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Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM2.5 were measured for 24 h during heating and non-heating seasons in a rural solid fuel burning Native American community. Household building characteristics were collected during the initial home sampling visit using technician walkthrough questionnaires, and behavioral factors were collected through questionnaires by interviewers. To identify seasonal behavioral factors and household characteristics associated with indoor PM2.5 , data were analyzed separately by heating and non-heating seasons using multivariable regression. Concentrations of PM2.5 were significantly higher during the heating season (indoor: 36.2 μg/m3 ; outdoor: 22.1 μg/m3 ) compared with the non-heating season (indoor: 14.6 μg/m3 ; outdoor: 9.3 μg/m3 ). Heating season indoor PM2.5 was strongly associated with heating fuel type, housing type, indoor pests, use of a climate control unit, number of interior doors, and indoor relative humidity. During the non-heating season, different behavioral and household characteristics were associated with indoor PM2.5 concentrations (indoor smoking and/or burning incense, opening doors and windows, area of surrounding environment, building size and height, and outdoor PM2.5 ). Homes heated with coal and/or wood, or a combination of coal and/or wood with electricity and/or natural gas had elevated indoor PM2.5 concentrations that exceeded both the EPA ambient standard (35 μg/m3 ) and the WHO guideline (25 μg/m3 ).

As one of the three major vegetable oils in the world, rapeseed oil is appreciated for its high nutritional value and characteristic flavor. Flavor is an essential attribute, determining rapeseed oil quality and consumer acceptance. The present manuscript provides a systematic literature review of recent advances and knowledge on the flavor of rapeseed oil, which focuses on aroma-active as well as off-flavor compounds, flavor analysis techniques (i.e., extraction, qualitative, quantitative, sensory, and chemometric methods), and effects of treatments (storage, dehulling, roasting, microwave, flavoring with herbs, refining, and oil heating) on flavor from sensory and molecular perspectives. One hundred thirty-seven odorants found in rapeseed oil from literature are listed and possible formation pathways of some key aroma-active compounds are also proposed. Future flavor analysis techniques will evolve toward time-saving, portability, real-time monitoring, and visualization, which aims to obtain a "complete" flavor profile of rapeseed oil. The changes of volatile compounds in rapeseed oil under different treatments are summarized in this view. Studies to elucidate the influence of different treatments on the formation of aroma-active compounds are needed to get a deeper understanding of factors leading to the variations of rapeseed oil flavor.

According to the US Department of Energy, succinic acid (SA) is a top platform chemical that can be produced from biomass. Bread waste, which has high starch content, is the second most wasted food in the UK and can serve as a potential low cost feedstock for the production of SA. This work evaluates the environmental performance of a proposed biorefinery concept for SA production by fermentation of waste bread using a cradle-to-factory gate life cycle assessment approach. The performance was assessed in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and non-renewable energy use (NREU). Waste bread fermentation demonstrated a better environmental profile compared to the fossil-based system, however, GHG emissions were about 50% higher as compared to processes using other biomass feedstocks such as corn wet mill or sorghum grains. NREU for fermentative SA production using waste bread was significantly lower (~ 46%) than fossil-based system and about the same as that of established biomass-based processes, thus proving the great potential of waste bread as a valuable feedstock for bioproduction of useful chemicals. The results show that steam and heating oil used in the process were the biggest contributors to the NREU and GHG emissions. Sensitivity analyses highlighted the importance of the solid biomass waste generated in the process which can potentially be used as fish feed. The LCA analysis can be used for targeted optimization of SA production from bread waste, thereby enabling the utilization of an otherwise waste stream and leading to the establishment of a circular economy.

At present, steam-assisted gravity drainage technology has failed to meet the requirement for the large-scale development of abundant oil sands resources due to high production cost and serious environmental pollution caused by huge amounts of carbon emissions. Therefore, this paper proposes a radio frequency technology for heating oil sands and establishes a corresponding mathematical model that considers the phase transition of water. Then, a lab-scale experimental setup is designed to experimentally investigate the performance of radio frequency heating based on the phase change. Finally, the influences of phase transition of water on the temperature distribution of oil sand samples are analyzed in detail. The results show that the mathematical model of radio frequency heating can accurately predict the temperature distribution prior to the phase transition of water due to the little effect of phase transition on the thermal properties and density of oil sand samples. The failure to consider the effect of phase transition of water on electrical conductivity of oil sand in the mathematical model accounts for a large deviation between the measured temperature data and numerical results. So, in order to make the calculated temperature results more accurate, this effect should be considered during numerical simulation.

The application progress of oil shale retorting process at home and abroad is mainly introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of dry distillation furnaces in different countries are compared. The development trend of oil shale retorting process is prospected. At present, several oil shale retorting technologies have been applied and newly appeared in Fushun furnace retorting, fluidized bed retorting and decarbonization processes, convection heating oil shale mining processes, ATP dry distillation furnaces, ICP retorting furnaces, etc. Very mature, but the oil recovery rate using these technologies is relatively low. The industrialized dry distillation technology currently being put into production at home and abroad has been discussed, and the problems in the dry distillation technology have been studied.

