4–5 years to study the interannual variability of N2O surface fluxes. The spectral noise can be decreased by at least a factor of 5 compared to the lowest noise accessible to date with the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer-New Generation (IASI-NG) mission. The N2O total error is expected to be less than ~1% (~3 ppbv) along the vertical. The preliminary design of the MIN2OS project results in a small instrument (payload of 90 kg, volume of 1200 × 600 × 300 mm3) with, in addition to the spectrometer, a wide field and 1-km resolution imager for cloud detection. The instruments could be hosted on a small platform, the whole satellite being largely compatible with a dual launch on VEGA-C. The MIN2OS project has been submitted to the European Space Agency Earth Explorer 11 mission ideas.

Published
2021

8. Towards understanding the mechanisms of new particle formation in the Eastern Mediterranean

Author

Aliki Christodoulou, Lubna Dada, Elie Bimenyimana, Juha Kangasluoma, Kimmo Neitola, Jean Sciare, Lauri Ahonen, Rima Baalbaki, Anne Maisser, Tuija Jokinen, Katrianne Lehtipalo, George Biskos, Florin Unga, Michael Pikridas, Markku Kulmala, S. Bezantakos, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Chrysanthos Savvides, Tiia Laurila, and Tuukka Petäjä

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Particle (ecology), Seasonality, Atmospheric sciences, medicine.disease, 01 natural sciences, Trace gas, Aerosol, Eastern mediterranean, 13. Climate action, Ultrafine particle, medicine, Environmental science, Desert dust, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

To quantify the contribution of new particle formation (NPF) to ultrafine particle number and CCN budgets, one has to understand the mechanisms that govern NPF in different environments and its temporal extent. Here, we study NPF in Cyprus, an Eastern Mediterranean country located at the crossroads of three continents. We performed one-year continuous measurements of aerosol particles down to ~ 1 nm in diameter, for the first time in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region. These measurements were complemented with trace gas data, meteorological variables and retroplume analysis. We show that NPF is a very frequent phenomenon at this site and has higher frequencies of occurrence during spring and autumn. NPF events were both of local and regional origin, and the local events occurred frequently during the month with the lowest NPF frequency. Some NPF events exhibited multiple onsets, while others exhibited particle apparent shrinkage in size. Additionally, NPF events were observed during the night-time and during episodes of high desert dust loadings. Particle formation rates and growth rates were comparable to those in urban environments, although our site is a rural one. Meteorological variables and trace gases played a role in explaining the intra-monthly variability of NPF events, but did not explain why summer month had the least NPF frequency. Similarly, pre-existing aerosol loading did not explain the observed seasonality. The month with the least NPF frequency were associated with higher H2SO4 concentrations but lower NOx concentration, which is an indicator of anthropogenic influence. Air masses arriving from the Middle East were not observed during these month, which could suggest that precursor vapors important for nucleation and growth are transported to our site from the Middle East. Further comprehensive measurements of precursor vapors are required to prove this hypothesis.

Published
2020

9. Improvement of a low-cost CO2 commercial NDIR sensor for UAV atmospheric profiling applications

Author

Pierre-Yves Quehe, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Andreas Leonidou, Christos Constantinides, Jean-Daniel Paris, Philippe Bousquet, Yunsong Liu, Olivier Laurent, Marios Argyrides, Neoclis Hadjigeorgiou, Carole Philippon, Jean Sciare, Panayiota Antoniou, Dylan Desbree, Christos Keleshis, and Panagiotis Vouterakos

Subjects
Profiling (computer programming), business.industry, Environmental science, Process engineering, business
Abstract

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to fill in gaps in greenhouse gases (GHG) observations by providing high-resolution vertical profiling, horizontal mapping of fluxes and 3D measurements close to the ground. UAVs can ultimately allow better characterizing the spatial distribution of various GHG sources and sinks. To achieve these goals, important efforts are currently put towards the development of compact, lightweight, low powered and highly accurate GHG sensors on UAVs.This study aims to develop and validate a UAV-CO2 sensor system to map specific source emissions close to the ground. The CO2 sensor used here is the High-Performance Platform (HPP 3.2, SenseAir AB) of a total weight 1058g including battery. Prior to its integration in the UAV, the CO2 sensor accuracy and linearity tests were performed in the laboratory. Allan Deviation showed the sensor precision to be within ±1ppm at 1 Hz. Corrections due to temperature and pressure changes were performed using specific formulas obtained from chamber experiments. Field (manned aircraft) tests were performed, where the P/T correction equations were evaluated for two CO2 sensors which were compared against an airborne reference instrument (Picarro G2401-m). After laboratory tests and field deployment, the HPP CO2 sensor was integrated into a small fixed-wing UAV with a wingspan of 1.83m and customized avionics and payload developed by the Unmanned Systems Research Laboratory of the Cyprus Institute performed successful atmospheric profiling below/above the boundary layer, at an agricultural site in Cyprus. This HPP CO2 sensor is also to be integrated in a quad-copter for vertical take-off ＆ landing (VTOL) in urban environments to execute intensive (every 20-min) atmospheric profiling (0-1km altitude) over the city of Nicosia (Cyprus). These flights provide us with useful insights into the CO2 vertical distribution within the planetary boundary layer (and above) for different (remote/urban) regions in Cyprus.

Published
2020

10. Qualification of the Alphasense Optical Particle Counter for Inline Air Quality Monitoring

Author

Panayiota Antoniou, K. Barmpounis, George Biskos, Jean Sciare, Christos Keleshis, Panagiotis Vouterakos, M. Costi, and S. Bezantakos

Subjects
Air quality monitoring, stomatognathic diseases, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nuclear engineering, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, General Materials Science, 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Particle counter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The Alphasense optical particle counter (OPC) provides a low-cost and lightweight solution for measurements of the size and number concentration of airborne particulate matter (PM). The micro fan with which it is originally equipped cannot, however, achieve a high enough pressure differential for maintaining an adequate flow rate when connected to sampling/pretreatment aerosol lines, limiting its use for air quality monitoring. Here, we propose a simple modification on the sample flow system that enables the connection of the Alphasense OPC with sampling/pretreatment lines (e.g., dryers) commonly employed on ground observational sites, as well as its use onboard Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs). Tests of the modified OPC using monodisperse polystyrene spherical (PS) particles having sizes between 0.8 and 2.5 μm show that both the sizing and counting performance of the modified instrument is in agreement with that of a calibrated reference OPC at concentrations from ca. 50 to 800 #/ml, which are typically encountered in the atmosphere in that size range. For particle number concentrations below or above this range, we observed a concentration-dependent counting efficiency, which can be corrected using a polynomial function derived from our measurements. Tests conducted under reduced pressure and temperature conditions demonstrate the capability of the modified OPC for accurately (i.e., within 13% deviation from the reference measurements) determining the size and number concentration of the sampled particles. The tests reported in this work show that the proposed modification can qualify the Alphasense OPC for use in both ground and aerial observations without affecting its performance, and at the same time maintaining its strongly desired characteristics (i.e., cost effectiveness and high portability). Copyright © 2020 American Association for Aerosol Research

Published
2020
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11. Spatial and temporal (short and long-term) variability of submicron, fine and sub-10 μm particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) in Cyprus

Author

Nikos Mihalopoulos, E. Vasiliadou, Chrysanthos Savvides, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Michael Pikridas, Savvas Kleanthous, Jean Sciare, and Christos Kizas

Subjects
Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Industrial area, 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Eastern mediterranean, Environmental science, Mass concentration (chemistry), East mediterranean, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, media_common
Abstract

Long-term particulate matter (PM) mass concentration measurements have been performed in Cyprus at three major cities, one industrial area and two remote stations covering the entire southern part of the island in an effort to assess; i) the spatial and temporal variability of sub-10 μm (PM10), fine (PM2.5) and submicron (PM1) particulate matter in the eastern Mediterranean, ii) the main source areas contributing to their levels and iii) the relative contribution of regional and local anthropogenic and natural sources to PM levels. It was found that dust is responsible for the 33.6 ± 5.2% or about 10 μg m−3 of the annual PM10 levels reported in background stations; the latter underlines the significant contribution of natural sources on the ambient PM10 amounts in the eastern Mediterranean region. A significant (p

Published
2018

12. The new TC-BC method and online instrument for the measurement of carbonaceous aerosols

Author

Anthony D. A. Hansen, Irena Kranjc, Judita Burger, Athanasia Vlachou, Martin Rigler, Jean Sciare, Janja Turšič, Jean Luc Jaffrezo, Griša Močnik, André S. H. Prévôt, Luka Drinovec, Gašper Lavrič, and Iasonas Stavroulas

Subjects
Detection limit, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Carbon black, 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, Aethalometer, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Volumetric flow rate, chemistry, Environmental science, Pyrolytic carbon, Carbon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We present the newly developed Total Carbon Analyzer (TCA08), and a new method for online speciation of carbonaceous aerosol with a high time resolution. The total carbon content is determined by flash heating of a sample collected on a quartz-fiber filter with a time base between 20 min and 24 h. The limit of detection is approximately 0.3 μgC, which corresponds to a concentration of 0.3 μgC/m3 at a sample flow rate of 16.7 LPM and a 1-hour sampling time base. The concentration of particulate organic carbon (OC) is determined by subtracting black carbon concentration, concurrently measured optically by an Aethalometer®, from the total carbon concentration measured by the TCA08. The combination of TCA08 and Aethalometer (AE33) is an easy-to-deploy and low maintenance continuous measurement technique for the high time resolution determination of organic and elemental carbon (EC) in different particulate matter size fractions, which avoids pyrolytic correction and need for high purity compressed gases. The equivalence of this new online method to the standardized off-line thermo-optical OC-EC methods was evaluated during a winter field campaign at an urban background location in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The organic matter-to-organic carbon ratio obtained from the comparison with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) was OM/OC = 1.8, in the expected range.

Published
2019

13. Large-scale particulate air pollution and chemical fingerprint of volcanic sulfate aerosols from the 2014-2015 Holuhraun flood lava eruption of Bardarbunga volcano (Iceland)

Author

Colette Brogniez, Jean Sciare, Philippe Goloub, Yunjiang Zhang, Emmanuel Tison, Véronique Riffault, Hervé Delbarre, Nathalie Pujol-Söhne, Olivier Favez, Marie Boichu, Isabelle Chiapello, Jean-Eudes Petit, Shouwen Zhang, and Lieven Clarisse

Subjects
Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Lava, media_common.quotation_subject, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Sulfate, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Particulates, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:QD1-999, Volcano, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, Sciences exactes et naturelles
Abstract

Volcanic sulfate aerosols play a key role in air quality and climate. However, the rate of oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) precursor gas to sulfate aerosols (SO42-) in volcanic plumes is poorly known, especially in the troposphere. Here we determine the chemical speciation as well as the intensity and temporal persistence of the impact on air quality of sulfate aerosols from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun flood lava eruption of Icelandic volcano Bárðarbunga. To do so, we jointly analyse a set of SO2 observations from satellite (OMPS and IASI) and ground-level measurements from air quality monitoring stations together with high temporal resolution mass spectrometry measurements of an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) performed far from the volcanic source. We explore month/year long ACSM data in France from stations in contrasting environments, close and far from industrial sulfur-rich activities. We demonstrate that volcanic sulfate aerosols exhibit a distinct chemical signature in urban/rural conditions, with NO3:SO4 mass concentration ratios lower than for non-volcanic background aerosols. These results are supported by thermodynamic simulations of aerosol composition, using the ISORROPIA II model, which show that ammonium sulfate aerosols are preferentially formed at a high concentration of sulfate, leading to a decrease in the production of particulate ammonium nitrate. Such a chemical signature is however more difficult to identify at heavily polluted industrial sites due to a high level of background noise in sulfur. Nevertheless, aged volcanic sulfates can be distinguished from freshly emitted industrial sulfates according to their contrasting degree of anion neutralization. Combining AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) sunphotometric data with ACSM observations, we also show a long persistence over weeks of pollution in volcanic sulfate aerosols, while SO2 pollution disappears in a few days at most. Finally, gathering 6-month long datasets from 27 sulfur monitoring stations of the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) network allows us to demonstrate a much broader large-scale European pollution, in both SO2 and SO4, associated with the Holuhraun eruption, from Scandinavia to France. While widespread SO2 anomalies, with ground-level mass concentrations far exceeding background values, almost entirely result from the volcanic source, the origin of sulfate aerosols is more complex. Using a multi-site concentration-weighted trajectory analysis, emissions from the Holuhraun eruption are shown to be one of the main sources of SO4 at all EMEP sites across Europe and can be distinguished from anthropogenic emissions from eastern Europe but also from Great Britain. A wide variability in SO2:SO4 mass concentration ratios, ranging from 0.8 to 8.0, is shown at several stations geographically dispersed at thousands of kilometres from the eruption site. Despite this apparent spatial complexity, we demonstrate that these mass oxidation ratios can be explained by a simple linear dependency on the age of the plume, with a SO2-to-SO4 oxidation rate of 0.23 h−1. Most current studies generally focus on SO2, an unambiguous and more readily measured marker of the volcanic plume. However, the long persistence of the chemical fingerprint of volcanic sulfate aerosols at continental scale, as shown for the Holuhraun eruption here, casts light on the impact of tropospheric eruptions and passive degassing activities on air quality, health, atmospheric chemistry and climate., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2019

