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The study of Groundwater in West Jakarta is to determine the quality of groundwater that is commonly used by residents for their daily needs such as drinking, clean up and etc. This study is important because the water consumed by residents does not necessarily meet standard of raw water quality for drinking set by the government through Permenkes No. 492 of 2010, through physical and chemical parameters. The research focuses on examining free aquifers in densely populated housing by using hydrogeological and hydrochemistry analysis. This research aims to condition groundwater by hydrogeology and hydrochemistry method and also mapping water quality. Hydrogeological analysis is used to map ground water level based on groundwater depth measurements measured in community wells with units of meters below ground level (mgmt) and meters below sea level (m.asl).Hydrochemical data uses two data, namely primary and secondary data. Primary data is data taken by the author in the field in 2021 by focusing on free aquifer groundwater wells taken in densely populated housing. Secondary data is data taken by BKAT in 2018-2020 by focusing on groundwater wells for public spaces such as gas stations, parks, and houses of worship. So that the hydro chemical analysis produces two types of maps, the first map is groundwater quality of free aquifers in public spaces through BKAT data, and a map of groundwater quality in densely populated housing in 2021. The results of the hydrogeological research are making a map of the free aquifer zone, and a map of the average change in groundwater level in West Jakarta. While the hydro chemical analysis was carried out to see the conditions of salinity, type of water, the level of seawater intrusion and the total dissolved solids in the study area.Based on measurements made by the author in March 2021, the deepest water depth is in Semanam Village with a depth of 9.3 mgmt., and the shallowest is in Rawa Buaya village with a depth of 0.2 mbmt. Meanwhile, based on the author’s measurements, groundwater quality are chagrin. Roa Melaka Village has smelly water, also high in Chloride, Sodium, and Natrium. Duri Kepa and Jelambar Village have high iron pollution, through measurement have 0,4 mg/l and 1,65 mg/l.

Determination of the fluctuations in groundwater level (GWL) in terms of planning and operating their resources is important. In Turkey, many basins are experiencing problems in terms of the potential of groundwater. Increasing water demand, adverse conditions created by climate change and lack of planning related to underground water management in the basin have increased these problems. As a field of application, it was applied for General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) well of Hatay province in Turkey. In the study, GWL predictions were evaluated using data mining approaches such as Radial Basis Neural Network (RBNN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) methods. Monthly data sets between 2002 and 2015, including hydrological parameters predict the GWL used. According to comparison results, it was observed that the data mining models gave good results for observation in test phase.

The research subject under consideration reflects the aspects of the underground water kinetics – ground water formed in the upper non-pressure aquifers. The material of the article is of a scientific and methodological nature, it characterizes the essence of the new developed calculation method – to determine the size of the capacity of the fi rst aquifer (the depth of its bottom – the depth of the confining layer. The article reveals the essence of the problem and the ways of its solution – by improving the existing calculation method based on the processing the materials of long-term observations over the regime of ground water depth. Special attention is paid to the presentation of the mathematical basis for the execution of the calculation; its structure and order of execution are given. At the beginning of the substantial part there is given the current state of the matter, the relevance of the theme and its newness that is to use short-term observation over the regime of the groundwater depth. In the final part there is given the analysis of the results of preliminary practical approbation of computational techniques in the Bryansk area – on the specifi c materials of real long-term observations over the regime of the depth of groundwater. In conclusion, the analysis of the research results and recommendations on the use of the developed methodology in the practice of water management and hydraulic engineering construction is given.

The analysis of long-term observations in the Kamennaya Steppe (over 125 years) for climatic parameters (air temperature and precipitation), ground water level, vegetation species composition revealed the main trends in their variability. Since 1969 there has been an increase in temperature and a reduction in temperature fluctuation during the year. Over the last 30 years, the difference has reached 1.90, and over the last decade it has grown by 0.40 due to the cold season. The amount of precipitation over the same 50-year period has not changed much. In total, an increase of 45 mm was observed over the decade (1999-2008). In the XXI century, there has been registered an increase in the amount of precipitation in the cold season by 12.7% and a decrease in the warm season, which creates certain prerequisites for climate continentality mitigation during the annual cycle. During the first 70 years of observations, the groundwater level in the well No. 1 was on average at the depth of 6.5 m (5.7-7.3 m). At the end of the XX century and at the beginning of the XXI century, there was marked a pronounced rise in the ground water level, the average depth was 3.8 m, which coincided with the growth of average annual temperature and an increase in total rainfall. In this period changes in the long-term regime of ground and surface soil moisture resultedin expanding the area of wetlands and hydromorphic soils on the territory of the steppe. The period of 2009-2018 is characterized by a continued increase in average annual temperatures and a decrease in precipitation, which may lead to a seasonal change in temperature and precipitation to milder and wetter winters and warmer and drier summers. Transformation of vegetation for 100 years of observations had several stages with a general trend to change the steppe grasslands to meadow-steppe, shrubs and woody species.

Peatlands rewetting for hydrological restoration plays an important role for fire prevention and peatland restoration of degraded peatland. One of the methods for the rewetting is canal blocking. The impact of canal blocking for peatland rewetting is further analyzed in this research. This study focused in Pulau Tebing Tinggi peatland hydrological unit (PHU), which is located in Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau Province. To analysis the rewetting impact, 15 dipwells were installed with the distance of 1 m, 51 m, 101 m, 201 and 301 m from the canal for each transect of the three transects. A transect was set in the downstream and two transects were set in the upstream of canal block. The ground water level (GWL) in the 15 dipwells was recorded using water-loggers for one year. This research found that canal blocking has a good effect on maintaining groundwater levels and keeping peatlands in always wet or humid conditions up to a distance of 201 m perpendicular to the canal if the rise in water level in the canal due to canal blocking is more than 0.6 m. It is able to maintain the ground water depth in peatlands around 0.4 m, where the peatlands become low risk to the fire, emission rates and subsidence.