This article provides an overview of the methods of managing the primary petroleum refining. To improve separation efficiency was proposed to stabilize the reflux ratio in the rectifying column. Purpose of work. To develop a system for automatic regulation of the reflux ratio of diesel fuel sec-tions in an atmospheric column of the refinery oil. To study the operating modes of an atmospheric column with the participation of the obtained automatic control system. Materials and methods. The article presented the features of the oil rectification process at the atmospheric unit of a small capacity refinery. The features of heat dissipation with intermediate circulation flash compared to a large-capacity unit will be shown in this article. The parameters of the facility were selected and divided into groups. A dynamic model of the section of shell-and-tube heat exchangers for heating oil with diesel fuel at a low-power refinery unit in the form of differential equations of heat balance has been developed to achieve the goal set work. An electrode dehydrator material balance equation has been compiled to find desalted oil consumption and saltwater consumption. The dependence of the reflux ratio of diesel fuel sections of the atmospheric column on the inlet and outlet temperatures of the atmospheric column circulation flash, the acute fractionation con-sumption, circulation flash, and oil fraction selection was obtained. The resulting model of the facili-ty consists of two parts: the linear part of the electric dehydrator and heat exchanger section, which determines the temperatures of the coolants, and the nonlinear output part, which determines the re-flux ratio depending on technological parameters. The proposed model makes it possible to investi-gate the effect of disturbances on the controlled parameters. The MATLAB/Simulink software prod-uct has been chosen as a tool to implement the model. A system of automatic regulation of the re-flux ratio in MATLAB/Simulink has been built with the participation of the developed model of the study object. Conclusion. The results of modeling a system for automatic regulation of the reflux ratio of diesel fuel sections in the atmospheric column of a low-power refinery unit has been ob-tained, taking into account the peculiarities of the process under disturbance conditions.

The effects of hot-cold bio-oil treatment on properties of wood material from pine species are not known. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of hot-cold bio-oil treatment on oil uptake, density and moisture content properties of Brutia pine wood. This study used castor oil (Ricinus communis L.), flaxseed oil (Oleum linii), mixtured oil (castor oil + flaxseed oil) and Brutian pine sapwood (Pinus brutia Ten.). The wood samples were treated with hot oil (110 ºC ± 2 ºC) for 6 hours before cold oil (23 ºC ± 2 ºC) for 2 hours. Then, the oil uptake, density and moisture content of treated and untreated wood samples were measured. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical program (p0.05). The results showed that hot-cold bio-oil treatment had a significant effect on oil uptake, density and moisture content of Brutia pine wood; and there were significant differences among these effects at 95% confidence level. Such treatment increased the treated wood density between 40.38% - 78.85% compared to untreated wood, while it reduced the moisture content between 93.44% - 96.72%. It was measured the highest density in linseed oil treatment, and the lowest density in castor oil treatment. Flaxseed oil treatment gave the lowest moisture content, while the highest moisture content was measured in mixed oil treatment. Mixed oil treatment increased the moisture content compared to others; increased the density compared to castor oil; reduced compared to flaxseed oil. Accordingly, the moisture diffusion may have been prevented. Because the porosity and penetration in Brutia wood have been limited with reduced the moisture content and increased the density., Sıcak-soğuk biyo-yağ işleminin yerli çam türü ağaç malzemenin özellikleri üzerine etkileri bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmada sıcak-soğuk biyo-yağ işleminin kızılçam odunundan hazırlanan ağaç malzemede yağ alımı, yoğunluk ve rutubet miktarı üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, hint yağı (Ricinus communis L.), keten yağı (Oleum linii), karma yağ (hint yağı + keten yağı) ve kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) diri odunu kullanılmıştır. Odun örnekleri 6 saat sıcak (110 ºC ± 2 ºC) yağ ile muamele edildikten sonra 2 saat soğuk (23 ºC ± 2 ºC) yağ ile muamele edilmiştir. Test ve kontrol örneklerinin yağ alımı, yoğunluk ve rutubet miktarları ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler, SPPS istatistik programı yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, sıcak-soğuk biyo-yağ işleminin kızılçam odununda yağ alımı, yoğunluk ve rutubet miktarını istatistiksel anlamda önemli derecede etkilediğini, bu etkiler arasında %95 güvenle önemli farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu uygulama ile test örneklerinin kontrole kıyasla yoğunluğu %40.38-%78.85 artarken, rutubet miktarı %93.44-%96.72 oranında azalmıştır. En yüksek yoğunluk keten yağı işleminde, en düşük yoğunluk ise hint yağı işleminde ölçülmüştür. Keten yağı muamelesi en düşük rutubet miktarını verirken en büyük rutubet miktarı karma yağ muamelesinde ölçülmüştür. Sıcak-soğuk karma yağ işlemi, diğerlerine göre rutubet miktarını yükseltirken, yoğunluğu hint yağına göre arttırmış, keten yağına göre azaltmıştır. Buna göre, denge rutubeti azalıp yoğunluğu artan kızılçam diri odununda porozite ve penetrasyon sınırlandığından rutubet difüzyonu engellenmiştir.

Significance This study uses data on ∼93 million individual homes to perform the most comprehensive study of greenhouse gases from residential energy use in the United States. We provide nationwide rankings of carbon intensity of homes in states and ZIP codes and offer correlations between affluence, floor space, and emissions. Scenarios demonstrate this sector cannot achieve the Paris Agreement 2050 target by decarbonizing electricity production alone. Meeting this target will also necessitate a broad portfolio of zero emission energy solutions and behavioral change associated with housing preferences. To support policy, we estimate the reductions in floor space and increases in density needed to build low-carbon communities., Residential energy use accounts for roughly 20% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States. Using data on 93 million individual households, we estimate these GHGs across the contiguous United States and clarify the respective influence of climate, affluence, energy infrastructure, urban form, and building attributes (age, housing type, heating fuel) in driving these emissions. A ranking by state reveals that GHGs (per unit floor space) are lowest in Western US states and highest in Central states. Wealthier Americans have per capita footprints ∼25% higher than those of lower-income residents, primarily due to larger homes. In especially affluent suburbs, these emissions can be 15 times higher than nearby neighborhoods. If the electrical grid is decarbonized, then the residential housing sector can meet the 28% emission reduction target for 2025 under the Paris Agreement. However, grid decarbonization will be insufficient to meet the 80% emissions reduction target for 2050 due to a growing housing stock and continued use of fossil fuels (natural gas, propane, and fuel oil) in homes. Meeting this target will also require deep energy retrofits and transitioning to distributed low-carbon energy sources, as well as reducing per capita floor space and zoning denser settlement patterns.