14. Effects of Atmospheric Processing on the Oxidative Potential of Biomass Burning Organic Aerosols

Author

Maria Tsagkaraki, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Kalliopi Violaki, Rodney J. Weber, Maria Kanakidou, Jenny P. S. Wong, Jean Sciare, Athanasios Nenes, and Irini Tsiodra

Subjects
Ozone, respiratory health, Wood smoke, Oxidative phosphorylation, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemical-characterization, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adverse health effect, fine-particle emissions, fireplace combustion, Environmental Chemistry, air-pollution, ambient particles, Biomass, Biomass burning, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons, Aerosols, Air Pollutants, Greece, diesel exhaust, dithiothreitol dtt assay, General Chemistry, Dilution, Oxidative Stress, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Particulate Matter
Abstract

Oxidative potential (OP), which is the ability of certain components in atmospheric particles to generate reactive oxidative species (ROS) and deplete antioxidants in vivo, is a prevailing toxicological mechanism underlying the adverse health effects associated with exposure to ambient aerosols. While previous studies have identified the high OP of fresh biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA), it remains unclear how it evolves throughout atmospheric transport. Using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay as a measure of OP, a combination of field observations and laboratory experiments is used to determine how atmospheric aging transforms the intrinsic OP (OPmassDTT) of BBOA. For ambient BBOA collected during the fire seasons in Greece, OPmassDTT was observed to increase by a factor of 2.1 +/- 0.9 for samples of atmospheric ages up to 68 h. Laboratory experiments indicate that aqueous photochemical aging (aging by UVB and UVA photolysis; as well as 01-1 oxidation), as well as aging by ozone and atmospheric dilution can transform the OPmassDTT of the water-soluble fraction of wood smoke within 2 days of atmospheric transport. The results from this work suggest that the air quality impacts of biomass burning emissions can extend beyond regions near fire sites and should be accounted for.

Published
2019

15. Source apportionment of fine PM by combining high time resolution organic and inorganic chemical composition datasets

Author

Jean Sciare, Michael Pikridas, Giulia Calzolai, M. Berico, Ettore Petralia, Franco Lucarelli, Claudio A. Belis, Fabrizia Cavalli, Belis, C. A., Pikridas, M., Lucarelli, F., Petralia, E., Cavalli, F., Calzolai, G., Berico, M., and Sciare, J.

Subjects
Online and offline, Atmospheric Science, Source apportionment, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ammonium nitrate, Analyser, Mineralogy, lcsh:QC851-999, 010501 environmental sciences, Inorganic ions, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, On-line measurements, Particulate matter, Po valley, Positive matrix factorization, Receptor models, lcsh:Environmental pollution, On-line measurement, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Inorganic Chemical, Spectrometer, Aerosol, Chemical species, chemistry, lcsh:TD172-193.5, Environmental science, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, Receptor model, Source apportionment Particulate matter Po valley Receptor models Positive matrix factorization On-line measurements
Abstract

The use of high time resolution datasets of aerosol organic and inorganic species as input for receptor models poses a number of challenges. The estimation of uncertainties differ between different analytical methods and the number of chemical species may considerably vary among the different techniques. In this study, an approach to harmonise the uncertainties of different online datasets for their combined use in source apportionment with positive matrix factorization (PMF) is presented. The concentration of inorganic ions, organic fragments and trace elements were measured in a Po Valley background site using offline and online methods. Six-hour PM 2.5 samples were collected on filters and chemical analyses were carried out offline. Parallel hourly online measurements were made using the Xact 625 (CES LLC) XRF analyser and the Q-ACSM (Aerodyne Research Inc.) spectrometer.Online and offline methods produced comparable results for the major chemical component and some trace elements, while others (Ba, Ni, As and Se) showed limited comparability between the two methods. To ensure the consistency of the final PMF results, a multistep approach was adopted. In the first step PMF was run with only the offline dataset, in the second step only the online organic data were used and in a third step the PMF run was executed using only the online inorganic species. In the first three steps running PMF with homogeneous data made it possible to identify the main sources and produce chemical profiles to be used as internal reference for the final fourth step in which all the online species (major inorganic ions, m/z of organic fragments and trace elements) were combined. The sources of the final solution were developed using internally consistent chemical profiles and those from the literature and were validated by analysing the source diurnal variations and by comparison with external tracers. The sources identified were: biomass burning, aged biomass burning, secondary ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, traffic, steel industry and waste thermal treatment. The source profiles with a large set of organic and inorganic species (87) and associated source diurnal variations resulting from this study are expected to serve as reference for future studies. Keywords: Source apportionment, Particulate matter, Po valley, Receptor models, Positive matrix factorization, On-line measurements

Published
2019

16. Evidence of major secondary organic aerosol contribution to lensing effect black carbon absorption enhancement

Author

Francesco Canonaco, Dantong Liu, Alexandre Albinet, Tanguy Amodeo, Yunjiang Zhang, Jean Sciare, André S. H. Prévôt, Olivier Favez, Valérie Gros, Griša Močnik, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global warming, Carbon black, 010501 environmental sciences, lcsh:QC851-999, Combustion, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, 13. Climate action, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Particle, Climate model, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Air quality index, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Atmospheric black carbon (BC) has a strong positive, but still controversial, effect on global warming. In particular, BC absorption enhancement (Eabs) due to internal mixing with other chemical species—so-called lensing effect—is poorly assessed. This bottleneck partly relies on the lack of long-term in situ measurements of both the optical and chemical properties of BC-containing particles. Here, we present experimental and computational results showing a significant Eabs increase with the aerosol photochemical aging. This was associated with the production of highly oxidized secondary organic aerosols (SOA), especially at summertime. The 3-year-long continuous aerosol chemical and optical measurements used for the present study was obtained in the Paris region, France, which might be representative of near-future air quality within developing countries. These findings suggest that SOA could represent one of the most critical chemical species to be considered within climate models. Tiny remnants of combustion, known as black carbon, absorb solar radiation and warm the atmosphere—an effect that can be doubled by “lensing” from secondary organic aerosols. A multi-institution team led by Olivier Favez at the Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques conducted a three-year observational and modeling study near Paris. The researchers tested a range of atmospheric constituents and found that secondary organic aerosols—adhered to black carbon particles—are the most important determinant of the enhanced warming. The aerosols are produced by photochemical reactions with a wide variety of natural and human-produced volatile organic compounds, and act to focus solar radiation to the core of the black carbon particle, especially during the particle aging process during summer. The findings—although specific to Paris—provide insights into the specific compounds leading to enhanced warming, and reveal the most effective targets for remediating their effect.

Published
2018

17. Spatiotemporal variability and sources of aerosol water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON), in the Eastern Mediterranean

Author

Evanthia Vargiakaki, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Georgios Grivas, Jean Sciare, Chrysanthos Savvides, Maria Tsagkaraki, and C. Theodosi

Subjects
Total organic carbon, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Nitrogen, Aerosol, chemistry.chemical_compound, Eastern mediterranean, Nitrate, chemistry, Total nitrogen, Environmental science, Ammonium, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

This study aims to characterize the variability and sources of water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in aerosol over Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean. Measurements of PM10 particles were conducted during the calendar year of 2011 at two sites, located at a roadside location in Nicosia (urban traffic) and in the rural area of Agia Marina Xyliatou (regional background). Filter samples were analyzed for water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN), nitrate and ammonium, to determine WSON. Additional analyses were performed, for water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), major ions and trace metals. Annual mean WSON concentrations of 0.20 and 0.16 μgN m−3 were determined at the urban traffic and regional background sites, respectively. The organic fraction of WSTN was about 20%, with limited inter-site and seasonal variability. Distinct seasonal patterns were observed at the two sites, with warm-period concentrations being significantly higher at the regional background site, while the enhanced local emissions during winter at the traffic site smoothed out the observed variability. Mean WSON/WSOC ratios of 0.09–0.12 were calculated at the two sites, with the two parameters being weakly correlated. A roadside WSON enhancement was verified, although moderate on an annual basis (9%). However, concentrations in Nicosia were more than one time higher than the background during winter. The observed temporal and inter-site variability highlighted the necessity of source apportionment, which was performed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling, utilizing the analytical datasets at the two sites. In this way, the estimated contribution of regional transport of processed aerosols was found to be more pronounced at the regional background site (59% vs. 38%), while a sizeable input (35%) was linked to vehicular emissions at the traffic site. An additional anthropogenic impact, probably related to biomass burning, was estimated at both sites (16%), while contributions of natural sources like mineral dust (4–8%) and marine aerosol (2–3%) were smaller.

Published
2021

18. Model Calculations of Aerosol Transmission and Infection Risk of COVID-19 in Indoor Environments

Author

Hang Su, Frank Helleis, Gerald H. Haug, Jos Lelieveld, Thomas Klimach, Yafang Cheng, Jean Sciare, Frank Drewnick, Ulrich Pöschl, and Stephan Borrmann

Subjects
Infection risk, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), aerosol particles, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Pneumonia, Viral, Air Microbiology, lcsh:Medicine, SARS-CoV-2 virus, indoor environment, 010501 environmental sciences, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Airborne transmission, Article, law.invention, Betacoronavirus, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, HEPA, law, Environmental health, Humans, airborne transmission, 030212 general & internal medicine, infection risk, Pandemics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Aerosols, SARS-CoV-2, fungi, lcsh:R, Masks, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, Aerosol particles, Indoor environment, respiratory system, Models, Theoretical, Ventilation, Aerosol, Transmission (mechanics), Ventilation (architecture), Environmental science, Coronavirus Infections, Algorithms, Filtration
Abstract

The role of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 viruses in airborne transmission of COVID-19 has been debated. The aerosols are transmitted through breathing and vocalization by infectious subjects. Some authors state that this represents the dominant route of spreading, while others dismiss the option. Here we present an adjustable algorithm to estimate the infection risk for different indoor environments, constrained by published data of human aerosol emissions, SARS-CoV-2 viral loads, infective dose and other parameters. We evaluate typical indoor settings such as an office, a classroom, choir practice, and a reception/party. Our results suggest that aerosols from highly infective subjects can effectively transmit COVID-19 in indoor environments. This &ldquo, highly infective&rdquo, category represents approximately 20% of the patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. We find that &ldquo, super infective&rdquo, subjects, representing the top 5&ndash, 10% of subjects with a positive test, plus an unknown fraction of less&mdash, but still highly infective, high aerosol-emitting subjects&mdash, may cause COVID-19 clusters (&gt, 10 infections). In general, active room ventilation and the ubiquitous wearing of face masks (i.e., by all subjects) may reduce the individual infection risk by a factor of five to ten, similar to high-volume, high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtering. A particularly effective mitigation measure is the use of high-quality masks, which can drastically reduce the indoor infection risk through aerosols.