An integrated observation system, so-called SEnsory data transmission Service Assisted by Midori Engineering laboratory (SESAME) has been deployed to measure hydrological and climatological parameters at peatlands of South Sumatera since June 2017. One of the observed hydrological parameters is the Ground Water Level (GWL). This study evaluates the spatio-temporal variability of GWL observed at 4 locations, namely, Peat Hydrology Unit (PHU) Sungai Saleh 1 (SS1), Sungai Saleh 2 (SS2), Sungai Lumpur 1 (SL1), and Sungai Lumpur 2 (SL2). The data covered a period of July 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018. This study focused on analyzing types of observed tides at each SESAME location. It was found that at the study location SL2, SS1, and SS2 the tidal type was a mixed tide prevailing diurnal. On the other hand, the observed GWL at the SL1 was dominated by a mixed tide prevailing semidiurnal. Further analysis on the observed GWL indicates that the lowest GWL was observed in period September-October, while the highest GWL occurs in period March-April. Statistical analysis shows that the observed GWL was significantly correlated with the observed soil moisture at the SL1 and the SL2. The coefficient correlation at those SL1 and SL2 were 0.85 and 0.95, respectively. It was also found that GWL had a significant correlation with Rainfall (RF).

In drained forest sites, ditch cleaning (DC) may be needed to restore the drainage function of ditches and maintain favourable growing conditions. The main aims of this study were (i) to estimate t...

In this study, the settlement problem in Ilgın district, which has high groundwater level at the northwest of Konya and is widely clay, is investigated. In order to determine the settlement characteristics of the investigated area, a research pit was opened at different points and drilling and UD samples were taken. Experiments were conducted on these soil samples. The compaction index (Cc), the compaction index (Cr), the consolidation coefficient (Cv) and the consolidation settlement were calculated according to the results of the consolidation test applied to the samples consisting mostly of clay and thin soil materials. As a result, it was determined that the ground water level and the consolidation of soils were effective in the deformations observed in the buildings in Ilgın settlement area.

In the present study, since historic Cairo established, limestone and woods have been used for building construction alongside. The building materials representingcase studies in historic Cairo are affected by different deterioration factors, such as rising ground water level, the salt weathering, air pollution, frequency between temperatureandrelative humidity, and microbiological deterioration.From case studies survey various types of weathering forms were observed, such as granular disintegration, splitting in the wooden lintel, the efflorescence of salt, pitting in limestone surface, black spots in limestone surface due to microbiological deterioration, black crust and peeling, flaking of painting layers, etc. The aim of this study is to identify on the reciprocal relations ofthe deterioration symptoms in different building materials (limestonewood) used in some of historic Cairo's buildings. The samples were collected from different sites, investigated by several scientific techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), EDX analytical methods, Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy (FTIR) to detect the changes of the main wood components (cellulose,, lignin), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Polarizing Light Microscopy (PLM), Stereo Microscopy, and microbiological investigation were also done. The results of the study indicated that there was a fungal infection on the surface of limestone, in particular which is found close to the wooden elements, microbiological investigation was shownthe following fungi:,,,,,. From investigation of wood samples are shown that there is a rise moisture content in the wood materials, due to direct connection between them and adjacent the stones, in addition to crystallized salts found in wood fiber and internal structure of limestone, such as NaCl, CaSO4.2H2O, CaSO4; due to the effect ofbuilding material properties on each other. Furthermore, the physical and mechanical properties tests of building materials indicated that reduction in its properties.

The study was conducted to found the ground water potentials in Karnal district of Haryana with an aerial extent of 2520 sq. km. The study has analysed the spatial-temporal changes in groundwater depth in Karnal district to understand the hydrological behaviour and status of the area. Various thematic maps were prepared such as (Groundwater and its fluctuation of pre-monsoon and monsoon in two decades (1996-2017). The main objective of the study was to investigate the temporal trends in annual and monthly groundwater level with the help of central ground water board data. The result indicate a mix of negative and positive trends in the ground water level series.

Bangladesh is one of the most climatic hazard-prone countries in the world. Rainfall in Bangladesh is highly variable which depends on each season and location. This study aims to investigate spatiotemporal variability of rainfall linked to groundwater level under changing climate in the northwestern region, Bangladesh during the period of 1976-2016 using rainfall and groundwater level data. A number of statistical approaches such as Mann-Kendall (MK) test, linear regression model, Sen’s slope estimator and Spearman’s rho (SK) test, Coefficient of Variation (CV) were employed to reveal trends and variability of rainfall and groundwater level. Additionally, wavelet transform was applied to assess temporal variability of rainfall time series in the northwestern region, Bangladesh. The results show that the annual rainfall variability was the highest in the Ishwardi station (25.39%) and the lowest was found in Rajshahi (20.70%). The MK test results reveal that the trends of annual and seasonal rainfall decreased gradually, where the highest significant decreasing trend of annual rainfall was found in Rajshahi (-2.976 mm/year) and the lowest decreasing trend was found in Syedpur (-1.278 mm/year). Furthermore, monsoon and winter seasons represent the decreasing trends of rainfall for all the stations. The results of wavelet analysis demonstrate that the monthly rainfall variance of average rainfall in the northwestern region was low from the period of 2006 to 2014, indicating the dry years. The annual and seasonal rainfall trends in the northwestern region were decreased, particularly in the recent decade. The relationship between rainfall and groundwater level indicates that rainfall was decreased and the ground water level was also declining at the same time in the study region. Interestingly, it is observed that a significant high decreasing trend of annual rainfall is found in Rangpur but the annual groundwater level depth is less increased in Rangpur at the same time.