An assessment of trends in main air pollutant concentrations (including CO, SO2, NO2, O3, PM2.5, and Asbestos) is conducted for the years 2005–2016 for the city of Tehran, Iran. The focus has been on the contribution of anthropogenic emissions to the observed trend, particularly the role of related mitigation plans implemented in the period of interest. A significant decreasing trend (about 50%) was observed in CO and SO2 concentrations during the considered time interval, which was explained by improvement plans in fuel quality and vehicle emission standards. While a substantial elevation (more than 50%) in NO2 levels was detected over the study period, variant trends were observed during different periods that appear to be driven by multiple factors including the increase in the number of vehicles and fuel consumption, changes in residential heating fuel from heavy oil to natural gas, etc. The analysis revealed that the O3 formation in Tehran's atmosphere was converted from NOx-limited to NOx-saturated regime around the years 2012–2013. The overall analysis showed a slight decreasing trend (about 30%) in PM2.5 concentrations between the years 2011–2015; however, a rise in PM2.5 levels was observed between the years 2015–2016. Apart from the contribution of anthropogenic drivers, general drought in Iran has caused a considerable increase in natural dust in total PM2.5 mass. Finally, a decline in annual mean airborne asbestos fibers (more than 60%) was indicated by the current study during the years 2012 and 2015.

Highly viscous fuels present combustion challenges due to poor atomization and consequent inefficient air-fuel mixture, however, due to the demand for cheap heating fuels; burner design and fuel properties are continually optimized to enhance their combustion and emission performance. In this study, used engine oil was drained from the sump of a compression ignition engine; the oil was pre-treated to remove particulate matter, water and ferromagnetic materials. The oil samples were then blended with diesel fuel at different volumetric proportions and were characterized according to ASTM standard. The fuel samples were then combusted using atomizing swirl waste oil burner; flame temperature and flame size were measured using infrared thermometer and direct photography respectively. The burner was then mounted to a combustion chamber and the emission gases and flue gas temperatures were measured using a flue gas analyser and digital thermometer respectively. It was revealed that increasing diesel fuel blend decreases the density and viscosity of the fuel samples. All the blended fuel samples were found to form a homogenous mixture and generated flame temperature higher than the unblended oil sample (B0), B20 generated the highest flame temperature of 1400 °C with flame size of 340 × 210 mm and the lowest carbon monoxide (CO) emission of 0.49 %, unburned hydrocarbon (HC) of 249 ppm and the highest carbon dioxide (CO2) of 12.87 % levels. In view of this, diesel fuel can be used as a good blending candidate to used engine oil to improve flame temperature and decrease emission levels in swirl waste oil burners.

In a gas turbine power plant, the lubrication oil must be hot enough for the turbine start-up where the unit is in standstill mode. Currently, the strategy to heat the lubrication oil of ANSALDO V94.2 gas turbine power plant is operating the units in turning gear mode or interval mode. However, these strategies cause to suffering the power plant from high power consumption rate and aging. In this study, an auxiliary portable heating system was added to the unit 5 of the MAPNA built MGT-70 (an Iranian version of V94.2) Aliabad Katoul-Iran power plant for increasing the lube oil temperature. Irreversibility, cost-effectiveness, and availability of the proposed heating system are studied by the concepts of exergy, economy, and reliability analyses, respectively. The result of the exergy analysis shows that by using the auxiliary portable lube oil heating system the exergy destruction decreases about 94.7% and 92.6% in comparison with turning gear mode and interval mode, respectively. The result of the economic analysis shows that the auxiliary portable heating system consumes less power rather than turning gear mode. Moreover, it is a cost-effective system which has no penalty and no non-profit production. Finally, the reliability analysis shows that the auxiliary portable lube oil heating system is a reliable tool during its lifetime. Keywords: Gas turbine, Lube oil, Lubrication system, Portable heater, Exergy, Reliability

The use of renewable energy sources increases the energy self-sustainability of cities, enabling citizens to reduce energy costs, which results in an increase in their standard of living. However, solar energy penetration in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its capital Sarajevo, is not in line with the possibilities. Furthermore, the Sarajevo Canton is extremely polluted during the winter months because of the use of unacceptable heating fuel. The aim of this paper is to introduce photovoltaic power systems use in heating electrification system. In this paper AQI is calculated based on historical data and the hybrid model EMD-SARIMA for air pollution and a solar production forecast is presented. The methodology was tested in the Sarajevo Canton, taking into account 35,000 households. In order to ensure clean air, renewable electric energy use for household heating should be implemented. The widespread use of inefficient individual heating systems characterized by inefficient and expensive use of firewood and the use of coal in individual furnaces in populated areas are the main problems of internal and urban air pollution in Sarajevo Canton. In order to reduce energy poverty in Sarajevo Canton, the use of a floating photovoltaic power plant located on Lake Jablanica with a capacity of 30 MW and the solar prosumers with capacity of 115 MW to provide the 196 GWh necessary for heating electrification of 35,000 households is implemented in this paper. Finally, based on correlation between AQI forecast and solar production it was calculated that the values of the AQI, considering the application of solar energy during 150 days (five months) in one heating season, have significantly decreased. Also renewable energy sources have a very important role in reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere and reducing urban pollution. With this approach, households would be heated by renewable electricity, which would make Sarajevo a cleaner, smarter city.

Poland can be said to be coal. Fortunately, we are starting to change our worldview when it comes to heating residential buildings. Cities connect their inhabitants to gas networks, in smaller towns, boilers are replaced from typical merchants to more ecological ones. On the other hand, heating with fuel oil is an unattainable means of heating. The main advantages of this method are described in the article.