Published
2020

19. LOAC: a small aerosol optical counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements of the size distribution and nature of atmospheric particles – Part 2: First results from balloon and unmanned aerial vehicle flights

Author

Rony Akiki, Nicolas Verdier, Jean-Charles Dupont, C. Camy-Peyret, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Jean Sciare, Haraldur Ólafsson, Eric Hamonou, Tjarda Roberts, Gwenaël Berthet, François Gensdarmes, Damien Vignelles, Vincent Duverger, Matthew Salter, Matthieu Gobbi, Thierry Tonnelier, Martin Piringer, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Matthieu Jeannot, Paul Zieger, Daniel Daugeron, Thierry Elias, Patrick Charpentier, Thibaut Lurton, Thierry Décamps, Jérôme Giacomoni, Benoit Couté, Jérémy Surcin, Samuel Mesmin, Marc Mallet, Vincent Crenn, François Dulac, Christophe Mazel, Fabrice Jégou, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnement SA, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service du Confinement et de l'Aérodispersion des polluants (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), MeteoModem, Ury, MeteoModem, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), HYGEOS (SARL), Stockholm University, Groupe Aerophile, University of Iceland [Reykjavik], Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fly-n-Sense, Mérignac, Fly-n-Sense, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, IRSN, PSN-RES, SCA, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université d’Auvergne/LPC2E, ANR-10-LABX-100-01/10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Mineral dust, Balloon, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Aerosol, Troposphere, Ground level, Depth sounding, 13. Climate action, ChArMEx, 0103 physical sciences, Environmental science, Particle, lcsh:TA170-171, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Particle counter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract

International audience; In the companion (Part I) paper, we have described and evaluated a new versatile optical particle counter/sizer named LOAC (Light Optical Aerosol Counter), based on scattering measurements at angles of 12 and 60 •. That allows for some typology identification of particles (droplets, carbonaceous, salts, and mineral dust) in addition to size-segregated counting in a large diameter range from 0.2 µm up to possibly more than 100 µm depending on sampling conditions (Renard et al., 2016). Its capabilities overpass those of preceding optical particle counters (OPCs) allowing the characterization of all kind of aerosols from submicronic-sized absorbing carbonaceous particles in polluted air to very coarse particles (> 10–20 µm in diameter) in desert dust plumes or fog and clouds. LOAC's light and compact design allows measurements under all kinds of balloons , on-board unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and at Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 3674 J.-B. Renard et al.: LOAC: a counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements – Part 2 ground level. We illustrate here the first LOAC airborne results obtained from a UAV and a variety of scientific balloons. The UAV was deployed in a peri-urban environment near Bordeaux in France. Balloon operations include (i) tethered balloons deployed in urban environments in Vi-enna (Austria) and Paris (France), (ii) pressurized balloons drifting in the lower troposphere over the western Mediter-ranean (during the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment – ChArMEx campaigns), (iii) meteorological sounding balloons launched in the western Mediterranean region (ChArMEx) and from Aire-sur-l'Adour in southwestern France (VOLTAIRE-LOAC campaign). More focus is put on measurements performed in the Mediterranean during (ChArMEx) and especially during African dust transport events to illustrate the original capability of balloon-borne LOAC to monitor in situ coarse mineral dust particles. In particular, LOAC has detected unexpected large particles in desert sand plumes.

Published
2016

20. Long-term variability, source apportionment and spectral properties of black carbon at an urban background site in Athens, Greece

Author

Umesh Chandra Dumka, Evangelos Gerasopoulos, Iasonas Stavroulas, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Dimitris G. Kaskaoutis, K. Oikonomou, Maria Tsagkaraki, Jean Sciare, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Georgios Grivas, Eleni Liakakou, and Despina Paraskevopoulou

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Evening, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Carbon black, 010501 environmental sciences, Seasonality, Atmospheric sciences, Aethalometer, medicine.disease, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Diurnal cycle, medicine, Environmental science, Precipitation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Morning
Abstract

This study aims to delineate the characteristics of Black Carbon (BC) in the atmosphere over Athens, Greece, using 4-year (May 2015–April 2019) Aethalometer (AE-33) measurements. The average BC concentration is 1.9 ± 2.5 μg m−3 (ranging from 0.1 to 32.7 μg m−3; hourly values), with a well-defined seasonality from 1.3 ± 1.1 μg m−3 in summer to 3.0 ± 4.0 μg m−3 in winter. Pronounced morning and evening/night peaks are found in the BC concentrations in winter, while during the rest of the seasons, this diurnal cycle appears to flatten out, with the exception of the morning traffic peak. On an annual basis, the biomass-burning fraction (BB%) of BC accounts for 22 ± 12%, while the fossil-fuel combustion (BCff) component (traffic emissions and domestic heating) dominates during summer (83%) and in the morning hours. BCwb exhibits higher contribution in winter (32%), especially during the night hours (39%). BC levels are effectively reduced by precipitation, while they significantly build-up for wind speeds

Published
2020

21. Vertical profiles of aerosol mass concentrations observed during dust events by unmanned airborne in-situ and remote sensing instruments

Author

Eleni Marinou, Ronny Engelmann, Michael Kottas, Jean Sciare, Christos Keleshis, Panagiotis Kokkalis, Albert Ansmann, Alexandra Tsekeri, Michael Pikridas, Ioannis Binietoglou, George Biskos, Vassilis Amiridis, Herman Russchenberg, Dimitra Mamali, and Holger Baars

Subjects
Lidar, Experimental uncertainty analysis, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Mass concentration (chemistry), Climate model, Ranging, Mineral dust, Particle counter, Remote sensing, Aerosol
Abstract

In-situ measurements using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and remote sensing observations can independently provide dense vertically-resolved measurements of atmospheric aerosols; information which is highly required in climate models. In both cases, inverting the recorded signals to useful information requires assumptions and constraints, and this can make the comparison of the results difficult. Here we compare, for the first time, vertical profiles of the aerosol mass concentration derived from Light Detection And Ranging (lidar) observations and in-situ measurements using an Optical Particle Counter (OPC) onboard a UAV during moderate and weak Saharan dust episodes. Agreement between the two measurement methods was within experimental uncertainty for the coarse-mode (i.e., particles having radii > 0.5 μm) where the properties of dust particles can be assumed with good accuracy. This result proves that the two techniques can be used interchangeably for determining the vertical profiles of the aerosol concentrations, bringing them a step closer towards their systematic exploitation in climate models.

Published
2018

22. Retrieval of ice nucleating particle concentrations from lidar observations: Comparison with airborne in-situ measurements from UAVs

Author

Ronny Engelmann, Silke Groβ, Eleni Marinou, Holger Baars, Jean Sciare, Vassilis Amiridis, Kalliopi-Artemis Voudouri, Dimitra Mamali, Michael Pikridas, Albert Ansmann, Matthias Tesche, Alexandra Tsekeri, Athanasios Nenes, Stavros Solomos, and Jann Schrod

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Particle number, Nucleation, Mineral dust, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Trace gas, Lidar, Deposition (aerosol physics), 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Parametrization (atmospheric modeling), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Aerosols that are efficient ice nucleating particles (INPs) are crucial for the formation of cloud ice via heterogeneous nucleation in the atmosphere. The distribution of INPs on a large spatial scale and as a function of height determines their impact on clouds and climate. However, in-situ measurements of INPs provide sparse coverage over space and time. A promising approach to address this gap is to retrieve INP concentration profiles by combining particle concentration profiles derived by lidar measurements with INP efficiency parametrization for different freezing mechanisms (immersion freezing, deposition nucleation). Here, we assess the feasibility of this new method for both ground-based and space-borne lidar measurements, using airborne in-situ observations from an experimental campaign at Cyprus in April 2016. Analyzing five case studies we calculated the particle number concentrations using lidar measurements (with an uncertainty of 20 to 100 %) and we assessed the suitability of the different INP parameterizations with respect to the temperature range and the type of particles considered. Specifically, our analysis suggests that the parametrization of Ullrich et al. (2017) (applicable for the temperature range −50 °C to −33 °C) agree within 1 order of magnitude with the in-situ observations of nINP and can efficiently address the deposition nucleation pathway in dust-dominated environments. Additionally, the combination of the parameterizations of DeMott et al. (2015) and DeMott et al. (2010) (applicable 15 for the temperature range −35 °C to −9 °C) agree within 2 orders of magnitude with the in-situ observations of nINP and can efficiently address the immersion/condensation pathway of dust and continental/anthropogenic particles. The same conclusion is derived from the compilation of the parameterizations of DeMott et al. (2015) for dust and Ullrich et al. (2017) for soot. Furthermore, we applied this methodology to estimate the INP concentration profiles before and after a cloud formation, indicating the seeding role of the particles and their subsequent impact on cloud formation and characteristics. More synergistic data-sets are expected to become available in the future from EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar NETwork) and in the frame of the European ACTRIS-RI (Aerosols, Clouds and Trace gases Research Infrastructure). Our analysis shown that the developed techniques, when applied on CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) space-born lidar observations, are in very good agreement with the in-situ measurements. This study give us confidence for the production of global 3D products of n250,dry, Sdry and nINP using the CALIPSO 13-yrs dataset. This could provide valuable insight into global height-resolved distribution of INP concentrations related to mineral dust, and possibly other aerosol types.

Published
2018
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23. Driving parameters of biogenic volatile organic compounds and consequences on new particle formation observed at an eastern Mediterranean background site

Author

Isabelle Fronval, Thierry Léonardis, Valérie Gros, Karine Sellegri, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Jean Sciare, Stéphane Sauvage, Michael Pikridas, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Vincent Gaudion, Laurence Depelchin, Iasonas Stavroulas, Nadine Locoge, Dominique Baisnée, Bernard Bonsang, Chrysanthos Savvides, Cécile Debevec, Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE - IMT Nord Europe), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Nord Europe), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Air Quality Section, Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Pinene, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, TRACER, Environmental chemistry, ChArMEx, Environmental science, Relative humidity, Particle size, Precipitation, Sulfate, lcsh:Physics, Isoprene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

As a part of the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment (ChArMEx) and Cyprus Aerosols and Gas Precursors (ENVI-Med CyAr) programs, this study aims primarily to provide an improved understanding of the sources and the fate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the eastern Mediterranean. More than 60 VOCs, including biogenic species (isoprene and eight monoterpenes) and oxygenated VOCs, were measured during a 1-month intensive field campaign performed in March 2015 at the Cyprus Atmospheric Observatory (CAO), a regional background site in Cyprus. VOC measurements were conducted using complementary online and offline techniques. Biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) were principally imputed to local sources and characterized by compound-specific daily cycles such as diurnal maximum for isoprene and nocturnal maximum for α- and β-pinenes, in connection with the variability of emission sources. The simultaneous study of pinene and isoprene temporal evolution and meteorological parameters has shown that BVOC emissions were mainly controlled by ambient temperature, precipitation and relative humidity. It was found that isoprene daytime emissions at CAO depended on temperature and solar radiation changes, whereas nocturnal BVOC concentrations (e.g., from oak and pine forests) were more prone to the relative humidity and temperature changes. Significant changes in monoterpene mixing ratios occurred during and after rainfall. The second part of the study focused on new particle formation (NPF) events at CAO. BVOCs are known to potentially play a role in the growth as well as in the early stages of formation of new atmospheric particles. Based on observations of the particle size distribution performed with a differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS) and the total number concentrations of particles larger than 1 nm diameter measured by particle size magnifier (PSM), NPF events were found on 14 out of 20 days of the field campaign. For all possible proxy parameters (meteorological parameters, calculated H2SO4 and measured gaseous compounds) having a role in NPF, we present daily variations of different classes during nucleation event and non-event days. NPF can occur at various condensational sink (CS) values and both under polluted and clean atmospheric conditions. High H2SO4 concentrations coupled with high BVOC concentrations seemed to be one of the most favorable conditions to observe NPF at CAO in March 2015. NPF event days were characterized by either (1) a predominant anthropogenic influence (high concentrations of anthropogenic source tracers observed), (2) a predominant biogenic influence (high BVOC concentrations coupled with low anthropogenic tracer concentrations), (3) a mixed influence (high BVOC concentrations coupled with high anthropogenic tracer concentrations) and (4) a marine influence (both low BVOC and anthropogenic tracer concentrations). More pronounced NPF events were identified during mixed anthropogenic–biogenic conditions compared to the pure anthropogenic or biogenic ones, for the same levels of precursors. Analysis of a specific NPF period of the mixed influence type highlighted that BVOC interactions with anthropogenic compounds enhanced nucleation formation and growth of newly formed particles. During this period, the nucleation-mode particles may be formed by the combination of high H2SO4 and isoprene amounts, under favorable meteorological conditions (high temperature and solar radiation and low relative humidity) along with low CS. During the daytime, growth of the newly formed particles, not only sulfate but also oxygen-like organic aerosol (OOA) mass contributions, increased in the particle phase. High BVOC concentrations were observed during the night following NPF events, accompanied by an increase in CS and in semi-volatile OOA contributions, suggesting further BVOC contribution to aerosol nighttime growth by condensing onto pre-existing aerosols.