Impermeable land in a region can not absorb rain water, so that rain water becomes run off and cause flood inundation. Absorption wells function to accommodate and absorb rain water into the soil. The purpose of this study to know the value of soil permeability, determine the dimensions and number of absorption wells in reducing flood. The study was conducted at Elementary School 1 Pulo Ie Kabupaten Nagan Raya with area of 1500 m2 and the number of buildings as many as 4 units. The absorption well planning refers to regulation of the Minister of Public Works 11/PRT/M/2014. The data used in the planning form average daily rainfall, flood volume, soil permeability value, runoff coefficient value, depth of ground water level and wide field of cistern. The result of analysis obtained maximum daily rainfall average maximum (R) equal to 36,25 mm/day, volumes of flood (Vab) 11,552 m3, cistern area 497 m2, runoff coefficient value of 0.75 and soil permeability value (K) 0.009725 cm/sec or 8.40 m/day. Rectangular Absorption wells with depth of well (H) 1.60 meters and base well (L) width 1.20 meters. The number of absorption wells required 5 units. Thus, the flood of inundation at the Elementary School 1 Pulo Ie can be accommodated by the absorption wells, so that the flood of inundation can be overcome.

Greenhouse gas emissions from drained agricultural peatlands contribute significantly to global warming. In a laboratory study using intact cores of peat soil from eight different sites in Sweden, factors controlling the emission of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) were examined. Soil properties, and the abundance of the total microbial community (16S rRNA gene abundance), and genes encoding for functions controlling N2O emissions (bacterial and archaeal amoA, nirS, nirK, nosZI, and nosZII) were analyzed and compared against measured greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions were measured at different drainage levels, i.e., higher soil water suction values, since drainage is an important factor controlling greenhouse gas emissions from peat soils. The results showed that N2O and CH4 emissions were generally low, except for N2O emissions at near water-saturated conditions, for which three soils displayed high values and large variations in fluxes. Relationships between N2O emissions and soil properties were mainly linked to soil pH, with higher emissions at lower pH. However, specific assemblages of nitrogen cycling guilds that included nosZII, typically present in non-denitrifying N2O reducers, were detected in soils with low N2O emissions. Overall, these results indicate that both pH and biotic controls determine net N2O fluxes.

Embankment structures are important to protect against flooding damage. Suffusion, in which fine particles within the soil are transported and washed away following the seepage flow, intensifies the instability of embankment structures. Therefore, it is possible that some embankment structures that repeatedly experienced flooding and rainfall penetration have been deteriorated. However, there is little research investigating the relation between seepage flow histories and deterioration within the embankments. In this study, small-scale modeling tests duplicating a river levee were conducted under different seepage flow histories: (i) short term-critical ground water level, (ii) continuous-high ground water level and (iii) repeatedhigh ground water level. The work in this paper investigates changes in “drainage flow rate”, “height of ground water level” and “particle size distribution” during the seepage tests, and evaluates the effects of seepage flow histories on them. Soils gradually showed lower permeability under the first seepage experience in each cases. In the case of relatively longer flooding duration, the drainage flow rate is gradually increased. Fine particles were eroded, regardless of the seepage flow histories; “the number of fluctuations” and “height” of ground water level could particularly be a trigger of suffusion.

The article presents the results of engineering and geoecological studies of the salinity of the soils of the city of Nukus to the ground water level. The results of observations of changes in the city’s ground water level are presented. It was found that the increase of the water level leads to additional salinization of the soils, which worsens the ecological situation of the city, has a negative impact on green spaces and reduces the longevity of plants. According to the results of research, maps-schemes of salinization of the city’s soil were compiled. Studies have shown that the soils of the territory of Nukus are saline and mainly belong to the chlorine-sulphate type of salinity.