Households have been pointed out as a significant source of air pollution and climate change. In Europe, the 60% of energy used by households is for space heating. The present work focuses on improving the knowledge on residential heating characteristics in Greece. The full causal chain, from the appliances used to the pollutants emitted, is examined at thelocal scale. A crowdsourcing approach was followed for the collection of the necessary data for performing the emissions calculations. With the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS), dynamic maps were produced for each Greek region, providing the information produced in this study in gridded form. In terms of energy demands, it was found that Greece relies mainly on oil and biomass and secondarily on gas and electricity. The use of biomass burning as a main heating fuel is quite high inthe colder and rural areas, while it is popular as a secondary heating fuel inthe urban areas. The residential heating period in Greece lasts from October to April and it is even shorter in southern Greece. In terms of emissions, CO and PM10 had the highest values since they are related to biomass burning. NOx emissions are mainly emitted by the oil burned in boilers.

Switching to natural gas and refinery gas as combustion fuels during refinery modernization, results in a considerable low usage of a medium heavy heating oil, and an open question of the tank function in which such an oil has been stored. There is an idea to make a conversion of such tanks into heat storages and their integration into the cogeneration plant within oil refinery. The analysis of the conversion of two such existing characteristic tanks was made in this paper. Validation of the model is done by comparing the measurement results on the tank that accumulates the cooling energy with the results of the numerical calculation. The results showed that the numerical model provided good results. Validity evaluation of Half cycle figure of merit of charging and discharging process has been analyzed. For both tanks, for all the flows rate it goes over 95%. It was found that during the charging and discharging procesess a significant conduction impact comes up with lower flows, which increases an outlet width of the thermocline. A flow rate impact onto the efficiency of discharge process for Tank 1 and Tank 2 at outlet water temperature 96 °C was analyzed. For Tank 1 ranges from 90.4 to 91.29%, and for Tank 2 ranges between 90.67 and 92.77%, depending on the water flow rate. With both tanks, the results showed that it is better to keep the flow rate low at the beginning of the discharge process.

Transformer thermal modelling is a crucial aspect to be considered as this may help the determination of heat capacity of transformer. This paper present, simulation study on Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN) transformer heat distribution pattern with and without presence of hot spot temperature (HST). This paper aims to compare the effects of different HST value at different locations inside the transformer unit as well as to evaluate the top oil thermal behaviour of corn oil as cooling mechanism in a transformer. To achieve aforementioned objectives, three HSTs were introduced to the 30 MVA transformer winding to find the total heat build-up in the top of the transformer tank. The outcome of thermal properties is examined using x-y temperature plot. From the results found that the location of HST affects overall transformer’s temperature. HST at the top of the winding give a significant effect compared to when HST is at the bottom of the winding. It is also evident that the usage of corn oil reduced the temperature distribution of the transformer. The findings suggest that the temperature distribution study especially on transformer is important to monitor in-service transformer in a non-invasive manner.

The design of and experimental results for a low-power heating oil burner, operating between 1.25 and 5.1 kW with exhaust gas emissions within the normative regulations for domestic usage, ...

The current study is primarily motivated in testing Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework by including energy prices along with output growth. In addition, the current study is also important for analyzing the impact of energy prices by testing the effects of three different fuel prices. They include crude oil prices, natural gas prices and heating oil. The data is gathered from the period of 1980-2017. The results of ARDL confirm that economic growth has a positive and significant impact on carbon emission in Algeria. On the other hand, all energy prices (oil prices, heating oil and natural gas prices) confirm a negative and significant impact on carbon emission in Algeria. The results of ARDL also confirm a presence of U-Shaped EKC curve in the Algeria. The results VDM have confirm a bi-directional causal relationship between oil prices and carbon emission, however we found a unidirectional causal relationship from heating oil prices to carbon emission and no causal relationship between natural gas prices and carbon emission in Algeria.Keywords: Oil prices, natural gas prices, heating oil prices, Algeria.JEL Classification: E31, Q5, Q56DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8312

In order to meet ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets, the reduction of fuel consumption in the heating sector is necessary. This paper assesses the impact of introducing direct drain water heat recovery systems in commercial kitchens in the UK, based on a commercially available heat exchangers. The recoverable heat from these kitchens was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation, sector consumption data, and data measured in the field. A financial criterion, the Net Present Value calculated over 10 years, was used to estimate feasibility threshold values for the kitchen water consumption, varying with the heating fuel used in each premises. This analysis resulted in a total financially feasible potential for drain water heat recovery in the hospitality and food service sector in the UK of approximately 1.24 TWh/yr, leading to a reduction in GHG emissions of 344 k tons Ce/yr. This could be achieved at a cost of approximately 2.94 p£/kg Cesaved, over a 10-year lifetime, which was several orders of magnitude smaller than traditional renewable heat sources such as heat pumps. Commercially available drain water heat recovery systems could, when installed, exploit around 88% of current potential in drain water heat in commercial kitchens (1.40 TWh/yr) in a manner that is financially profitable. However, this paper assumes the availability of a 2 m vertical drop in the kitchen drain, required to install the heat exchanger, and thus achieve optimal effectiveness. In case this head is not available, the heat recovery potential would be untapped, as in approximately 160 GWh, in kitchens where the hot water consumption is too small for financial profitability. This corresponds to a reduction in GHG emissions of 44 k tons Ce/yr and leaves a gap in the market for inexpensive DWHR devices, which could exploit this potential at lower efficiencies.

Fuel icing of fuel/oil heat exchange systems has been a troublesome issue. In this study, a de-icing method is proposed to manage the fuel icing problem by switching the fuel flow direction of the systems. This method uses the fuel/oil heat exchanger as a passive heat source, heat and momentum of the fuel are delivered to the ice. A device named FFDSD (Fuel flow direction switching device) has been developed for this method. This device consists of two normally open and two closed type solenoid valves, and the proposed configuration consumes electrical power only when switching fuel flow directions (36 W to 0 W). A control algorithm has been developed as a countermeasure against a large amount of ice inflow that conventional methods cannot cope with. FFDSD was designed and fabricated, and the experimental test was conducted. The experimental results show that the proposed method can successfully achieve the de-icing of the fuel system within 1 s. A numerical de-icing process was attempted. Ice in fuel was numerically modeled as a fluidized quasi-solid material based on descriptions in previous studies. Numerical analysis results show a similar tendency to experimental results. The results of this study would be useful to manage fuel icing problem of heat exchange systems.