Published
2018

24. In situ formation and spatial variability of particle number concentration in a European megacity

Author

G. J. Engelhart, S.-L. von der Weiden-Reinmüller, Tuukka Petäjä, Agnès Borbon, Evangelia Kostenidou, André S. H. Prévôt, A. Wiedensohler, Matthias Beekmann, Monica Crippa, Lea Hildebrandt, Maik Merkel, Spyros N. Pandis, Markku Kulmala, Magda Psichoudaki, Frank Drewnick, Michael Pikridas, Suzanne Crumeyrolle, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, F. Freutel, Jean Sciare, Urs Baltensperger, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FOCUS GmbH, D-65510 Hunstetten, Germany, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Department of Physics [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Département d'Anatomo-pathologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Antoine Béclère [Clamart], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Hôpital Antoine Béclère

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Particle number, FORMATION EVENTS, LONG-TERM MEASUREMENTS, Atmospheric pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Climate effects, Sink (geography), TRACE GAS MEASUREMENTS, lcsh:Chemistry, SIZE-DISTRIBUTION DATA, LUNG-CANCER, ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES, SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL, 11. Sustainability, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, NUCLEATION MODE PARTICLES, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION, Particulate air pollution, lcsh:QC1-999, Plume, Megacity, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Spatial variability, PARIS METROPOLITAN-AREA, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Ambient particle number size distributions were measured in Paris, France, during summer (1–31 July 2009) and winter (15 January to 15 February 2010) at three fixed ground sites and using two mobile laboratories and one airplane. The campaigns were part of the Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation (MEGAPOLI) project. New particle formation (NPF) was observed only during summer on approximately 50 % of the campaign days, assisted by the low condensation sink (about 10.7 ± 5.9 × 10−3 s−1). NPF events inside the Paris plume were also observed at 600 m altitude onboard an aircraft simultaneously with regional events identified on the ground. Increased particle number concentrations were measured aloft also outside of the Paris plume at the same altitude, and were attributed to NPF. The Paris plume was identified, based on increased particle number and black carbon concentration, up to 200 km away from the Paris center during summer. The number concentration of particles with diameters exceeding 2.5 nm measured on the surface at the Paris center was on average 6.9 ± 8.7 × 104 and 12.1 ± 8.6 × 104 cm−3 during summer and winter, respectively, and was found to decrease exponentially with distance from Paris. However, further than 30 km from the city center, the particle number concentration at the surface was similar during both campaigns. During summer, one suburban site in the NE was not significantly affected by Paris emissions due to higher background number concentrations, while the particle number concentration at the second suburban site in the SW increased by a factor of 3 when it was downwind of Paris.

Published
2015

25. Optical, physical and chemical properties of aerosols transported to a coastal site in the western Mediterranean: a focus on primary marine aerosols

Author

Bastien Sauvage, Marc Mallet, M Claeys, Jovanna Arndt, John C. Wenger, Karine Sellegri, Greg Roberts, Jean Sciare, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environmental Research Institute [Cork] (ERI), University College Cork (UCC), Department of Chemistry [Cork], Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aptel, Florence, Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, lcsh:Chemistry, Atmosphere, Mass concentration (chemistry), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Sea salt aerosol, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, lcsh:QC1-999, AERONET, Aerosol, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, ChArMEx, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

As part of the ChArMEx-ADRIMED campaign (summer 2013), ground-based in situ observations were conducted at the Ersa site (northern tip of Corsica; 533 m a.s.l.) to characterise the optical, physical and chemical properties of aerosols. During the observation period, a major influence of primary marine aerosols was detected (22–26 June), with a mass concentration reaching up to 6.5 µg m−3 and representing more than 40 % of the total PM10 mass concentration. Its relatively low ratio of chloride to sodium (average of 0.57) indicates a fairly aged sea salt aerosol at Ersa. In this work, an original data set, obtained from online real-time instruments (ATOFMS, PILS-IC) has been used to characterise the ageing of primary marine aerosols (PMAs). During this PMA period, the mixing of fresh and aged PMAs was found to originate from both local and regional (Gulf of Lion) emissions, according to local wind measurements and FLEXPART back trajectories. Two different aerosol regimes have been identified: a dust outbreak (dust) originating from Algeria/Tunisia, and a pollution period with aerosols originating from eastern Europe, which includes anthropogenic and biomass burning sources (BBP). The optical, physical and chemical properties of the observed aerosols, as well as their local shortwave (SW) direct radiative effect (DRE) in clear-sky conditions, are compared for these three periods in order to assess the importance of the direct radiative impact of PMAs compared to other sources above the western Mediterranean Basin. As expected, AERONET retrievals indicate a relatively low local SW DRF during the PMA period with mean values of −11 ± 4 at the surface and −8 ± 3 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). In comparison, our results indicate that the dust outbreak observed at our site during the campaign, although of moderate intensity (AOD of 0.3–0.4 at 440 nm and column-integrated SSA of 0.90–0.95), induced a local instantaneous SW DRF that is nearly 3 times the effect calculated during the PMA period, with maximum values up to −40 W m−2 at the surface. A similar range of values were found for the BBP period to those during the dust period (SW DRF at the surface and TOA of −23 ± 6 and −15 ± 4 W m−2 respectively). The multiple sources of measurements at Ersa allowed the detection of a PMA-dominant period and their characterisation in terms of ageing, origin, transport, optical and physical properties and direct climatic impact.

Published
2017

26. Ice nucleating particles over the Eastern Mediterranean measured by unmanned aircraft systems

Author

Mihalis Vrekoussis, Albert Ansmann, Jaqueline Drücke, Joachim Curtius, Eleni Marinou, Jean Sciare, Christos Keleshis, Michael Pikridas, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Martin Ebert, Slobodan Nickovic, Daniel Weber, Bojan Cvetkovic, Jann Schrod, Heinz Bingemer, Holger Baars, and Ervens, B.

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, QC1-999, Mineral dust, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, Altitude, ddc:550, QD1-999, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Particulates, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, Chemistry, Lidar, Deposition (aerosol physics), lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Ice nucleus, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

During an intensive field campaign on aerosol, clouds, and ice nucleation in the Eastern Mediterranean in April 2016, we measured the abundance of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the lower troposphere from unmanned aircraft systems (UASs). Aerosol samples were collected by miniaturized electrostatic precipitators onboard the UASs at altitudes up to 2.5 km. The number of INPs in these samples, which are active in the deposition and condensation modes at temperatures from −20 to −30 °C, were analyzed immediately after collection on site using the ice nucleus counter FRIDGE (FRankfurt Ice nucleation Deposition freezinG Experiment). During the 1-month campaign, we encountered a series of Saharan dust plumes that traveled at several kilometers' altitude. Here we present INP data from 42 individual flights, together with aerosol number concentrations, observations of lidar backscattering, dust concentrations derived by the dust transport model DREAM (Dust Regional Atmospheric Model), and results from scanning electron microscopy. The effect of the dust plumes is reflected by the coincidence of INPs with the particulate matter (PM), the lidar signal, and the predicted dust mass of the model. This suggests that mineral dust or a constituent related to dust was a major contributor to the ice nucleating properties of the aerosol. Peak concentrations of above 100 INPs std L−1 were measured at −30 °C. The INP concentration in elevated plumes was on average a factor of 10 higher than at ground level. Since desert dust is transported for long distances over wide areas of the globe predominantly at several kilometers' altitude, we conclude that INP measurements at ground level may be of limited significance for the situation at the level of cloud formation.

Published
2017
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27. Characterising an intense PM pollution episode in March 2015 in France from multi-site approach and near real time data : Climatology, variabilities, geographical origins and model evaluation

Author

Jean-Eudes Petit, Alexandre Ockler, Olivier Favez, Yann Pellan, Jean Sciare, Benoit Rocq, Tanguy Amodeo, Didier Grenier, Laurent Menut, Valérie Gros, Bertrand Bessagnet, Frédérik Meleux, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Air Lorraine, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), ATMO Picardie, Cyprus Institute (CyI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)

Subjects
Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, FRANCE, 010501 environmental sciences, Aethalometer, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nitrate, POLLUTION, Urban background, 11. Sustainability, AETHALOMETER, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, media_common, Advection, Multi site, AEROSOL, Particulates, AEROSOL CHEMICAL SPECIATION MONITOR, Aerosol, MODEL, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climatology, ACSM, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science
Abstract

International audience; During March 2015, a severe and large-scale particulate matter (PM) pollution episode occurred in France. Measurements in near real-time of the major chemical composition at four different urban background sites across the country (Paris, Creil, Metz and Lyon) allowed the investigation of spatiotemporal variabilities during this episode. A climatology approach showed that all sites experienced clear unusual rain shortage, a pattern that is also found on a longer timescale, highlighting the role of synoptic conditions over Wester-Europe. This episode is characterized by a strong predominance of secondary pollution, and more particularly of ammonium nitrate, which accounted for more than 50% of submicron aerosols at all sites during the most intense period of the episode. Pollution advection is illustrated by similar variabilities in Paris and Creil (distant of around 100 km), as well as trajectory analyses applied on nitrate and sulphate. Local sources, especially wood burning, are however found to contribute to local/ regional sub-episodes, notably in Metz. Finally, simulated concentrations from Chemistry-Transport model CHIMERE were compared to observed ones. Results highlighted different patterns depending on the chemical components and the measuring site, reinforcing the need of such exercises over other pollution episodes and sites.

Published
2017

28. Maïdo observatory: a new high-altitude station facility at Reunion Island (21° S, 55° E) for long-term atmospheric remote sensing and in situ measurements

Author

Françoise Posny, Yann Courcoux, F. Desmet, Karine Sellegri, Robert Delmas, M. De Mazière, Thierry Portafaix, Alain Hauchecorne, Jean Sciare, J. Leclair de Bellevue, Franck Gabarrot, S. Godin Beekmann, Guillaume Payen, Jean-Luc Baray, Aurélie Colomb, C. Vuillemin, Davide Dionisi, Valentin Duflot, Jacques Porteneuve, Jean-Pierre Cammas, T. Gaudo, Christelle Barthe, Philippe Ricaud, Pierre Tulet, Jean-Marc Metzger, Hélène Vérèmes, Abdel Abchiche, Michel Ramonet, Christian Hermans, Philippe Keckhut, Christophe Hoareau, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Division technique INSU/SDU (DTI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Climate change, Subtropics, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental engineering, 010309 optics, Troposphere, Lidar, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:TA170-171, Sociologie politique, Southern Hemisphere, Stratosphere, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract

Since the nineties, atmospheric measurement systems have been deployed at Reunion Island, mainly for monitoring the atmospheric composition in the framework of NDSC/NDACC (Network for the Detection of Stratospheric< /i> Change/Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change). The location of Reunion Island presents a great interest because there are very few multi-instrumented stations in the tropics and particularly in the southern hemisphere. In 2012, a new observatory was commissioned in Maïdo at 2200 m above sea level: it hosts various instruments for atmospheric measurements, including lidar systems, spectro-radiometers and in situ gas and aerosol measurements. This new high-altitude Maïdo station provides an opportunity: 1. to improve the performance of the optical instruments above the marine boundary layer, and to open new perspectives on upper troposphere and lower stratosphere studies; 2. to develop in situ measurements of the atmospheric composition for climate change surveys, in a reference site in the tropical/subtropical region of the southern hemisphere; 3. to offer trans-national access to host experiments or measurement campaigns for focused process studies. © 2013 Author(s)., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2013

29. Identification of marine and continental aerosol sources in Paris using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry

Author

R. Chirico, Monica Crippa, André S. H. Prévôt, Jean Sciare, Urs Baltensperger, Claudia Mohr, M. F. Heringa, Peter F. DeCarlo, Imad El Haddad, Nicolas Marchand, and Jay G. Slowik

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Resolution (mass spectrometry), Mineralogy, Salt (chemistry), 010501 environmental sciences, Aethalometer, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Methanesulfonic acid, Aerosol, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental chemistry, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, Aerosol mass spectrometry, Sulfate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

[1] Major summertime aerosol emission sources in Paris were assessed using a high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). The application of positive matrix factorization (PMF) to the highly mass and time-resolved AMS measurements allowed the identification of primary and secondary sources of organic (OA) and sulfate aerosols. Primary anthropogenic emissions contributed on average ~27% (14.7% cooking, 12% traffic) to the total organic mass, while the major contribution to the organic fraction was associated with secondary formation products. Low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA, 25.2%) and semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA, 32.4%) factors were classified as SOA. An additional component with high S : C and O : C ratios was identified and attributed to marine emissions (marine organic aerosol, MOA), owing to its high correlation with methanesulfonic acid (R2 = 0.84) and contributing on average 15.7% to the total OA mass, even in the continental megacity of Paris. Non-sea salt sulfate was apportioned by including both organic and sulfate ions in the PMF data matrix. This allowed apportionment of submicron sulfate to continental versus marine sources. A detailed source apportionment of PM1 combining AMS, aethalometer, and filter data is presented.