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью оценки изменений уровенного, гидрохимического режима грунтовых вод и темпов засоления почвогрунтов в связи со строительством и эксплуатацией Верхне-Ширванского канала Азербайджана и выявление закономерности изменения гидрогеолого-мелиоративных условий территории в зоне влияния упомянутого канала в многолетнем разрезе. Цель: изучение изменения гидрогеолого-мелиоративных условий территории под влиянием антропогенных факторов в зоне влияния Верхне-Ширванского канала после ввода его в эксплуатацию. Объекты: зона влияния Верхне-Ширванского канала Ширванской степи Азербайджанской Республики. Методы. На основании результатов проведённых автором исследований по изменению среднемноголетнего уровня, минерализации грунтовых вод и темпов засоления почвогрунтов, а также собранных данных по этому направлению в период с 1980 по 2018 гг. в зоне влияния Верхне-Ширванского канала Ширванской степи были составлены карты глубины залегания уровня и минерализации грунтовых вод. На основании анализа и систематизации фактических материалов по изменению гидрогеологических условий и засолённости почвогрунтов под влиянием антропогенных факторов проведено гидрогеологомелиоративное районирование территории. Результаты. В связи с эксплуатацией Верхне-Ширванского канала в зоне его влияния изменился уровень, минерализация, химический состав грунтовых вод, засолённость и химический состав почвогрунтов. В период с 1958 по 2018 гг. уровень грунтовых вод территории в связи с проведением оросительной мелиорации поднялся более чем на 4 м, а их минерализация, за счёт инфильтрации поверхностных и отвода минерализованных вод посредством дренажа, уменьшилась на 16 г/л. По всей площади зоны влияния Верхне-Ширванского канала режим подземных вод формируется за счёт орошения земель и дренажа. На основании анализа результатов проведённых исследований по изменению уровня, химического состава подземных вод, засоленности почвогрунтов и собранных архивных материалов проведено гидрогеолого-мелиоративное районирование территории. Выделена одна провинция - Куринский синклинорий, одна зона с климатом умеренно-тёплых полупустынь и сухих степей с сухим летом, три района и четыре подрайона. Первый район охватывает привершинную часть конусов выноса речных артерий. Коэффициент фильтрации водовмещающих пород изменяется в пределах 4-10 м/сутки, минерализация грунтовых вод составляет 1-5 г/л, а глубина их залегания 6-10 м. Второй район охватывает среднюю часть конуса выносов речных отложений, коэффициент фильтрации пролювиальных отложений изменяется в пределах 3-5 м/сутки, минерализация грунтовых вод составляет 5-6 г/л, а глубина их залегания - 1,5-6,0 м. Третий район - это аллювиальная равнина реки Куры. Здесь коэффициент фильтрации водовмещающих пород достигает значений 1-10 м/сутки, минерализация грунтовых вод увеличивается до 1-50 г/л, а глубина их залегания составляет 1-3 м. The relevance of the research consists in studying the change of the level, chemical content, conditions of formation, regime of groundwater and salinity of soils under the influence of anthropogenic factors over a long period of time and in this background the formation of hydrogeological-meliorative conditions. The main aim is to study the change of the hydrogeological-meliorative conditions under the anthropogenic influence in the territories of its effect zone after putting into operation Verkhne-Shirvan canal. Objects of the research are the effect zone of the Verkhne-Shirvan canal of Shirvan plain of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Methods. Based on the results of research conducted by the author on the level, mineralization degree of groundwater and salinity of soils over a long period of time and the data collected, the hydrogeological-meliorative division into districts was carried out. Results. Due to the operation of the Verkhne-Shirvan canal, the level of groundwater, the degree of mineralization, the chemical content and the salinity and chemical content of the salts have changed in its effect zone. From 1958 to 2018 groundwater in this area rose by more than 4,0 m due to irrigation reclamation, and their mineralization degree decreased by 16,0 g/l due to infiltration of surface water and removal of mineralized water through drainage. The groundwater regime in the whole is formed by irrigation of lands and drainage. Hydrogeological-meliorative zoning of the area was carried out based on the results of research on changes in the level of subsoil water, chemical composition and salinity of soils and analysis of collected archival materials. A province-the Kur synclinorium, one zone, semisteppe with temperate-hot climate and dry-steppe with dry climate, three districts and four sub-districts are allocated. The first region covers the ends of the cones of river networks. The filtering coefficient of the rocks of the water-bearing horizons is 4-10 m/day, the degree of mineralization of groundwater is 1-5 g/l, their slope depth is 6-10 m. The second area covers the middle parts of the cones of the rivers,the filtering coefficient of proluvial sediments varies in the range of 3-5 m/day, the degree of mineralization of groundwater is 5-6 g/l their slope depth is 1,5-6,0 m. The third region covers the alluvial plain of the Kura River. The filtering coefficient of the rocks where the water is located reaches 1-10 m/day, the degree of mineralization of groundwater increases to 1-50 g/l, the slope depth is 1-3 m.

Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) and its Conservation, is the activity of direct collection of rainwater and collected rainwater can be recharged into the Ground Water or can be store for immediate use. The main aim of the RWH is to reduce the flow of Rain Water through Drains/Streams/Nalas to the rivers without any use of the same. It is a well-known fact that the Ground Water level is depleting and going down and down in the last 2–3 decades. Thus Rain Water Harvesting and Conservation aims at optimum utilization of the natural resource, which is the first and clean source of water that everybody knows in the water cycle and hence is a first or primary source of water for the human being. The lakes, rivers and groundwater harvesting and conservation, we all depend entirely on such secondary sources of water for all-purpose. In the process, it is forgotten that the final source of feed for these secondary sources is rainwater. The value of this essential primary source of water must not be lost.

In agriculture water is one of the important constraint in getting good yield. Ground water level is continuously decreasing and it should be optimally used. This work is based on understanding and analyzing the variations in the moisture content of the soil under various external factors along with weather condition. We have implemented and analyzed this in various climatic conditions with soil moisture sensors placed at different depths inside the soil. Different factors like atmospheric humidity, soil temperature, and atmospheric temperature have been taken into consideration.

The phenomenon of forest and land fires (karhutla) in Sumatera always recurs every year. During the dry season, it is necessary to be aware of the emergence of hotspots and be addressed immediately before an actual fire occurs. This study aims to prevent the risk of forest and land fires by applying Weather Modification Technology (TMC). The application of TMC is intended to wet the land (rewetting) so that hotspots do not appear. The research was conducted in Riau, Jambi and South Sumatera Provinces. Research observations were carried out from May to June 2020. The results showed that TMC could increase the intensity of rainfall. The volume of rainwater produced for Riau is 44.1 million m3 and in Jambi and South Sumatera as much as 50.20 million m3. The rainfall that falls is expected to wet the peatlands and fill the peat domes so that TMAT (ground water level) is maintained and soil moisture is maintained. During the implementation of TMC, it was possible to keep the TMAT from dropping more than 40 cm, even for some locations where the TMAT peat measurement had increased.

Groundwater is the primary source for drinking, irrigation, and industrialpurposes. Groundwater provides about 24 per cent of global water supply.Groundwater level fluctuates depending on the groundwater recharge anddischarge from the aquifer. The climate change, changing rainfall pattern andgrowing water demand lead to the groundwater level variation year by year.Rainfall is the major source for groundwater recharge. As rainfall increases,groundwater level also increases. Theni District also called Cardamom citylocated in the foot of Western Ghats is chosen as the study area. The majorsource of irrigation was well. For analysis of groundwater level status, theAverage - Ground Water Level data and Categorization of the firkas in Thenidistrict was collected from State Ground and Surface Water Resources DataCenter. Arithmetic averages of Rainfall of stations under the Theni districtwas collected from India Meteorological Department. Groundwater levelrise and fall analysis of Average-Groundwater level data (2011 to 2019)was carried out using the line chart. Comparative analysis was done usingRainfall data Vs Average – Groundwater level data (2014-2018). Consideringthe last five years, the groundwater level in Theni District has increased. Thestatistical correlation between the rainfall and groundwater level fluctuationwas poor. Categorization of firkas was used as a performance indicator.It was observed that the Safe Firkas increased from 18% to 41% and theCritical Firkas increased from 6% to 12%. In Periyakulam and Theni Talukthere is no change in Firkas category and remains the same as on 2011.This helps in focusing groundwater development in those taluks which arein the fringe of groundwater status.