Monitoring of regulated PAHs and metals in PM10 near an industrial area and a new highway was carried out between May 2009 and February 2011. Concentrations of 13 regulated PAHs and three elements (arsenic, cadmium and nickel) associated with PM10 were determined. The results from 72 samples corresponding to 72 calendar weeks (one 24-h sample per week) indicate that the mean concentration value of the mass of PM10 was 39.41 μg m−3, of benzo[a]pyrene 0.060 ng m−3, of cadmium 0.026 ng m−3 and of nickel 0.057 ng m−3. Atmospheric arsenic concentrations in the area were not detectable. The metal and PAH concentrations never exceeded the mean annual levels set by the European legislation. The daily limit of the mass concentration of PM10 exceeded 19 times during the period of sampling. Diagnostic ratios of the PAHs were employed to estimate their source profile. The identified sources were domestic heating fuel and vehicular emissions (petrol and diesel). Back and forward trajectories indicated that the area was not an important source of the abovementioned regulated pollutants and that the transfer of pollutants from the highway to the monitoring station was equally as important as local emissions.

An economic and environmental benefit analysis have been performed using data from the field monitoring of a 25-kW wood pellet boiler heating system with thermal energy storage (TES) tanks installed in a home using a low temperature heat distribution system and radiant heat emitters in northern New York State (NYS). Pellet fuel demand was a linear function of daily average ambient temperature. It was used to predict total seasonal fuel and heat demand from the beginning of October to the end of April. A cost of heat (COH) analysis was performed considering all costs associated with the system including capital cost, operation, maintenance, other costs, and final system disposal (or salvation) cost. Sensitivity analysis showed that initial capital cost, wood pellet fuel price, and boiler heating system seasonal efficiency were the top three key factors determining the final COH with seasonal efficiency becomes more significant when pellet price increases. A life cycle annualized cost method was used to determine and compare the costs of heat using natural gas, No. 2 fuel oil, and propane. The study found that at the current seasonal efficiency of 75.8% (based on gross heating value), pellet fuel price of 240 $/ton, and maximum government incentives of $10,000, wood pellet boiler heating is able to replace intermediate efficiency (83%) propane heating systems in NYS at current fuel price of 2.48 $/gal. With a 3.6% fuel price increase to 2.57 $/gal, wood pellet heating is comparable with high efficiency (95%) propane heating systems. In addition, a heating oil price above 3.22 $/gal would make it economically possible to switch from oil heating to wood pellet heating in NYS. It was found that major emissions reductions can be achieved by switching from inefficient wood heating technology to wood pellet heating in terms of reductions in CO2, particulate matter (PM), and CO emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions reductions are also achieved when switching from fossil fuels to wood pellets, but PM and CO emissions increased significantly.

Oil heat management must be reviewed globally as an integrated function as a consequence of the development of the next generation of aeroengines because of its strong effect on the cooling strateg...

The increased use of wood as a heating fuel in residential and small commercial buildings has increased concern about potential environmental and safety impacts, specifically particulate matter (PM) emissions in the nanometer range. Larger particles (> 2.5 µm) can be effectively removed from exhaust streams by emission control devices. However, nanoparticles (NP), due to their size, are more difficult to capture in exhaust flue gases. In addition, NPs have a higher surface to volume ratio, allowing them to absorb organic compounds, causing them to be more reactive than their larger counterparts. This review focuses on the NPs produced from residential wood heating devices. Current emission regulations do not reflect the NP count or type produced from residential wood combustion, although most published studies show that a significant portion of the particles produced during combustion is in the nano-size range. Fuel type, device type and combustion periods have all shown to impact, at various degrees, the NPs produced. Contrary to common expectations, it appears that modern units may generate a higher count of NPs, although emitting less particulate mass than older units. This investigation supports arguments of needed particle type and count regulations in addition to the current mass based emission regulations. In addition to a critical review and analysis, recommendations are made regarding future testing, monitoring and environmental impact studies that address the significance of NP emissions.

The need for portability and easy to handle devices has been felt by the trekkers and campers. In a country like Nepal, with tough geographical terrain and changing climates, a non burn cooking alternative is sought for outdoor cooking. Quicklime or Calcium Oxide (CaO) is commercially available in abundance. CaO releases 64 kJ of heat during slaking at Normal temperature and Pressure. Boiling of water, preparing tea, boiling egg, preparing omelet and preparing instant noodles were tested with an average of 32.7 % deviation from theoretical values without considering the manufacturing specification of 90 % purity. Calculating with the manufacturing specification, the error reduced to 27.3 %. Though cooking is correlated to the subjective preference of individuals, the highest cooking temperature was recorded 86.5 °C (boiling water), and the highest temperature of inner pot reached was 121.1 °C in that case. The highest temperature reached in each of cooking purposes were respectively as; boiling egg on water(75.6 °C), boiling egg without using water (11.2 °C), preparing tea(85.9 °C) and preparing instant noodles (68.3 °C). The quantity of cooing material resulted in higher efficiencies as evident by the factor that minimum deviation from theoretical calculation was seen during the cooking of noodles (17.5 %) and the maximum deviation was observed during preparation of boiled egg without using water or secondary pot (58.5 %). The device was not found financially feasible for household cooking and for cases where transportation cost incurred is high; the device was financially feasible (Rs. 14 as compared to above Rs. 400 and Rs. 250 of LPG based and kerosene based cooking respectively).