Published
2013

30. Two Years of Air Pollution Measurements at Athens Center: Variability and Role of Wood Burning

Author

E. Liakakou, M. Lianou, E. Gerasopoulos, L. Fourtziou, Jean Sciare, Nikos Mihalopoulos, and B. Psiloglou

Subjects
Pollutant, Meteorology, business.industry, Fossil fuel, Air pollution, Particulates, Atmospheric sciences, medicine.disease_cause, medicine, Environmental science, Wood burning, Biomass burning, business, NOx
Abstract

The results of continuous and systematic air pollution measurements conducted at the premises of the National Observatory of Athens in the centre of Athens, Greece (Thissio 37.97 N, 23.72 E) over a period of two years (December 2013–January 2016) are presented. The study focuses on the investigation of main pollutants’ concentrations and the identification of their diurnal and temporal variability. Emphasis is given on the role of wood burning as several smog events were encountered during winter-time in the Greater Athens Area (GAA) since 2012–2013. Monitoring of particulate (PM10), black carbon (BC) and major gaseous components (NOx and CO) was conducted on a routine basis while intensive campaigns during winter focused on more specialized observations of chemical tracers related to wood burning. The meteorological conditions prevailing in the area and the chemical analyses of filter samples are also used for the interpretation of the findings. Based on the BC deconvolution into the fractions associated with wood and fossil fuel burning (BCwb, BCff, respectively) and the results of chemical analyses, the impact of smog events on air pollution was quantified during winter-time. During summer-time the emissions of wood burning associated compounds are almost absent and the role of other local (e.g. traffic) and/or long-range transport sources/processes becomes more important.

Published
2016

31. Geochemistry of pm10 over europe during the emep intensive measurement periods in summer 2012 and winter 2013

Author

Anna Ripoll, Noemí Pérez, Hans Areskoug, Gerald Spindler, Violeta Balan, Darius Ceburnis, Wenche Aas, Jean Philippe Putaud, Sébastien Conil, Kornélia Imre, Marta Mitosinkova, Colin D. O'Dowd, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Franco Lucarelli, Jean Sciare, Teresa Moreno, Jean Luc Jaffrezo, Andrés Alastuey, Sarah Leeson, Véronique Riffault, Maria Catrambone, Jorge Pey, Karine Sellegri, Christoph Hueglin, Xavier Querol, José Carlos Cerro, Lusine Gevorgyan, Fabrizia Cavalli, and Karl Espen Yttri

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, atmospheric aerosols, mediterranean basin, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, complex mixtures, industrial sites, saharan dust, size distribution, african dust transport, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, particulate matter, daily mortality, source apportionment, Particulates, Eastern european, Eastern mediterranean, 13. Climate action, Climatology, mineral-dust, Period (geology), Environmental science, Physical geography
Abstract

The third intensive measurement period (IMP) organised by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) under the UNECE CLTRAP took place in summer 2012 and winter 2013, with PM10 filter samples concurrently collected at 20 (16 EMEP) regional background sites across Europe for subsequent analysis of their mineral dust content. All samples were analysed by the same or a comparable methodology. Higher PM10 mineral dust loadings were observed at most sites in summer (0.5–10 µg m−3) compared to winter (0.2–2 µg m−3), with the most elevated concentrations in the southern- and easternmost countries, accounting for 20–40 % of PM10. Saharan dust outbreaks were responsible for the high summer dust loadings at western and central European sites, whereas regional or local sources explained the elevated concentrations observed at eastern sites. The eastern Mediterranean sites experienced elevated levels due to African dust outbreaks during both summer and winter. The mineral dust composition varied more in winter than in summer, with a higher relative contribution of anthropogenic dust during the former period. A relatively high contribution of K from non-mineral and non-sea-salt sources, such as biomass burning, was evident in winter at some of the central and eastern European sites. The spatial distribution of some components and metals reveals the influence of specific anthropogenic sources on a regional scale: shipping emissions (V, Ni, and SO42−) in the Mediterranean region, metallurgy (Cr, Ni, and Mn) in central and eastern Europe, high temperature processes (As, Pb, and SO42−) in eastern countries, and traffic (Cu) at sites affected by emissions from nearby cities.

Published
2016

32. Size-Resolved Identification, Characterization, and Quantification of Primary Biological Organic Aerosol at a European Rural Site

Author

Timor Shuster-Meiseles, Paola Fermo, Adéla Křepelová, Yinon Rudich, André S. H. Prévôt, Imad El Haddad, Robert Wolf, Jay G. Slowik, Mario El Kazzi, Francesco Canonaco, Jean Sciare, Christoph Hueglin, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Mira Flasch, Yinon Mazar, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, A. Kasper-Giebl, Raquel Gonzalez, Carlo Bozzetti, Gülcin Abbaszade, Urs Baltensperger, Ralf Zimmermann, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
Rural Population, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Air Microbiology, Carbohydrates, 010501 environmental sciences, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry, Environmental Chemistry, Humans, Organic matter, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, Aerosols, Spores, Bacterial, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Primary (chemistry), General Chemistry, Particulates, Spores, Fungal, Characterization (materials science), Aerosol, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Particulate Matter, Gas chromatography, Seasons, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Switzerland, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

Primary biological organic aerosols (PBOA) represent a major component of the coarse organic matter (OMCOARSE, aerodynamic diameter2.5 μm). Although this fraction affects human health and the climate, its quantification and chemical characterization currently remain elusive. We present the first quantification of the entire PBOACOARSE mass and its main sources by analyzing size-segregated filter samples collected during the summer and winter at the rural site of Payerne (Switzerland), representing a continental Europe background environment. The size-segregated water-soluble OM was analyzed by a newly developed offline aerosol mass spectrometric technique (AMS). Collected spectra were analyzed by three-dimensional positive matrix factorization (3D-PMF), showing that PBOA represented the main OMCOARSE source during summer and its contribution to PM10 was comparable to that of secondary organic aerosol. We found substantial cellulose contributions to OMCOARSE, which in combination with gas chromatography mass spectrometry molecular markers quantification, underlined the predominance of plant debris. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis instead revealed that the sum of bacterial and fungal spores mass represented only a minor OMCOARSE fraction (0.1%). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis of C and N binding energies throughout the size fractions revealed an organic N increase in the PM10 compared to PM1 consistent with AMS observations.

Published
2016

33. Role of the boundary layer dynamics effects on an extreme air pollution event in Paris

Author

Olivier Favez, Jordi Badosa, Jean-Charles Dupont, Vincent Crenn, Jean-Eudes Petit, Jean-Louis Bonne, Jean Sciare, Martial Haeffelin, Frédérik Meleux, Thierry Elias, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Agropole, Capgènes, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
DYNAMICS, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Irradiance, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Boundary layer, POLLUTION, 13. Climate action, Diurnal cycle, Wind shear, Turbulence kinetic energy, Radiative transfer, Environmental science, BOUNDARY LAYER DEPTH, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Optical depth, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

International audience; The physical and chemical aerosol properties are explored here based on ground-based observations in the Paris region to better understand the role of clouds, radiative fluxes and dynamics on aerosol loading during a heavy regional air pollution that occurred in March 2014 over North-Western Europe. This event is primarily characterized by a fine particle mass (PM2.5) increase from 10 to more than 120 μg m−3 and a simultaneous decrease of the horizontal visibility from 40 to 1 km, mainly due to significant formation of ammonium nitrate particles. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm increased steadily from about 0.06 on March 6 to more than 0.9 five days later. The scattering of the solar radiation by polluted particles induced, at the peak of the heavy pollution event, an instantaneous shortwave flux decrease of about 300 W m−2 for direct irradiance and an increase of about 150 W m−2 for diffuse irradiance (only scattering). The mean surface aerosol effect efficiency (effect per unit optical depth) is of about −80 W m−2 with a mean aerosol direct radiative effect of −23 W m−2. The dynamical and radiative processes that can be responsible for the diurnal cycle of PM2.5 in terms of amplitude and timing are investigated. A comparative analysis is performed for 4 consecutive days (between March 11 and 14), showing that the PM2.5 diurnal cycle can be modulated in time and amplitude by local processes such as the boundary layer depth development (ranging from 100 m to 1350 m), surface relative humidity (100%–35%), thermal structure (10 °C–16 °C for day/night amplitude), dynamics (wind speed ranging from 4 m s−1 to 1.5 m s−1) and turbulence (turbulent kinetic energy reaching 2 m2 s−2) near the surface and wind shear along the vertical. Finally, modeled and measured surface PM2.5 loadings are also compared here, notably illustrating the need of accurate boundary layer depth data for efficient air quality forecasts.

Published
2016

34. Chapter 4. Air quality and climate in the Mediterranean region

Author

Mohamed Labiadh, Karine Sartelet, Matthias Beekmann, Houcine Khatteli, Régina Zbinden, Antoine Waked, Juliette Lathière, Gilles Bergametti, Marc Mallet, Fatma Öztürk, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Rezak Alkama, Philippe Ricaud, Maud Leriche, Barbara D’Anna, Vincent Michoud, Paola Formenti, Uri Dayan, Corinne Jambert, Eric Hamonou, Catherine Liousse, Valérie Gros, Claire Delon, Charbel Afif, Agnès Borbon, José Nicolas, Benoît Laurent, Stéphane Sauvage, Francesco Forastiere, Massimo Stafoggia, Myriam Mrad Nakhlé, Karine Desboeufs, Wehbeh Farah, Laurent Menut, Marie Monier, Pierre Durand, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Alcide Di Sarra, Thérèse Salameh, Pierre Nabat, Sylvain Mailler, Carla Ancona, Fabien Solmon, Christel Bouet, Christophe Boissard, Michaël Sicard, Augustin Colette, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Nadine Locoge, Sabine Darras, Jean Sciare, Karine Sellegri, Fatima Benaïssa, Jean-Louis Rajot, Sébastien Dusanter, François Dulac, and Cécile Débevec

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Environmental science, Water resource management, Air quality index
Published
2016

35. A new methodology to assess the performance and uncertainty of source apportionment models II: The results of two European intercomparison exercises

Author

E. Cuccia, Jean-Eudes Petit, Marco Pandolfi, Franco Lucarelli, Xavier Querol, Matthias Karl, D. Mooibroek, Marcelo Pinho Almeida, Eduardo Yubero, Pentti Paatero, Jakob Klenø Nøjgaard, Olivier Favez, Silvia Nava, Daniele Contini, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Evangelia Diapouli, Gianluigi Valli, A. Pietrodangelo, Paulo Artaxo, V. Bernardoni, Claudio A. Belis, Maria Chiara Bove, André S. H. Prévôt, Paolo Prati, Federico Karagulian, Philip K. Hopke, Daniela Cesari, Jan Hovorka, I. El Haddad, Petra Pokorná, Fulvio Amato, David C. S. Beddows, Héctor Jorquera, Dikaia Saraga, Athanasios Sfetsos, Maria Grazia Perrone, Roy M. Harrison, Mika Vestenius, Eunhwa Jang, Samara Carbone, Ulrich Quass, Roberta Vecchi, T. Kammermeier, Jean Sciare, Stig Hellebust, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Institute for Physics, National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Departement of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Dipartimento di Fisica, ICT Institute of Politecnico di Milano, Institute of Nuclear Technology & Radiation Protection, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos' (NCSR), Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Chimie de l'environnement (LCE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' = University of Naples (PARTHENOPE), INTA - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Environmental Research Laboratory, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Rochester Medical Center, Universita degli Studi di Milano & National Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Genoa (UNIGE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Universita degli studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' [Napoli], Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Belis, C, Karagulian, F, Amato, F, Almeida, M, Artaxo, P, Beddows, D, Bernardoni, V, Bove, M, Carbone, S, Cesari, D, Contini, D, Cuccia, E, Diapouli, E, Eleftheriadis, K, Favez, O, El Haddad, I, Harrison, R, Hellebust, S, Hovorka, J, Jang, E, Jorquera, H, Kammermeier, T, Karl, M, Lucarelli, F, Mooibroek, D, Nava, S, Nøjgaard, J, Paatero, P, Pandolfi, M, Perrone, M, Petit, J, Pietrodangelo, A, Pokorná, P, Prati, P, Prevot, A, Quass, U, Querol, X, Saraga, D, Sciare, J, Sfetsos, A, Valli, G, Vecchi, R, Vestenius, M, Yubero, E, and Hopke, P

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Source apportionment, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, AIR-QUALITY, Intercomparison exercise, Source apportionment Receptor models Intercomparison exercise Model performance indicators Model uncertainty Particulate matter, 010501 environmental sciences, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Receptor models, POLLUTION, AEROSOLS, Time windows, Apportionment, Environmental Science(all), Statistics, Air quality management, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Air quality index, 1172 Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, PM SOURCE APPORTIONMENT, Time trends, AREA, respiratory system, Objective quality, Model performance indicator, CHIM/12 - CHIMICA DELL'AMBIENTE E DEI BENI CULTURALI, 13. Climate action, Model uncertainty, Model performance indicators, Environmental science, Receptor model, Standard uncertainty, Particulate matter
Abstract