Sand has been considered to be something of an immeasurable quantity. There are many indications that this view is no longer valid and that the limiting of natural aggregates usage is doubly justified. Firstly, the extraction of natural aggregates is expensive and has a huge impact on the environment. The main issues in sand and gravel mining are the large areas that are affected, ground water level changes, illegal mining, unsuitability of desert and marine sand, and costs of transport. Secondly, metallurgical waste can be used as a substitute for natural aggregates. This is doubly beneficial&mdash, the waste is recycled and the use of natural aggregates is reduced. Waste is stored in landfills that take up large areas and there is also the possibility of ground and groundwater pollution by hazardous compounds. The research presented in this article focuses on the technological conditions of using metallurgical waste in its original form and as a component of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). The use of metallurgical sludge waste or crushed or round RCA to produce concrete deteriorates the consistency and does not significantly affect the air content and density of the concrete mix. RCA lowers the density of hardened concrete. Metallurgical sludge waste or RCA usage adversely affect the absorbability and permeability of concrete. Concrete containing metallurgical sludge waste is of higher compressive strength after 7 and 28 days, with up to 60% of waste as a sand replacement. RCA concrete achieved higher compressive strength also.

Investigation of groundwater level is considered a prominent research topic for the study of underground hydrologic system. Due to the complexities of underground geological structure, the accuracy of real-time ground water level prediction is limited. In this study, a novel two-phase data-driven framework to model the time-series groundwater level with spatial–temporal analysis and least square support vector machine is proposed. Groundwater data collected from four monitoring sites in the northern region of United Kingdom is utilize in this study. In phase I, the time-series analysis is conducted to study the temporal characteristics of the groundwater. Based on the time-series analysis, least square support vector machine is performed to construct the prediction model to forecast the future groundwater level. In phase-II, the spatial correlation between the water levels in four sites are computed to construct a comprehensive model regarding the interrelation between the monitoring sites. Computational results illustrated the outperformance of least square support vector machine in predicting time-series groundwater levels compared with other state-of-arts machine learning algorithms. It has been demonstrated that the spatial–temporal model may serve as an applicable approach for the future research of groundwater resources.

Results of salinity assessment of irrigated soils at the Svetloyar Irrigated Mas-sive located in the Northern Sarpa Lowland (Volgograd region) are shown. Soil cover patterns suffered severe transformation under the impact of ameliorative activity during 45–50-year irrigation. There were 25–50% of Solonetz and sol-onetzic soils on the investigated territory before the construction of Svetloyarsk Irrigation System. In 2010-s there were practically no Solonetz soils, as the main part of solonetzic (nitric) horizons were cut and mixed with material of other upper horizons during the planning works. Soil cover patterns of irrigated massive presented by transformed solonetz complex with solonchakous (epiprotosalic in WRB-2015) and deep solonchakous (endoprotosalic) soils passed to a phase of salt leaching at the present. Horizons with soluble salts moved deeper from the layer 0–100 cm in 1990-s to the layer 100–200 cm in 2010-s. Soils have become very deep solonchakous (bathyprotosalic) with weak and moderate degree of salinity predominantly chloride-sulfate and sulfate composition of salts. Under current conditions, the application of the multispectral satellite information did not allow us to map the salinized soils on the investigated massive. Therefore, maps of salinity in the layers 0–100 and 100–200 cm were created by interpolation method (the method of Inverse Distance Weights) on the basis of experimental data obtained during field investigation in 2015 and 2016. The high content of toxic salts was revealed in soils at the western part and locally in the northern part of Svetloyar Irrigated Massive. These territories will be potentially the most hazardous for secondary salinization, if ground water level rises up (higher than 3 m).

With the growth of the city every year, it changes the composition of land use. City growth that occurs in line with the development of population, social activities and industrial activities that accompany it, resulting in increased demand for land availability that will be used to carry out various activities. The availability of land as a media for water absorption is decreasing while the use of ground water is continuously being explored to meet the needs of the community, social activities and industrial activities. Structure and texture as well as other organic elements take part in increasing the rate of soil permeability The use of ground water by the community and social activities is not greater than the use by industrial activities. At present, especially large cities with very rapid development of industrial activities are causing large groundwater usage. With the decreasing availability of infiltration land, making the process of water entering the soil less and less, if this happens continuously in the long run, it will cause a decrease in the ground water level, a decrease in land elevation, and easy sea water instruction. Therefore it is necessary to socialize to the public about the use of ground water so that the condition of groundwater is maintained.

For the sustainable restoration of wet farm land degraded by the climate change-induced rise of ground water level (GWL) and soil salinity etc., the sheet pipe system is one of the most useful technologies which reduces cultivation obstacles due to the poor drainage by controlling the rapid drainage function and enabling farmers to produce profitable crops. This system is characterized mainly as a perforated polyethylene rolled-band sheet 180 mm in width and 1 mm thick which is drawn into the subsurface layer while transforming a drainage pipe with φ = 50 mm. The major advantage of this system is that since the sheet pipe is installed without trenching, the disturbance of land is minimized and the construction period can be shortened to about 1/4 (which reduces the cost approximately by 50%). In this study, by using the sheet pipe installed miniature-type model soil box, the drainage capacity of the sheet pipe was confirmed as being the same as the pipe-shaped standard drainage pipes. Based on the observations of the saturated–unsaturated flow and the maximum lowering rate of GWL was predicted. Finally, at the farm land wherein the free board of the adjoining canal was limited, the effectiveness of the sheet-pipe system was confirmed.