The fuel economic and emission performance of an innovative electric hybrid vehicle (HEV), Dualhybrid, with two internal combustion engines (ICEs) under cold start conditions was studied. Sub-models including powertrain, lubrication and cooling system as well as exhaust system were built and integrated into the models of Dualhybrid and two other reference models: Base model and Fullhybrid model. Coupled lubrication and the exhaust systems of the two ICEs are proposed. The effect of the combination of oil heating and electric heating on the fuel consumption of Dualhybrid was investigated. The results show that the coupled lubricating system of Dualhybrid is beneficial to improve the fuel economy in cold start. The method of hybrid heating can provide a sufficient heating power of the cabin in the initial stage of cold start without declining the fuel economic performance significantly. Coupling of exhaust systems shortens the cold start process of the catalysts, allowing Dualhybrid to achieve a better emission performance in cold start. Through the study, Dualhybrid proves to be a clean and efficient HEV concept.

The aim of this work is to develop dual purposes solar heating system using a heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector. The heat transfer fluid between the thermal loads and the solar collector loop was heating oil. The study provided two thermal loads; a solar water heating system and a solar baking/cooking system that had experimentally investigated under various weather conditions. The experimental pilot unit was installed in the Solar Energy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. Several test runs were performed to measure all assigned parameters that affect the system performance. The system is designed to provide hot oil surrounding the inner vessel of the baker with a temperature up to 250o C while the raw food can be baked/cooked and the outlet thermal energy can be used for heating water via an immersed coil in the hot water storage tank; then the relatively cooled oil is returned to the solar collector via hot oil circulating pump. The tested system can be positively contributed to baking and cooking purposes and providing hot water as well. It is considered an environmentally friendly system and can significantly enhance sustainable communities. The system is capable to produce hot water temperature up to 85 oC and an average temperature of about 60 oC during the day which is suitable for residential purposes and industrial process as well The auxiliary heating system can be an electric source in case of using in urban areas and can be renewable energy source like biogas or hydrogen fuels in rural and isolated areas.

Summary One of the most important directions in the national Russian energy policy strategy until 2035 is the development of hard-to-recover reserves. In the word «hard-to-recover reserves» such categories as bituminous, extra-viscous, high-viscosity oil are included. In the practice of operating mechanical wells, the issue of introducing thermal effects by heating oil with a heater without shutting down the well itself becomes important. At present, the theoretical and working field experience with downhole heaters has been accumulated, however, no systematic ideas about the effectiveness of this kind of method have been presented. This paper considers the issue of analyzing the thermal effect in the well during the operation of the downhole heater and determining the most optimal operating conditions. In the study, the first stage was to assess the effect of heating the fluid and the bottomhole zone of the productive formation on its physico-chemical properties. At the second stage, the technological characteristics of the heater were calculated depending on the individual oil field properties. As a result of the work, it was found that this method is applicable for shallow, vertical wells with high-viscosity oils with a reservoir temperature below 30 degrees.

Summary Reducing the carbon footprint during crude oil extraction is a growing challenge among operators and regulatory institutions. Sustainable solutions need to be implemented for reaching the net-zero production emission target by 2050. Besides the climate challenges, the industry is facing one of the worse crisis of its history. Maximizing production and reserves of existing assets in a sustainable and cost-efficient way are therefore paramount. Polymer flooding, with more than 300 projects worldwide, is a proven and cost-efficient technique to recover more oil in a shorter timeframe; but can the technology also aid in reducing greenhouse gas emissions? This article addresses this question by comparing the GHG emissions associated with standard waterflooding operations and polymer EOR processes Our approach is based on the determination of energy consumption related to different elements of the oil production cycle assisted by water or polymer injection. The total calculation includes water treatment, chemicals manufacturing, transport, polymer injection unit, injection pumps, artificial lift, produced fluids separation, oil heating and oilfield chemicals consumption. GHG emissions associated with oil transport, refinery, water disposal, and gas processing were not included in the study and will simply require updating the model with more data inputs. The emission factors of a series of industrial polymers (including partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides, sulfonated polyacrylamides, and HT/HS polymers in both powder and emulsion forms) were calculated considering the contributions of the raw materials and energy spent during the polymerization and the conditioning processes. The methodology was applied to different field cases available in the literature to determine the reduction of GHG emissions associated with the reduction of water cut. The results indicated that polymer flooding was able to reduce the carbon intensity of conventional oil production by a factor of 2 to 6 compared to standard waterflooding operations, thus helping save up to 80% of water use. The results are promising for an emission free future in oil and gas industry. The model presented in this paper can complement any reservoir simulation package and can give an estimation of reduction of CO2 emissions and water consumption compared to water injection. As an illustration, the model was applied to a pilot simulation using DOE Polymer Flooding software to compare CO2 footprint of waterflooding vs polymer flooding.

Summary One of the most important directions in the national Russian energy policy strategy until 2035 is the development of hard-to-recover reserves. In the word «hard-to-recover reserves» such categories as bituminous, extra-viscous, high-viscosity oil are included. In the practice of operating mechanical wells, the issue of introducing thermal effects by heating oil with a heater without shutting down the well itself becomes important. At present, the theoretical and working field experience with downhole heaters has been accumulated, however, no systematic ideas about the effectiveness of this kind of method have been presented. This paper considers the issue of analyzing the thermal effect in the well during the operation of the downhole heater and determining the most optimal operating conditions. In the study, the first stage was to assess the effect of heating the fluid and the bottomhole zone of the productive formation on its physico-chemical properties. At the second stage, the technological characteristics of the heater were calculated depending on the individual oil field properties. As a result of the work, it was found that this method is applicable for shallow, vertical wells with high-viscosity oils with a reservoir temperature below 30 degrees.