The performance and the uncertainty of receptor models (RMs) were assessed in intercomparison exercises employing real-world and synthetic input datasets. To that end, the results obtained by different practitioners using ten different RMs were compared with a reference. In order to explain the differences in the performances and uncertainties of the different approaches, the apportioned mass, the number of sources, the chemical profiles, the contribution-to-species and the time trends of the sources were all evaluated using the methodology described in Bells et al. (2015). In this study, 87% of the 344 source contribution estimates (SCEs) reported by participants in 47 different source apportionment model results met the 50% standard uncertainty quality objective established for the performance test. In addition, 68% of the SCE uncertainties reported in the results were coherent with the analytical uncertainties in the input data. The most used models, EPA-PMF v.3, PMF2 and EPA-CMB 8.2, presented quite satisfactory performances in the estimation of SCEs while unconstrained models, that do not account for the uncertainty in the input data (e.g. APCS and FA-MLRA), showed below average performance. Sources with well-defined chemical profiles and seasonal time trends, that make appreciable contributions (>10%), were those better quantified by the models while those with contributions to the PM mass close to 1% represented a challenge. The results of the assessment indicate that RMs are capable of estimating the contribution of the major pollution source categories over a given time window with a level of accuracy that is in line with the needs of air quality management. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2015

36. MEGAPOLI: concept of multi-scale modelling of megacity impact on air quality and climate

Author

Urs Baltensperger, L. Gomes, Agnès Borbon, A. Wiedensholer, Markku Kulmala, Spyros N. Pandis, Sergey Zilitinkevich, W. B. Rossow, John A. Pyle, Alexander Mahura, H. D. van der Gon, Tim Butler, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Paolo Laj, Bruce Denby, Rainer Friedrich, Stefano Galmarini, Sue Grimmond, Jaakko Kukkonen, B. Collins, Jean Sciare, Peter J. H. Builtjes, Thomas Wagner, Andreas Stohl, D. van den Hout, Valérie Gros, Ranjeet S. Sokhi, H. Schluenzen, F. Giorgi, Isabelle Coll, Tomas Halenka, Alexander Baklanov, Igor Esau, Matthias Beekmann, Sandro Finardi, L. Jalkinen, Nicolas Moussiopoulos, J. Theloke, U. Kummer, and Mark Lawrence

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Atmospheric pollution, lcsh:QC851-999, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 11. Sustainability, lcsh:Science, Temporal scales, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Scientific instrument, business.industry, Ecological Modeling, Scale (chemistry), European research, Environmental resource management, Pollution, lcsh:QC1-999, Geophysics, Megacity, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, business, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

The EU FP7 Project MEGAPOLI: "Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation" (http://megapoli.info) brings together leading European research groups, state-of-the-art scientific tools and key players from non-European countries to investigate the interactions among megacities, air quality and climate. MEGAPOLI bridges the spatial and temporal scales that connect local emissions, air quality and weather with global atmospheric chemistry and climate. The suggested concept of multi-scale integrated modelling of megacity impact on air quality and climate and vice versa is discussed in the paper. It requires considering different spatial and temporal dimensions: time scales from seconds and hours (to understand the interaction mechanisms) up to years and decades (to consider the climate effects); spatial resolutions: with model down- and up-scaling from street- to global-scale; and two-way interactions between meteorological and chemical processes.

Published
2010

37. Airborne mineral components and trace metals in Paris region: spatial and temporal variability

Author

C. Theodosi, Jean Sciare, Véronique Ghersi, E. Poulakis, Nikos Mihalopoulos, M. Bressi, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
Paris, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Mineralogy, Metal, Inner city, 11. Sustainability, Environmental Chemistry, Ecotoxicology, Industry, Statistical analysis, Trace metal, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Air mass, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Vehicle Emissions, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Air Pollutants, Mineral, General Medicine, Pollution, Trace Elements, 13. Climate action, visual_art, Environmental chemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Environmental science, Enrichment factor, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

A variety of mineral components (Al, Fe) and trace metals (V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) were simultaneously measured in PM2.5 and PM10 fractions at three different locations (traffic, urban, and suburban) in the Greater Paris Area (GPA) on a daily basis throughout a year. Mineral species and trace metal levels measured in both fractions are in agreement with those reported in the literature and below the thresholds defined by the European guidelines for toxic metals (Cd, Ni, Pb). Size distribution between PM2.5 and PM10 fractions revealed that mineral components prevail in the coarse mode, while trace metals are mainly confined in the fine one. Enrichment factor analysis, statistical analysis, and seasonal variability suggest that elements such as Mn, Cr, Zn, Fe, and Cu are attributed to traffic, V and Ni to oil combustion while Cd and Pb to industrial activities with regional origin. Meteorological parameters such as rain, boundary layer height (BLH), and air mass origin were found to significantly influence element concentrations. Periods with high frequency of northern and eastern air masses (from high populated and industrialized areas) are characterized by high metal concentrations. Finally, inner city and traffic emissions were also evaluated in PM2.5 fraction. Significant contributions (>50 %) were measured in the traffic site for Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn, and Cu, confirming that vehicle emissions contribute significantly to their levels, while in the urban site, the lower contributions (18 to 33 %) for all measured metals highlight the influence of regional sources on their levels.

Published
2015

38. ACTRIS ACSM intercomparison – Part I: Reproducibility of concentration and fragment results from 13 individual Quadrupole Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitors (Q-ACSM) and consistency with Time-of-Flight ACSM (ToF-ACSM), High Resolution ToF Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and other co-located instruments

Author

Vincent Crenn, Olivier Favez, W. Aas, Mikko Äijälä, L. Poulain, G. Močnik, Anna Ripoll, J. T. Jayne, J. K. Esser-Gietl, A. Wiedensohler, L. Heikkinen, Max Priestman, M. Canagaratna, Philip Croteau, María Cruz Minguillón, J. G. Slowik, Jean-Eudes Petit, Valérie Gros, V. Riffault, André S. H. Prévôt, David C. Green, A. Setyan, C. D. D. O'Dowd, C. Lunder, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Fabrizia Cavalli, C. A. Belis, M. Bressi, Dominique Baisnée, Stéphane Verlhac, M. J. Cubison, Esther Coz, Ettore Petralia, Jean Sciare, H. Herrmann, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, U. Baltensperger, F. Canonaco, C. Carbone, B. Artiñano, Nicolas Bonnaire, Andrés Alastuey, and Roman Fröhlich

Subjects
Reproducibility, Time of flight, Fragment (computer graphics), Chemical speciation, Consistency (statistics), Quadrupole, Analytical chemistry, Environmental science, Mass spectrometry, Aerosol
Abstract

As part of the European ACTRIS project, the first large Quadrupole Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (Q-ACSM) intercomparison study was conducted in the region of Paris for three weeks during the late fall–early winter period (November–December 2013). The first week was dedicated to tuning and calibration of each instrument whereas the second and third were dedicated to side-by-side comparison in ambient conditions with co-located instruments providing independent information on submicron aerosol optical, physical and chemical properties. Near real-time measurements of the major chemical species (organic matter, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and chloride) in the non-refractory submicron aerosols (NR-PM1) were obtained here from 13 Q-ACSM. The results show that these instruments can produce highly comparable and robust measurements of the NR-PM1 total mass and its major components. Taking the median of the 13 Q-ACSM as a reference for this study, strong correlations (r2 > 0.9) were observed systematically for each individual ACSM across all chemical families except for chloride for which three ACSMs showing weak correlations partly due to the very low concentrations during the study. Reproducibility expanded uncertainties of Q-ACSM concentration measurements were determined using appropriate methodologies defined by the International Standard Organization (ISO 17025) and were found to be of 9, 15, 19, 28 and 36 % for NR-PM1, nitrate, organic matter, sulfate and ammonium respectively. However, discrepancies were observed in the relative concentrations of the constituent mass fragments for each chemical component. In particular, significant differences were observed for the organic fragment at mass-to-charge ratio 44, which is a key parameter describing the oxidation state of organic aerosol. Following this first major intercomparison exercise of a large number of ACSMs, detailed intercomparison results are presented as well as a discussion of some recommendations about best calibration practices, standardized data processing and data treatment.

Published
2015

39. Ultrafine particle sources and in-situ formation in a European megacity

Author

Matthias Beekmann, Markku Kulmala, F. Freutel, Jean Sciare, Frank Drewnick, S.-L. von der Weiden-Reinmüller, Agnès Borbon, Suzanne Crumeyrolle, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, André S. H. Prévôt, Lea Hildebrandt, Spyros N. Pandis, Monica Crippa, G. J. Engelhart, Urs Baltensperger, Michael Pikridas, Evangelia Kostenidou, Magda Psichoudaki, Tuukka Petäjä, Maik Merkel, and A. Wiedensohler

Subjects
In situ, Megacity, Metallurgy, Ultrafine particle, Environmental science
Abstract

Ambient particle number size distributions were measured in Paris, France during summer (1–31 July 2009) and winter (15 January–15 February 2010) at three fixed ground sites and using two mobile laboratories and one airplane. The campaigns were part of the MEGAPOLI project. New particle formation (NPF) was observed only during summer at approximately 50% of the campaign days, assisted by the low condensation sink (about 10.7 ± 5.9 × 10−3 s−1). NPF events inside the Paris plume were also observed at 600 m altitude onboard an aircraft simultaneously with regional events identified on the ground. Increased particle number concentrations were measured aloft also outside of the Paris plume at the same altitude, and were attributed to NPF. The Paris plume was identified, based on increased particle number and black carbon concentration, up to 200 km away from Paris center during summer. The number concentration of particles with diameter exceeding 2.5 nm measured on the surface at Paris center was on average 6.9 ± 8.7 × 104 and 12.1 ± 8.6 × 104 cm−3 during summer and winter, respectively, and was found to decrease exponentially with distance from Paris. However, further than 30 km from the city center, the particle number concentration at the surface was similar during both campaigns. During summer one suburban site in the NE was not significantly affected by Paris emissions due to higher background number concentrations, while the particle number concentration at the second suburban site in the SW increased by a factor of three when it was downwind of Paris.

Published
2015

40. Atmospheric water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) over marine environments: a global perspective

Author

Manuela Martino, Jonathan Williams, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Kalliopi Violaki, Alex R. Baker, Jean Sciare, University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Life, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, lcsh:QH540-549.5, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Southern Hemisphere, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric water, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Northern Hemisphere, Nitrogen, lcsh:Geology, Indian ocean, Eastern mediterranean, lcsh:QH501-531, Oceanography, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract

To obtain a comprehensive picture on the spatial distribution of water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in marine aerosols, samples were collected during research cruises in the tropical and south Atlantic Ocean and during a one year period (2005) over the southern Indian Ocean (Amsterdam island). Samples have been analyzed for both organic and inorganic forms of nitrogen and the factors controlling their levels have been examined. Fine mode WSON was found to play a significant role in the remote marine atmosphere with enhanced biogenic activity, with concentrations of WSON (11.3 ± 3.3 nmol N m–3) accounting for about 84% of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN). Such levels are similar to those observed in the polluted marine atmosphere of the eastern Mediterranean (11.6 ± 14.0 nmol N m–3). Anthropogenic activities were found to be an important source of atmospheric WSON as evidenced by the ten times higher levels in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) than in the remote Southern Hemisphere (SH). Furthermore, the higher contribution of WSON to TDN (40%) in the SH, compared to the NH (20%), underlines the important role of organic nitrogen in remote marine areas. Finally, Sahara dust was also identified as a significant source of WSON in the coarse mode aerosols of the NH.