This paper aims to analyze the variability of the levels of surface and ground water in the Ochożanka basin. The depth at which the ground water table occurred was studied with reference to the adopted land drainage standards. The studies were carried out in 2009/2010–2014/2015 for natural and regulated water outflows. The analysis of annual total precipitation in the analyzed period some years were very wet (2009/2010 and 2013/2014), some of them were wet (2010/2011, 2012/2013), one year was dry (2014/2015) and one year was normal (2011/2012). The six-year average seasonal precipitation amounted to 593 mm, which was 66 mm higher than average precipitation recorded in 30 years. Under regulated outflow conditions the level of water in the river ranged from 55 to 77 cm. The level of water under natural outflow ranged from 18 to 49 cm. In the area with regulated outflow the average ground water level was 47 cm. In the remaining area of drainage system ground water level was 67 cm. Also, the dynamics of variance in the water level under natural outflow conditions was clearly higher.

Peatland fires in 2015 that hit 23 of 33 provinces in Indonesia is one of the worst fires in history. South Kalimantan is one of the 23 provinces with the burned land area of 19.179,9 hectares. Peatland burning in Banjarbaru and of Banjar Regency which totaled 1.536 fire point burning with a land area of approximately 1.500 hectares. The main factor of this land fires is of decreased water level in the peat land. Therefore, to overcome that fires will not happen again by creating a conservation pond to hold water, especially during the rainy season in order to keep moist peat. The planning an peat land conservation in this area of 900 hectares. Peat ecosystem restoration can be done through the realignment of hydrological function where peat dome as a long-term water storage. The purpose of the research is to knowing the state of the physical properties soil for conservation pond made and knowing the condition of the ground water level in the field. From the results of an investigation soil physical properties obtained peat has not undergone recast and the number of pores in the soil are very large so that the soil becomes porous with a high water level conditions.

Pennar is an important river of Ananthapuram district where 80 per cent of the district is drained by the river. Ground water levels were monitored from a network of 71 observation wells four times in a year. The depth to water level during pre-monsoon (2005) range from 2.53 to 19.67 m below ground water level. Less fluctuation is observed in the areas where the water levels were comparatively shallow during pre-monsoon and where the slope is less. Generally in kalluamarri village September, October, November are the months where in the ground water levels are increasing. Similarly during the months from January to May there is no recharge of ground water.

The article evaluates the weather and hydrological impact on geotechnology when fragmented peat is milled and dried at a peat deposit. The amount of moisture feeding the fragmented peat of a deposit was studied and was determined to depend on the ground water level. The influence of drainage on the water regime of a high-more peat deposit and that of weather conditions on ground water level fluctuations over time have been evaluated at production sites with an open drainage network. When a peat deposit is drained, under the action of gravitation (the pressure differential in the ground and a drain), ground water seeps into the drains and is transported along them, down-grade, to the collection network and diverted from the drained area. The processes of moisture movement at a peat deposit help evaluate and justify measures to improve its water-air regime which is used in the development of intensive draining methods for a peat deposit and the maintenance of the necessary water regime in peat deposits.

Groundwater is an important resource in semi-arid Chile to meet local social, economic and environmental water demands. Historical ground water level (GWL) data (1986–2014) in the Coquimbo Region were analysed to characterize short and long-term alluvial aquifer dynamics. Long-term trends were assessed using a seasonal Mann-Kendall trend test, which indicated that more than 80% of the time series exhibit a negative trend. Short-term analysis using cross-correlation provided information on recharge origin and its spatial pattern. Runoff and GWL are highly correlated depending on elevation, signifying that stream to aquifer flow is an important recharge process at higher altitudes. Long-term recharge behaviour was characterized using time-frequency wavelet power spectra. The results show significant amplitude of the 5-year recharge period for GWL, which is driven by a 5-year El Niño index periodicity. Such results provide key information of the spatiotemporal functioning of aquifers.

As the water issue relates the carbon issue in peatland, carbon and water interrelation has been studying for long term (more than 10 years) in peatland of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Soil Moisture Content (SMC) and Ground Water Level (GWL) in long term have been monitoring by auto-monitoring system called SESAME, developed by our team, and Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) has been measured by Eddy Covariance on the tower. By these long-term monitoring, it is found that

Every year a huge amount of ground water pumped in Pilibhit district due to summer rice cultivation, causing depletion in water table. Remote Sensing and GIS techniques provide an advance and reliable information regarding the area sown under summer rice. The present study focused on the identification of area under summer rice cultivation in different years and its impact on ground water level. The Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Sentinel-2A satellite data were used to identify the area under summer rice. In the present study, the summer rice area estimation were done for the year 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016, 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 and as such, the rice area were estimated around 28667.08 ha, 29607.84 ha, 30382.62 ha, 31728.89 ha, 32675.38ha 32313.27 ha respectively. The cultivation of summer rice in above years (2012-2013 to 2017-2018) consumed around 100334783 m, 103627443 m, 106339173 m, 11105111.53 m, 114363833 m and 11309644.53 m of water respectively. The source of this huge amount of water is mainly ground water, which results in 2 to 3 feet depletion of water table in last decade and if this continues in future, the district of pilibhit will surely be faced severe scarcity of ground water.