The technology of depressant utilization, which essentially depends on the method of its addition to oil, has a substantial impact on the efficiency of the main pipeline. Direct injection of a pour point depressant into the reservoir enables to maintain optimal conditions for oil processing, namely, to cool the oil at an optimal rate and, which is especially important, in static conditions. But in this case, significant capital investments will be required for mixing devices, devices for cooling oil, for the construction of additional tanks, etc. The addition of pour point directly into the pipeline (before or after the head pumping and heating stations) cannot provide optimal cooling conditions. This process does not significantly improve the rheological properties of oil as compared to the introduction of a depressant directly into the reservoir. The introduction of a pour point depressant directly into the pipeline will significantly reduce capital costs for processing highly paraffinic oil and the advantages of this method are obvious. The proposed method of depressant utilization will reduce their consumption, and energy consumption for heating oil. This goal is achieved by the fact that the pour point depressant is not added to the entire volume of highly paraffinic oil pumped through the pipeline, but only to the annular near-wall layer of oil in the pipe, thus creating a low-viscosity near-wall layer of the pumped highly paraffinic oil. This paper presents a scheme for the implementation of the proposed method and formulas for thermal calculations of the pipeline sections considering depressant addition to oil.

Solar air heaters have the potential to reduce heating loads in commercial meat bird production, therefore, decrease the amount of fossil fuel such as natural gas or propane when brooding young chickens. The objective of this study was to evaluate a low-cost solar collector to pre-heat ventilation air in commercial broiler buildings in order to reduce supplemental heating and potentially improve air quality. Six black fabric-based solar collectors of 36 m2 each were installed on south-facing rooftops of a commercial-scale broiler house. The solar collectors provided a portion of fresh air into the buildings during the ON cycle of minimum ventilation. During the OFF cycle of minimum ventilation, when the temperature under the collectors was higher than the house target temperature, additional warm air under the solar collectors was delivered continuously into the house. The daily cumulative duration of solar collectors in operation averaged 125 and 133 min during the first two or four weeks of brooding in the fall and winter flocks, respectively. When in operation, the solar collectors were able to raise 20oC than the ambient temperature, reducing fuel usage of 7% in the fall and winter flocks. The biggest challenge of solar collector utilization was the collectors not enclosing the fresh air inlets, allowing majority of the air entering from sidewall vents. The limited airflow capacity and limited active operation of the solar collectors due to existing minimum ventilation scheme is another reason of a small amount of heating fuel savings.

The article discusses the theoretical and practical foundations of the study of the possibility of replacing heating oil with gaseous fuel released during special heat treatment of coal, as well as the introduction of this method of heating boiler units at coal-fired thermal power stations. The results of an experimental study of three types of coals in order to obtain the necessary gaseous fuel are presented.

This chapter is concerned with lubricants for internal combustion engines, which are gasoline or diesel fueled, as opposed to those with turbine or hydraulic drives. The engine parts must be protected from corrosion by water or by the oil. An internal combustion engine requires lubrication in distinct areas. The mechanisms of engine lubrication fall into two regimes: hydrodynamic in the bearings, and boundary layer in the pistons and valves. Oil takes two paths through an engine. All the oil pumped, sprayed, or splashed onto surfaces in the engine drains by gravity back down to the bottom of the engine and the oil pan, to be picked up again by the pump. The lowered friction of contact does not affect the viscous component of the energy losses, but it should affect engine power output and fuel economy by reducing boundary layer energy losses. Vegetable oil based motor oils have been successfully demonstrated in gasoline engine fleets.

Reforestation is a threat to permanent grasslands in many alpine regions. Using these areas to produce biogas energy may help to preserve these important landscapes and save fossil fuels by adding a renewable local heat and electricity source. This case study compares (a) a status quo (SQ) reference scenario with heating oil, wood-chips, and grid electricity as municipal energy sources, and (b) a hypothetical local biogas (LB) scenario (to also be used as a municipal energy source) based on a 500-kWel biogas plant with steam explosion pretreatment. Here, hay from previously unused grassland is the main biogas substrate, whereas, in the reference SQ scenario, these grasslands remain unused. Life cycle assessment (LCA) results for LB and SQ scenarios are significantly different at p &lt, 0.05 in all six impact categories. In three categories, the LB scenario has lower impacts than the SQ scenario, including climate change (0.367 CO2-eq kWhel-1 versus 0.501 CO2-eq kWhel-1). Dominant contributions to climate change in the SQ scenario are from the extant municipal energy sources that the LB biogas plant would replace, in the LB scenario, important contributions include unburned methane from the biogas plant, as well as CO2 emissions from hay production machines. In summary, important environmental impacts can be reduced and alpine grasslands can be preserved by biogas production from that grass. The advantages of integrating a local biogas plant in municipal energy and waste systems depend strongly on the extant municipal energy system characteristics.

Traditional and additive free conservation techniques for long shelf life of fruits can be counted as drying and canning or processing to jam–marmalade. Conventional systems consume fuel or electricity to produce required energy with low efficiency due to losses and irreversibilities through heat transfer. For strawberry jam production, heat is applied as a batch system by vacuum-jacketed agitated vessel with a water or heating oil (heat transfer fluid—HTF), which is heated by electricity inside the jacket. In this study, energy and exergy efficiencies of conventional jacketed vessels and inductive heater were compared theoretically for jam processing. It is found that water and HTF used systems works with 82.27% and 93.38% energy efficiencies, respectively, while inductive processing system works with 95.00% efficiency. In terms of irreversibilities, the inductive system generates 79.90 kJ K−1 entropy, while other systems generate 674.19 kJ K−1 for HTF system and 753.90 kJ K−1 for the water system. It is determined that the batch system with induction heater needs less energy and exergy input than conventional electrical heater systems to provide the same desired output. Direct heating by induction heater has several benefits at thermal food processing systems as strawberry jam production by lowering energy and exergy losses. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2019, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.