Published
2015

41. Ozone and aerosol tropospheric concentrations variability analyzed using the ADRIMED measurements and the WRF and CHIMERE models

Author

Laurent Menut, Paola Formenti, Marc Mallet, F. Meleux, Jean Sciare, Bertrand Bessagnet, Sylvain Mailler, R. Briant, G. Rea, Guillaume Siour, S. Turquety, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, food.ingredient, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, food, Precipitation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Sea salt, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, AERONET, Deposition (aerosol physics), lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Weather Research and Forecasting Model, ChArMEx, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

During the months of June and July 2013, over the Euro–Mediterranean area, the ADRIMED (Aerosol Direct Radiative Impact on the regional climate in the MEDiterranean region) project was dedicated to characterize the ozone and aerosol concentrations in the troposphere. It is first shown that this period was not highly polluted compared to previous summers in this region, with a moderate ozone production, no significant vegetation fire events and several precipitation periods scavenging the aerosol. The period is modeled with the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) and CHIMERE models, and their ability to quantify the observed pollution transport events is presented. The CHIMERE model simulating all kinds of sources (anthropogenic, biogenic, mineral dust, vegetation fires); the aerosol speciation, not available with the measurements, is presented: during the whole period, the aerosol was mainly constituted by mineral dust, sea salt and sulfates close to the surface and mainly by mineral dust in the troposphere. Compared to the AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) size distribution, it is shown that the model underestimates the coarse mode near mineral dust sources and overestimates the fine mode in the Mediterranean area, highlighting the need to improve the model representation of the aerosol size distribution both during emissions, long-range transport and deposition.

Published
2015

42. Global modelling of direct and indirect effects of sea spray aerosol using a source function encapsulating wave state

Author

Jean Sciare, Astrid Manders, Hannele Korhonen, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, G. de Leeuw, Colin D. O'Dowd, Tommi Bergman, Harri Kokkola, Anton Laakso, Dominique Baisnée, Antti-Ilari Partanen, Larisa Sogacheva, Eimear M. Dunne, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Helsinki, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, food.ingredient, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, a-train, Flux, Environment, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, climate model, data sets, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, food, Urban Development, organic-matter enrichment, Radiative transfer, Cloud condensation nuclei, Built Environment, Sea salt aerosol, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Sea salt, Earth / Environmental, CAS - Climate, Air and Sustainability, Radiative forcing, Sea spray, parameterization, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, primary marine aerosol, salt aerosol, mass-spectrometer, Environmental science, mixed-phase clouds, ELSS - Earth, Life and Social Sciences, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Recently developed parameterizations for the sea spray aerosol source flux, encapsulating wave state, and its organic fraction were incorporated into the aerosol–climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ to investigate the direct and indirect radiative effects of sea spray aerosol particles. Our simulated global sea salt emission of 805 Tg yr−1 (uncertainty range 378–1233 Tg yr−1) was much lower than typically found in previous studies. Modelled sea salt and sodium ion concentrations agreed relatively well with measurements in the smaller size ranges at Mace Head (annual normalized mean model bias −13% for particles with vacuum aerodynamic diameter Dva < 1 μm), Point Reyes (−29% for particles with aerodynamic diameter Da < 2.5 μm) and Amsterdam Island (−52% for particles with Da < 1 μm) but the larger sizes were overestimated (899% for particles with 2.5 μm < Da < 10 μm) at Amsterdam Island. This suggests that at least the high end of the previous estimates of sea spray mass emissions is unrealistic. On the other hand, the model clearly underestimated the observed concentrations of organic or total carbonaceous aerosol at Mace Head (−82%) and Amsterdam Island (−68%). The large overestimation (212%) of organic matter at Point Reyes was due to the contribution of continental sources. At the remote Amsterdam Island site, the organic concentration was underestimated especially in the biologically active months, suggesting a need to improve the parameterization of the organic sea spray fraction. Globally, the satellite-retrieved AOD over the oceans, using PARASOL data, was underestimated by the model (means over ocean 0.16 and 0.10, respectively); however, in the pristine region around Amsterdam Island the measured AOD fell well within the simulated uncertainty range. The simulated sea spray aerosol contribution to the indirect radiative effect was positive (0.3 W m−2), in contrast to previous studies. This positive effect was ascribed to the tendency of sea salt aerosol to suppress both the in-cloud supersaturation and the formation of cloud condensation nuclei from sulfate. These effects can be accounted for only in models with sufficiently detailed aerosol microphysics and physics-based parameterizations of cloud activation. However, due to a strong negative direct effect, the simulated effective radiative forcing (total radiative) effect was −0.2 W m−2. The simulated radiative effects of the primary marine organic emissions were small, with a direct effect of 0.03 W m−2 and an indirect effect of −0.07 W m−2.

Published
2014

43. Seasonal variability of optical properties of aerosols in the Eastern Mediterranean

Author

K. Oikonomou, Jean Sciare, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Nilgun Kubilay, Mustafa Koçak, Eleni Liakakou, and Mihalis Vrekoussis

Subjects
Troposphere, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Dust storm, Climatology, Radiative transfer, Environmental science, Mineral dust, Albedo, Radiative forcing, General Environmental Science, Aerosol
Abstract

The aerosol optical properties (scattering and absorption coefficients) were investigated at two remote locations in the Eastern Mediterranean in conjunction with aerosol ion composition measurements: Finokalia in the Crete Island in Greece (March 2001–June 2002) and Erdemli in Turkey (July 1999–June 2000). Ambient light-scattering coefficient ( σ sp−532 nm ) at Finokalia had a mean value of 50±23 Mm −1 while at Erdemli this value was 90±160 Mm −1 , due to a severe dust event that occurred from 17 to 19 April 2000. Scattering coefficients up to 5000 Mm −1 were encountered during the transition periods (spring and autumn) and were associated with dust storm events. During these events significant correlations were observed between dust and σ sp and mass scattering efficiencies of 0.21 and 0.96 m 2 g −1 were calculated for dust for Finokalia and Erdemli, respectively. Significant correlations were also observed at both locations between non-sea-salt sulphate (nss-SO 4 2− ); σ sp and mass scattering efficiencies of 5.9±1.8 and 5.7±1.4 m 2 g −1 were calculated for the nss-SO 4 2− at Finokalia and Erdemli, respectively. At Finokalia absorption measurements were also performed at the same time and the mean absorption coefficient ( σ ap−565 nm ) was found to be 5.6±3.6 Mm −1 . Maxima of absorption coefficient were associated with two distinct meteorological situations indicative of pollution transported from northern Europe and Saharan dust events. Saharan dust can therefore significantly contribute to both scattering and absorption of solar radiation, the latter due to its hematite content. Based on scattering and absorption measurements, an annual mean single-scattering albedo ( ω ) adjusted at 550 nm of 0.89±0.04 was calculated for Finokalia. Finally, radiative forcing efficiency (RFE) over the sea at 550 nm induced by aerosols has been calculated for Finokalia. RFE follows a clear seasonal variation, with the lowest mean values during summer (−73W m −2 ) and the highest during winter (−30W m 2 ). Using aerosol optical thickness measurements in the area, we obtain radiative forcing estimates at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) ranging from −12.6 to −2.3 W m 2 for summer and winter, respectively. These values are up to five times higher than that induced by the greenhouse gases (2.4 Wm −2 ) but opposite in sign.

Published
2005

44. Spatial, Temporal and Interannual Variability of Methanesulfonate and Non-Sea-Salt Sulfate in Rainwater in the Southern Indian Ocean (Amsterdam, Crozet and Kerguelen Islands)

Author

E. Baboukas, Jean Sciare, and Nikos Mihalopoulos

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Biogeochemical cycle, food.ingredient, Sea salt, Sulfur cycle, Seasonality, Spatial distribution, medicine.disease, Sea surface temperature, chemistry.chemical_compound, Oceanography, food, Deposition (aerosol physics), chemistry, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Sulfate
Abstract

Methanesulfonate (MS−) and non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42−), two of the major oxidation products of atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMS), have been continuously measured in rainwater at three remote islands in the Southern Indian Ocean: Amsterdam since 1991, Crozet since 1992, and Kerguelen since 1993. The annual volume weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of nss-SO42− in rainwater were 3.19, 3.04 and 4.57 μ eq l−1 at Amsterdam, Crozet, and Kerguelen, respectively while the VWM of MS− were 0.24, 0.15 and 0.30 μ eq l−1, respectively. At all three islands, MS− presented a well-distinguished seasonal variation with a maximum during summer whereas the seasonal variation of nss-SO42− was less pronounced, possibly due to the increased anthropogenic influence during the winter period. Furthermore, MS− presented significant interannual variations, in particular at Amsterdam and Crozet, which is closely related to the sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies). Finally, the nss-SO42− deposition at Crozet Island presented a decreasing interannual trend, reflecting probably reductions in sulfur emissions from Southern Africa. On the contrary no interannual tendency was observed in the nss-SO42− concentrations at Amsterdam Island, indicating that the biogeochemical sulfur cycle at this area is mainly influenced by biogenic emissions.

Published
2004

45. DMS atmospheric concentrations and sulphate aerosol indirect radiative forcing: a sensitivity study to the DMS source representation and oxidation

Author

Olivier Boucher, Mark Lawrence, Cyril Moulin, M. S. Reddy, Jean Sciare, Chandra Venkataraman, R. von Kuhlmann, Maï Pham, Laurent Bopp, Emmanuel Cosme, Sauveur Belviso, Olivier Aumont, Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie (LODYC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering [Bombay] (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Correspondant HAL 2, LEGI, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble [1985-2015] (OSUG [1985-2015]), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2007-2019] (Grenoble INP [2007-2019])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Seasonal-Variation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SPI.MECA.MEFL] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL] Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], 14. Life underwater, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], Sulfate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Dimethyl Sulfide, Climate Model, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Sulfur cycle, Radiative forcing, Sulfur Cycle, Global Distributions, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, Bromine Oxide, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Cloud albedo, Environmental science, Dimethyl sulfide, Climate model, Amsterdam-Island, lcsh:Physics, Southern Indian-Ocean, Cloud Albedo
Abstract

PAR00002853; International audience; The global sulphur cycle has been simulated using a general circulation model with a focus on the source and oxidation of atmospheric dimethylsulphide (DMS). The sensitivity of atmospheric DMS to the oceanic DMS climatology, the parameterisation of the sea-air transfer and to the oxidant fields have been studied. The importance of additional oxidation pathways (by O3 in the gas- and aqueous-phases and by BrO in the gas phase) not incorporated in global models has also been evaluated. While three different climatologies of the oceanic DMS concentration produce rather similar global DMS fluxes to the atmosphere at 24-27 Tg S yr -1, there are large differences in the spatial and seasonal distribution. The relative contributions of OH and NO3 radicals to DMS oxidation depends critically on which oxidant fields are prescribed in the model. Oxidation by O3 appears to be significant at high latitudes in both hemispheres. Oxidation by BrO could be significant even for BrO concentrations at sub-pptv levels in the marine boundary layer. The impact of such refinements on the DMS chemistry onto the indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulphate aerosols is also discussed.

Published
2003

46. Interannual variability of methanesulfonate in rainwater at Amsterdam Island (Southern Indian Ocean)

Author

Nikos Mihalopoulos, Jean Sciare, E. Baboukas, Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sulfur cycle, 010501 environmental sciences, Seasonality, medicine.disease, 01 natural sciences, Methanesulfonic acid, Rainwater harvesting, chemistry.chemical_compound, Oceanography, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, medicine, Environmental science, Dimethyl sulfide, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Chemical composition, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Methanesulfonate (MS − ), an exclusive oxidation product of dimethylsulfide (DMS), has been analyzed in rainwater at Amsterdam Island (37°50′S 77°32′E) in the Southern Indian Ocean from 1991 to 1999. Rainwater MS − concentrations range from 0.004 to 4.59 μmol l −1 with a volume weighted mean value of 0.24 μmol l −1 and present a well distinguished seasonal variation with higher values in summer, in line with the seasonal variation of its gaseous precursor (DMS), which was measured on a daily basis since 1990. The interannual variability of MS − in rainwater follows closely that of DMS, indicating that MS − in rainwater can be used as a surrogate to study long-term variations of atmospheric DMS, and further confirms the findings of Sciare et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000a) 26 369), that large-scale anomalies occurred in the biogenic sulfur cycle in the Southern Indian Ocean during the studied period. Furthermore, on a monthly basis, the MS − anomalies in the rainwater were found to be closely related to sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The correlation between MS − and SST is consistent with that observed between gaseous DMS and SST in the area and indicates an important coupling between the oceanic and the atmospheric compartments of the biogeochemical sulfur cycle.