To explore the evolution process of soil salinization in Shouguang, the current study applied the Pan and Multi-spectra Sensor (PMS), Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thematic Mapper (TM) data to establish a remote sensing monitoring model of soil salinization. Based on the vegetation and salinity indexes, we extracted the information of soil salinization in the flourishing period of plant growth in Shouguang in 2017. At the same time, we monitored the spatial and temporal patterns of soil salinization in Shouguang from 1998 to 2017. We compared the range of soil salinization reflected by remote sensing data and the regional groundwater level and revealed the formation and evolution mechanism of soil salinization in Shouguang. The results reflected that the distribution of soil salinization in Shouguang demonstrated obvious banding characteristics in distribution, and soil salinization gradually increased from the south to the north. Based on the imagery interpretation of Landsat images of three periods from 1998 to 2017, we found that the area of saline land in Shouguang severely decreased as a whole, but the coastal salinization intensified. Moreover, the inversion of surface soil salinity using the GF-1 satellite PMS image has a high precision, and the goodness of fit (R2) is up to 0.871. Compared with the GF-1 image, the Landsat image is more suitable for grading and monitoring soil salinization in a wide range. We also confirmed that the change in ground water level is the main reason for the evolution of salinization. Excessive exploitation of groundwater by vegetable production caused the intensification of seawater intrusion and secondary salinization in coastal areas, while the water level dropped in areas far from the coastline. To prevent the deterioration from soil salinization in Shouguang, it is necessary for us to extract the local groundwater resources reasonably and optimally.

Field investigations and indoor experiment were carried out to clarify the effect of temperature and chlorophyll a concentration of the sediment, photon flux density, and ground water level on the absorption and emission of CO 2 from the surface sediment of the artificial salt marsh. The flux of CO 2 absorption was closely related to sediment temperature, chlorophyll a and photon flux density. On the other hand, flux of CO 2 emission changed depending on the sediment temperature and ground water level. The ground water level was thought to be indispensable for estimating CO 2 emission from the sediment of the intertidal zone of the salt marsh. Using equations of CO 2 flux with sediment temperature, chlorophyll a, photon flux density and ground water level, the total CO 2 absorption and emission of the artificial north salt marsh of Osaka Nanko bird sanctuary was estimated as ca. 23 tons (4.3 g CO 2 m −2 day −1 ) for absorption and ca.14 tons (2.6 g CO 2 m −2 day −1 ) for emission in May to September 2014. These results suggest that a net of 9 tons of CO 2 (1.7 g CO 2 m −2 day −1 ) was absorbed, and that this salt marsh performs the function of a CO 2 sink in high temperature seasons.

In this paper, as a basic research for the restoration and construction of easuary saltmarsh, To observe the habitat environment for reed, we observed sediment environment (Particle size, water content, pH, nutrient analysis (, )), ground water level, ground level, individual numbers of reed, maximum reed height. As a result of this study, sediment particle size and moisture content of soil on the study area not effected reed habitat, pH showed no difference in each site. and concentration also no difference in each site. Ground level of reed habitat area is more higher than none reed habitat. However Ground water level of reed habitat area is more lower than none reed habitat. As a results of analyzing the influence factors for reed habitat in Nakdong estuary saltmarsh, ground water level and ground level is most influenced factor for reed habitat.

A simple model was developed to describe the dependence of net CO2 exchange in a sphagnum peat bog as a function of incoming solar radiation, air temperature, and soil moisture. It was parameterized using the field measurement data from two neighboring sites in an undisturbed peat bog (the pine mire with shrub and sphagnum and the shrub-sphagnum mire with rare pine) in Moscow Region. Measurements were conducted during the second part of the growing season, when the groundwater level was below 30 cm. It was shown that is a key parameter influencing the photosynthesis and respiration rates of a sphagnum moss and peat soil. The developed model allows to explain from 71 % to 74 % of the variation of CO2 exchange in the peat bog.

The article contains proposals for double regulation of the groundwater level to obtain a high yield with the lowest water consumption. In the article, all side-by-side studies of the issues of double regulation of the groundwater level and scientifically-based proposals are given on them. The report contains the results of studies carried out at experimental sites in the Khojaili region and Kungrad regions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. According to the data of the conducted field studies on the collector, the calculated parameters were obtained for double regulation by the construction of retaining structures. During the growing season, the collector was locked, and the optimal soil moisture was achieved and, accordingly, the yield of agricultural crops was increased.

Kubang Jaya village is located in a low land peat swampy area and often suffers from the flood in the rainy season. Swampy peat area generally has a high groundwater level; thus, it can immerse the septic tank in the housing in the area. The height of the groundwater table is approximately 50cm from the surface level, while the depth of the septic tank is 150cm. When the septic tank below groundwater level, this could cause a mix of soil water and septic tank waste. This community development activity aims to educate the community about sanitation and give lecture and training of installing bio-porta septic tank (bacterial portable septic tank) for housing in high groundwater level area. Bio-porta septic tank consists of two drums as sediment tank and aeration tank. Bio balls were used to speed up the decomposition by aerobic bacteria in the tank. An aerator was added to the installation to increase the proliferation of bacteria. The community development activities were pre-test, lecture, post-test, practical and cadre training. Results show that there was an increase of understanding and knowledge of community from 24% to 62% about the septic tank in high groundwater level area. The community also agreed to replace the conventional septic tank into the bio-porta septic tank in the future. The activity also has a positive impact on educating and changing the mindset and attitude the community of Kubang Jaya village in improving the sanitation with an intention to the bio-porta septic tank in the future. ABSTRACT (INDONESIAN): Desa Kubang Jaya merupakan kawasan dataran rendah rawa gambut dan sering mengalami banjir saat musim hujan. Lahan rawa gambut umumnya memiliki muka air tanah tinggi sehingga dapat merendam tangki septik pada perumahan yang terdapat di kawasan tesebut. Rata-rata tinggi muka air tanah sekitar ±50 cm, sedangkan kedalaman tangki septik warga sekitar ±150 cm dari permukaan tanah. Apabila tangki septik terendam, maka hal ini dapat mengakibatkan pencampuran air tanah dengan limbah tangki septik. Oleh karena itu dilakukan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dengan memberikan pengetahuan mengenai sanitasi lingkungan dan memberikan penyuluhan serta pelatihan pembuatan tangki septik bio-porta (bacterial portable septic tank) untuk rumah di lingkungan dengan muka air tanah tinggi. Tangki septik bio-porta terdiri dari dua drum yang berfungsi sebagai tangki pengendapan dan tangki aerasi. Untuk mempercepat proses penguraian oleh bakteri aerob di dalam tangki maka digunakan bio ball atau rumah bakteri. Aerator ditambahkan pada instalasi untuk mempercepat perkembangbiakan bakteri aerob. Kegiatan pengabdian terdiri dari pre-test, penyuluhan, post-test, praktek, dan pelatihan kader. Hasil evaluasi kegiatan pengabdian menunjukkan terjadinya peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat dari 24% menjadi 62% tentang tangki septik di lahan dengan muka air tanah tinggi. Masyarakat juga sangat setuju untuk mengganti tangki septik konvensional dengan tangki septik bio-porta di masa mendatang. Hasil kegiatan sangat berdampak positif untuk mengedukasi dan mengubah pola pikir serta sikap warga desa Kubang Jaya dalam memperbaiki sanitasi lingkungan tempat tinggal dengan keinginan untuk menggunakan tangki septik bio-porta di masa mendatang.