The discharge capacity of the range hood for cooking-related pollution under current exhaust airflow rate (EAR) standard of 300–500 m 3 /h is limited when cooking temperature near the smoke point of edible oil. This study endeavored to determine appropriate EAR for cooking temperature varies from 200 to 300 °C, which comprised smoke points of different edible oils, considering whether the kitchen was ventilated with the adjacent room or not, and the cooking position of the left/right stove. Particles generated from a simplified cooking process of oil heating test, tracer gas experiment, and flow visualization experiment were conducted. CFD simulation with capture efficiency as an evaluation index was performed. Evidence is presented that when the cooking temperature is 200 °C, the pollutant control effect does not change much when the EAR is above 700 m 3/h, while an EAR of 800 m3 /h may be necessary at 300 °C. For open-door and closed-door cooking, a minimal difference exists in demand for a suitable EAR in this local ventilation system . However, the hood continues to exhaust air during post-cooking period, thereby showing that a higher EAR is necessary to control the pollutants in open-door cooking. The primary and secondary cross draft airflows caused by different air supply positions are observed, which play a vital role in selecting suitable left/right cooking position. The location of the left stove is conducive to the elimination of cooking-related pollutants due to primary cross draft, while it is the right stove due to secondary cross draft.

Urban least well-off and poor households in Bauchi Metropolis face challenge of accessing affordable, reliable and sustainable cooking and heating fuel supplies. As such, the urban least well-off and poor have leveraged their energy demands on use of wood-charcoals, which produced and utilise through mostly informal supply and demand chains that are associated to low efficiency in production methods and ineffective household utilisation factors that contribute to environmental and health dilapidation. This study sought to establish the relationship between physico-chemical characteristics of wood-charcoals commonly produced and utilised and users’ perception on charcoal species preference in Bauchi Metropolis. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the physico-chemical characteristics of the wood-charcoals. This was done prior to the field survey on perception preference to users to collaborate their views or otherwise on the burning and fuelling characteristics of the examined wood-charcoal species. A survey was undertaken using questionnaires to assess the users’ perception preference on the commonly used wood-charcoal species in terms of their solidity, ease of ignition, heat output intensity, rate of devolatilisation, burning time, ash generation and smoke. Of all the wood-charcoal species examined, Ficus platyphylla (Ganji) and Anogeissus leiocarpus (Marke) had low moisture contents (4.17, 4.60%, respectively), high calorific value (33.58, 30.09 Mj/kg, respectively) and low ash content (5.35, 6.51%, respectively) together with their glassy index evident by high aluminium, potassium, and silicon contents, indicating that these charcoal species have high-quality combustion and fuel outputs compared to other charcoal species with least combustion and fuel characteristics. Despite these qualities, these species can’t provide cleaner energy that could cut pollutant emissions, and at the same time bring huge environmental quality and health benefits, yet users perceptibly give preference to these charcoal species based on their combustion and fuelling performance impression.

The residential sector is responsible for approximately 40% of final energy consumption in the European Union, being a potential target to increase energy efficiency and improve urban air quality. New high-efficiency heating oil boilers have been developed requiring fuel adaption by diminishing the sulfur content in the fuel. The present work has led to the conclusion that further fuel development, including the use of alternative fuels, may be directed to reduce fossil fuel consumption and decrease the formation of pollutants. Specific fuel properties, such as distillation curve and nitrogen content, show an influence on pollutant emissions, especially NOx, which can be reduced below the lowest limit required for gas domestic boilers, which, until now, set the state of the art in terms of NOx emissions. The addition of renewable fuels in heating oil formulations, contributing to a global CO2 decrease, does not affect the reduction in NOx emissions as far as it does not affect the nitrogen content and dis...

Wood is an ideal building material as it is renewable and green. However, low dimensional stability and durability might restrict its usage in structural application. Therefore, modification is needed to improve the aforementioned issues. As an environmentally friendly wood modification method, heat treatment of wood using oil as a heating medium has brought to researcher’s attention to the fact that it might serve as an excellent treatment procedure in treating wood. This paper presents a review about the effects of oil heat treatment on the properties of wood such as colour stability, dimensional stability, mechanical strength and durability against termites and fungi as well as its potential to be used as construction and building materials. The pros and cons of using oil as a heating medium in wood treatment are discussed. This review shows discrepancies between the treatment methods or procedures and its resultant findings. Moreover, the effectiveness of the treatment is governed by several factors such as the type of oils used and wood species. The objective of the present paper is to conduct a review of the published literatures regarding the properties of wood modified by oil heat treatment and the results obtained were compared systematically.

In recent years, with the opening of Arctic routes, the cargo oil heating technology of Arctic routes has become a growing concern. In the transportation process of cargo oil tankers, because the cargo oil has high viscosity, it needs to be heated in advance in order to prevent the oil products from cooling below the freezing point under the influence of external conditions, which will lead to the change of oil quality and the difficulty of discharge. However, excessive heating will lead to increased energy consumption and fuel waste, increased ship operating costs and increased marine environmental pollution. In this paper, COMSOL software is used to simulate the difference between cargo oil heating in Arctic low temperature environment and cargo oil heating at room temperature, and the most economical and energy saving heating method is found to reduce marine environmental pollution.

Cooking can release high concentrations of different air pollutants indoors, including particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other gaseous pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxides of carbon (COx), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Although some reviews have been conducted on emissions from cooking, they have not paid specific attention to Chinese cooking. Subsequent research, however, has focused on this aspect. We collected literature from 1995 to 2016 and summarized air pollutant emissions from Chinese cooking. We analyzed the characteristics of such pollutants based on different influential factors. It was found that the cooking method could have a predominant impact on emissions from Chinese cooking, and oil-based cooking produces air pollutants at much higher levels than water-based cooking. In addition, the use of gas stoves released more pollutants than electric stoves. Furthermore, the type and temperature of oil could have caused disparity in source strengths from the oil heating process. Ventilation patterns or the operation mode of range hoods could control indoor pollution levels. With more information focused on Chinese cooking emissions, we can propose more effective strategies for improving the indoor air environment in China.