Published
2002

47. Global Air Pollution Crossroads over the Mediterranean

Author

Martin G. Schultz, Benedikt Steil, Jonathan Williams, R. Korrmann, Jean Sciare, Jos Lelieveld, Krzysztof M. Markowicz, Frank Dentener, M. de Reus, Geert-Jan Roelofs, Zev Levin, Nikos Mihalopoulos, H. A. Scheeren, Rupert Holzinger, Stephan Borrmann, Helmut Ziereis, Paul J. Crutzen, J. Heland, Euripides G. Stephanou, Horst Fischer, M. Traub, Carsten Warneke, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Mark Lawrence, Johann Feichter, Philip Stier, Hans Schlager, Andreas Minikin, Harald Berresheim, Piotr J. Flatau, Peter Siegmund, and Isotope Research

Subjects
Pollution, Asia, Meteorology, Climate, media_common.quotation_subject, Monsoon, Atmospheric sciences, Mediterranean Basin, Troposphere, Air Pollution, Weather, Air quality index, Stratosphere, media_common, MINOS, Air Pollutants, Carbon Monoxide, Multidisciplinary, Atmosphere, Mediterranean Region, Europe, ozone, nitrogen oxides, troposphere, Middle latitudes, North America, Environmental science, Tropopause, aerosols
Abstract

The Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study, performed in the summer of 2001, uncovered air pollution layers from the surface to an altitude of 15 kilometers. In the boundary layer, air pollution standards are exceeded throughout the region, caused by West and East European pollution from the north. Aerosol particles also reduce solar radiation penetration to the surface, which can suppress precipitation. In the middle troposphere, Asian and to a lesser extent North American pollution is transported from the west. Additional Asian pollution from the east, transported from the monsoon in the upper troposphere, crosses the Mediterranean tropopause, which pollutes the lower stratosphere at middle latitudes.

Published
2002

48. Two years of near real-time chemical composition of submicron aerosols in the region of Paris using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSm) and a multi-wavelength Aethalometer

Author

Roland Sarda-Esteve, Martial Haeffelin, Olivier Favez, Eva Leoz-Garziandia, Jean Sciare, Nicolas Bonnaire, Vincent Crenn, Jean-Charles Dupont, Jean-Eudes Petit, Griša Močnik, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Aerosol D.O.O, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
Pollution, Atmospheric Science, Ammonium sulfate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Real-time computing, 010501 environmental sciences, Aethalometer, Combustion, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Nitrate, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Sulfate, Chemical composition, lcsh:Physics, media_common, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements have been successfully used towards a better understanding of non-refractory submicron (PM1) aerosol chemical properties based on short-term campaigns. The recently developed Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) has been designed to deliver quite similar artifact-free chemical information but for low cost, and to perform robust monitoring over long-term periods. When deployed in parallel with real-time black carbon (BC) measurements, the combined data set allows for a quasi-comprehensive description of the whole PM1 fraction in near real time. Here we present 2-year long ACSM and BC data sets, between mid-2011 and mid-2013, obtained at the French atmospheric SIRTA supersite that is representative of background PM levels of the region of Paris. This large data set shows intense and time-limited (a few hours) pollution events observed during wintertime in the region of Paris, pointing to local carbonaceous emissions (mainly combustion sources). A non-parametric wind regression analysis was performed on this 2-year data set for the major PM1 constituents (organic matter, nitrate, sulfate and source apportioned BC) and ammonia in order to better refine their geographical origins and assess local/regional/advected contributions whose information is mandatory for efficient mitigation strategies. While ammonium sulfate typically shows a clear advected pattern, ammonium nitrate partially displays a similar feature, but, less expectedly, it also exhibits a significant contribution of regional and local emissions. The contribution of regional background organic aerosols (OA) is significant in spring and summer, while a more pronounced local origin is evidenced during wintertime, whose pattern is also observed for BC originating from domestic wood burning. Using time-resolved ACSM and BC information, seasonally differentiated weekly diurnal profiles of these constituents were investigated and helped to identify the main parameters controlling their temporal variations (sources, meteorological parameters). Finally, a careful investigation of all the major pollution episodes observed over the region of Paris between 2011 and 2013 was performed and classified in terms of chemical composition and the BC-to-sulfate ratio used here as a proxy of the local/regional/advected contribution of PM. In conclusion, these first 2-year quality-controlled measurements of ACSM clearly demonstrate their great potential to monitor on a long-term basis aerosol sources and their geographical origin and provide strategic information in near real time during pollution episodes. They also support the capacity of the ACSM to be proposed as a robust and credible alternative to filter-based sampling techniques for long-term monitoring strategies.

Published
2014

49. Atmospheric measurements of ratios between CO2 and co-emitted species from traffic: a tunnel study in the Paris megacity

Author

Jean-Eudes Petit, Irène Xueref-Remy, Olivier Perrussel, L. Ammoura, Jean Sciare, Bernard Bonsang, Nicolas Bonnaire, Alexia Baudic, Frédéric Chevallier, and Valérie Gros

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, chemistry.chemical_compound, Atmospheric measurements, Megacity, Acetylene, chemistry, Meteorology, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Mole fraction, Atmospheric sciences, Benzene, NOx
Abstract

Measurements of CO2, CO, NOx and selected Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) mole fractions were performed continuously during a 10-day period in the Guy Môquet tunnel in Thiais, a peri-urban area about 15 km south of the centre of Paris, between 28 September and 8 October 2012. This data set is used here to identify the characteristics of traffic-emitted CO2 by evaluating its ratios to co-emitted species for the first time in the Paris region. High coefficients of determination (r2 > 0.7) are observed between CO2 and certain compounds that are characteristic of the traffic source (CO, NOx, benzene, xylenes and acetylene). Weak correlations (r2 < 0.2) are found with species such as propane, n-butane and i-butane that are associated with fuel evaporation, an insignificant source for CO2. To better characterise the traffic signal we focus only on species that are well-correlated with CO2 and on rush-hour periods characterised by the highest traffic-related mole fractions. From those mole fractions we remove the nighttime-average weekday mole fraction obtained for each species that we infer to be the most appropriate background signal for our study. Then we calculate observed Δspecies / ΔCO2 ratios, which we compare with the ones provided by the 2010 bottom–up high-resolved regional emission inventory from Airparif (the association in charge of monitoring the air quality in Île-de-France), focusing on local emission data for the specific road of the tunnel. We find an excellent agreement (2%) between the local inventory emission CO / CO2 ratio and our observed ΔCO / ΔCO2 ratio. Former tunnel experiments carried out elsewhere in the world provided observed ΔCO / ΔCO2 ratios that differ from 49 to 592% to ours. This variability can be related to technological improvement of vehicles, differences in driving conditions, and fleet composition. We also find a satisfactory agreement with the Airparif inventory for n-propylbenzene, n-pentane and xylenes to CO2 ratios. For most of the other species, the ratios obtained from the local emission inventory overestimate the observed ratios to CO2 by 34 to more than 300%. However, the emission ratios of NOx, o-xylene and i-pentane are underestimated by 30 to 79%. One main cause of such high differences between the inventory and our observations is likely the obsolete feature of the VOCs speciation matrix of the inventory that has not been updated since 1998, although law regulations on some VOCs have occurred since that time. Our study bears important consequences, discussed in the conclusion, for the characterisation of the urban CO2 plume and for atmospheric inverse modelling of urban CO2 emissions.

Published
2014

50. The AeroCom evaluation and intercomparison of organic aerosol in global models

Author

Fangqun Yu, Susanne E. Bauer, Xiaohong Liu, Zhili Wang, Michael Schulz, Steven J. Ghan, Johannes W. Kaiser, T. P. C. van Noije, Johan P. Beukes, Angela Benedetti, Y. H. Lee, Petri Tiitta, Sunling Gong, Jean-François Müller, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Simone Tilmes, Luca Pozzoli, Thomas Diehl, Gabriele Curci, P. G. van Zyl, D. O'Donnell, Huisheng Bian, Gunnar Myhre, Gan Luo, Maria Kanakidou, Lynn M. Russell, Kirsty J. Pringle, Nicolas Bellouin, J.-J. Morcrette, Holger Tost, Richard C. Easter, Stephen D. Steenrod, Shantanu H. Jathar, Kai Zhang, Tommi Bergman, Peter Adams, K. von Salzen, Xiaoyan Ma, Harri Kokkola, Yves Balkanski, Sanford Sillman, Nga L. Ng, Jose L. Jimenez, Trond Iversen, Jean Sciare, Qi Zhang, X. Zhang, Dominick V. Spracklen, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Kostas Tsigaridis, Drew Shindell, Terje Koren Berntsen, Nikos Daskalakis, Ranjit Bahadur, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Øyvind Seland, Mian Chin, Alma Hodzic, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Rahul A. Zaveri, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Guangxing Lin, Toshihiko Takemura, Joyce E. Penner, Alf Kirkevåg, Graham Mann, Hualong Zhang, Paulo Artaxo, Dorothy Koch, Christopher R. Hoyle, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Oslo (UiO), Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Atmospheric Chemistry Department [MPIC], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California, Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of California (UC)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Chemical transport model, FÍSICA ATMOSFÉRICA, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, PARTICULATE MATTER, CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL, medicine, Mass concentration (chemistry), GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL, EARTH SYSTEM, CLIMATE MODEL, VOLATILITY BASIS-SET, Particulates, Seasonality, medicine.disease, lcsh:QC1-999, CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS, Aerosol, Deposition (aerosol physics), lcsh:QD1-999, MASS-SPECTROMETER, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, VOLATILITY BASIS-SET, BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS, CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL, GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL, CLIMATE MODEL, CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS, MASS-SPECTROMETER, EARTH SYSTEM, ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL, PARTICULATE MATTER, Environmental science, Climate model, BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

This paper evaluates the current status of global modeling of the organic aerosol (OA) in the troposphere and analyzes the differences between models as well as between models and observations. Thirty-one global chemistry transport models (CTMs) and general circulation models (GCMs) have participated in this intercomparison, in the framework of AeroCom phase II. The simulation of OA varies greatly between models in terms of the magnitude of primary emissions, secondary OA (SOA) formation, the number of OA species used (2 to 62), the complexity of OA parameterizations (gas-particle partitioning, chemical aging, multiphase chemistry, aerosol microphysics), and the OA physical, chemical and optical properties. The diversity of the global OA simulation results has increased since earlier AeroCom experiments, mainly due to the increasing complexity of the SOA parameterization in models, and the implementation of new, highly uncertain, OA sources. Diversity of over one order of magnitude exists in the modeled vertical distribution of OA concentrations that deserves a dedicated future study. Furthermore, although the OA / OC ratio depends on OA sources and atmospheric processing, and is important for model evaluation against OA and OC observations, it is resolved only by a few global models. The median global primary OA (POA) source strength is 56 Tg a−1 (range 34–144 Tg a−1) and the median SOA source strength (natural and anthropogenic) is 19 Tg a−1 (range 13–121 Tg a−1). Among the models that take into account the semi-volatile SOA nature, the median source is calculated to be 51 Tg a−1 (range 16–121 Tg a−1), much larger than the median value of the models that calculate SOA in a more simplistic way (19 Tg a−1; range 13–20 Tg a−1, with one model at 37 Tg a−1). The median atmospheric burden of OA is 1.4 Tg (24 models in the range of 0.6–2.0 Tg and 4 between 2.0 and 3.8 Tg), with a median OA lifetime of 5.4 days (range 3.8–9.6 days). In models that reported both OA and sulfate burdens, the median value of the OA/sulfate burden ratio is calculated to be 0.77; 13 models calculate a ratio lower than 1, and 9 models higher than 1. For 26 models that reported OA deposition fluxes, the median wet removal is 70 Tg a−1 (range 28–209 Tg a−1), which is on average 85% of the total OA deposition. Fine aerosol organic carbon (OC) and OA observations from continuous monitoring networks and individual field campaigns have been used for model evaluation. At urban locations, the model–observation comparison indicates missing knowledge on anthropogenic OA sources, both strength and seasonality. The combined model–measurements analysis suggests the existence of increased OA levels during summer due to biogenic SOA formation over large areas of the USA that can be of the same order of magnitude as the POA, even at urban locations, and contribute to the measured urban seasonal pattern. Global models are able to simulate the high secondary character of OA observed in the atmosphere as a result of SOA formation and POA aging, although the amount of OA present in the atmosphere remains largely underestimated, with a mean normalized bias (MNB) equal to −0.62 (−0.51) based on the comparison against OC (OA) urban data of all models at the surface, −0.15 (+0.51) when compared with remote measurements, and −0.30 for marine locations with OC data. The mean temporal correlations across all stations are low when compared with OC (OA) measurements: 0.47 (0.52) for urban stations, 0.39 (0.37) for remote stations, and 0.25 for marine stations with OC data. The combination of high (negative) MNB and higher correlation at urban stations when compared with the low MNB and lower correlation at remote sites suggests that knowledge about the processes that govern aerosol processing, transport and removal, on top of their sources, is important at the remote stations. There is no clear change in model skill with increasing model complexity with regard to OC or OA mass concentration. However, the complexity is needed in models in order to distinguish between anthropogenic and natural OA as needed for climate mitigation, and to calculate the impact of OA on climate accurately.

Published
2014

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