This study aims to: (1) determine the chemical properties of peat soils in 3 types of land cover in 2 physiographies; (2) find out water level fluctuations (WLF) on peat soils covered by agroforestry and horticulture in the physiography of peat dome and backswamp during the rainy season, transitions and drought. This research was conducted in January until December 2018 in Kahayan-Sebangau Peat Hidrological Unit, in the Kalampangan Vilagge. The results showed that differences in peat soil cover conditions at different physiographies affected chemical properties and WLF. The three types of peatland cover on both physiographic types of peatlands have a pH that categories into the very acid ( 40). In addition to the chemical elements of the soil, the peat ground water level is highly volatile following rainfall so that during the peak of the dry season (MK) the WLF can reach 200 cm below the ground surface, and vice versa during the peak of the rainy season (MH) the WLF can inundate all peat soils.

Kampung Babakan Cikeruh is a slope or ridge area , a few years ago this area did not experience any difficulty in water availability because the land had not yet changed its function, Since the development of the land conversion function as a housing area, it has caused a decrease in the ground water level in the dry season, so that it becomes a problem for residents because residents rely on wells to be a source of water for household needs every day. Based on these conditions, it is necessary to have groundwater conservation measures at the study site, so that groundwater level subsidence is not deep. The research methodology used to identify the problem, then determine the scope of the problem, conduct a literature review that is relevant to the problem under study, so that the formulation of the theoretical framework, hypotheses and conceptual concepts of the solution to the problem being examined, then make the method of conducting research including determining the location, gathering data and analysis, so as to produce solutions to the problems studied and researchers will provide conclusions. The researcher provides a solution in the form of leach absorption wells, and from 10 wells examined, the researcher makes infiltration wells that are between 3 adjacent wells and the results obtained 3 wells have a stable ground water level in the dry season. the conclusion is the effort to conserve water to maintain the stability of the ground water level in the dry season by making infiltration wells .

Prambanan Temple is a cultural heritage located in Jogjakarta. Tectonically, the Special Region of Jogjakarta and its surroundings are an area with a fairly high level of seismic activity in Indonesia. Geotechnically, the soil in Jogjakarta is sandy with similar gradation. The thickness of the sand ranges from -50 m to -60 m. Whereas, the ground water level is located at a depth of -12 m during dry season and in rainy season, it rises from -6 m to -4 m. The impact of soil types and the high Ground Water Level (GWL) allow it for liquidation to occur during an earthquake. This study was conducted using liquefaction analysis, through Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) method with ground water level variations. Before analyzing the liquefaction using LPI method, Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) methods were used, and analysis could then be done through Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) and Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) to obtain safety factors and the Liquefaction Potential Index analysis was then conducted. To analyze this liquefaction, earthquake data from 2004 to 2019 and the results of the SPT field test at the Prambanan Temple were needed. From the liquefaction potential analysis through Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI), the results showed that in CSR Seed & Idriss (1971) and CRR Tokimatsu & Yoshimi (1983), GWL 1 m at depths from 4.5 m and above, the potential of liquefaction occurrence was high. The largest PGA value was obtained based on the Matsuchka (1980) method on May 26, 2006 which was 0.102.

Ground water level (GWL ) is one of the indicator s to predict potential fires o n peatlands. O ther factors, such as rainfall and hotspots, c ould also trigger peatland and forest fires . Th is study aimed to analyze the relationship between rainfall GWL, rainfall , and hotspots as indicators of forest and land fires in Musi Banyuasin Regency , South Sumatra Province . The GWL data, hotspot distribution , rainfall data were processed using ArcGIS 10.6 software . Pearson bivariate correlation test was performed to determine the relationship between GWL , hotspot distribution, and rainfall. The results showed a decrease in rainfall, followed by an increase in hotspots, particularly during the dry season. The lowest rainfall and GWL occu r r ed in July – August 2018. The increase in rainfall wa s not followed by the GWL increase that reflect ed a degraded and dry peatland condition, which could cause a decrease of peat ability to absorb and store water properly. The results also showed an inverse relationship between hotspots and GWL, which means that a decrease in the GWL will follow the increase in hotspots and vice versa. This explains that the increase of hotspots contributed to a drought on the GWL of the peat lands . Keywords: ground water level, forest fire, hotspot, Musi Banyuasin, peatland, rainfall

This study analyzed fluctuations of ground water level of ground water wells developed in Seongsan watershed of Jeju Island until 2013 using MODFLOW, a numerical analysis model. Ground water level shows greater fluctuations from increase of pump capacity compared to the number of ground water wells. The development of ground water at the top of watershed was found to have direct influence on ground water level. Ground water wells developed until 2013 were used to continue pumping for 50 days, and ground water level of coastal region was reduced below 50% compared to the standard water level. In addition, the range of fluctuation of water level was large in the east coast region, which represents the direction of flow of ground water.