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This paper analyzed the content, distribution and source of Cu in Jiaozhou Bay in 1982. Results showed that the Cu contents in surface waters were relatively low, and the pollution level of Cu in 1982 was very slight. The major Cu source in the southwest of the bay was overland runoff; while for the northeast ocean current was responsible. The input contents of overland runoff and ocean current ranged from 2.22-3.56 μg.L-1 and 0.15-5.31μg.L-1, respectively.

This paper analyzed the content, distribution and source of Zn in Jiaozhou Bay in 1982. Results showed that the Zn contents in surface waters in April, June, July and October ranged from 1.75-167.71 μg.L-1, 8.31-36.97 μg.L-1, 7.05-12.18 μg.L-1 and 1.75-5.25 μg.L-1, respectively. Cu contents in most of the monitoring sites in April were meeting Grade III or Grade IV in National Sea Water Quality Standard (GB 3097-1997). While most of the monitoring sites in June, July and October were meeting Grade I or Grade II. The major Zn sources in the bay was overland runoff, ocean current, and deposition, whose input contents ranged from 37.90-167.71 μg.L-1, 1.31-36.97μg.L-1 and 1.75-12.18 μg.L-1.

Based on the theory of the earth’s ecosystem, this paper analyzed the essence and results of orogenesis. We found that, in order to supply abound silicon to the ocean, to accelerate the growth of phytoplankton and decrease the atmospheric carbon, the earth’s ecosystem started up the regulatory mechanism of orogenesis. As a result, both atmospheric and water temperature were decreased. It was found that all of the glaciers were occurred after the major orogenesis, confirmed the correctness and the long lasting of the theory of the earth’s ecosystem, the power of silicon, and the complementary mechanisms. This research deepened the understanding of the earth’s ecosystem.

Due to the serious lack of silicon in the ocean and the continuous increase of atmospheric carbon, the atmospheric and water temperature is rising. Silicon is the determining factor of climate change. This paper presented the theory of the earth’s ecosystem, and the complementary mechanisms of silicon, and revealed that the earth’s ecosystem maintains the dynamic balance of temperature by means of the complementary mechanism of silicon.

Based on the investigation data of Chromium (Cr) in Jiaozhou Bay waters in1981, this paper analyzed the content, distribution and sources of Cr in Jiaozhou Bay. Results showed that the contents of Cr were lower than 50.00 μg.L-1 in the full year, as reached Grade I in according to National Standard of China for Seawater Quality (GB3097-1997). Stream discharge from the major rivers was the unique pollution source for Cr. Cr contents in estuaries and offshore areas ranged from 0.48-32.32 μg.L-1 and 0.18-1.85μg.L-1, respectively.

We analyzed the pollution sources and transfer processes of mercury (Hg) in Jiaozhou bay based on the investigation data during time periods of 1979 to 1985 (absent of 1984), and then proposed the transfer mechanism of Hg in waters. The high or low of Hg contents in surface and bottom waters in different regions could be defined based on the transfer mechanism.

This paper analyzed the ecological characteristics of phytoplankton and the environmental factors in Caohai Lake in Guizhou karst area in 1983. Results showed that the growth and reproduction of Bacillariophyta, as well as the phytoplankton structure succession were determined by silicon (Si). The phytoplankton succession was slow, and the response of Bacillariophyta to silicon content was insensive. On the whole, the silicon content in Caohai Lake was determined by precipitation, and the succession of phytoplankton was determined by Si in Lake waters.

This paper analyzed the content and distribution of Pb in surface waters in Jiaozhou Bay in 1982. Results showed that Pb content in April, June, July and October ranged from 0.49-3.25μg.L-1, 0.45-3.35μg.L-1, 0.30-2.67μg.L-1and 0.33-0.67μg.L-1, respectively, complied with Grade I (1.00μg.L-1) or Grade II (5.00μg.L-1) in Sea water quality standard (GB 3097-1997) of China. As a whole, Jiaozhou Bay waters in 1982 was very lightly polluted by Pb. Non-point source was the major source of Pb in this bay, including atmosphere deposition, ocean current from the offshore, and the transportation of the head of the islands. The content, distribution and source of Pb showed significant seasonal variations, and different pollution prevention and control measurements should be took in different seasons.

Based on the investigation data of Plumbum (Pb) in surface waters in Jiaozhou Bay in April, August and November 1981, this paper analyzed the content, distribution and source of Pb. Results showed that Pb contents in April, August and November ranged from 0.20-2.65 μg. L-1, 0.79-3.34 μg. L-1 and 0.00-3.00 μg. L-1, respectively, all of which were lower than Grade II (5.00 μg.L-1) in according to National Standard of China for Seawater Quality (GB3097-1997). Agricultural non-point source and urban point source were the major pollution source of Pb in spring (growing season) and autumn (dry season), respectively; while both point and non-point sources were responsible in summer (wet season).

In order to provide background information and scientific basis for pollution control of Pb, this paper analyzed the sink and transfer process of Pb in Jiaozhou Bay. Results showed that Pb in Jiaozhou Bay was mainly sourced from agricultural non-point source and urban point source, as well as atmosphere dry and wet deposition, leading to the contents of Pb were increasing from spring to summer, and decreasing in autumn and winter. Due to Jiaozhou Bay is a closed bay, the narrow bay mouth is vital to the water exchange, which is the force of horizontal distributions. Horizontal diffusion and vertical deposition were the two major transferred processes of Pb, leading to a large amount of Pb was finally transferred to the sea bottom of the bay mouth areas, and the sea bottom of bay mouth areas was the sink of Pb in Jiaozhou Bay.

Based on the investigation data of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) in waters in Jiaozhou bay on April, August and November 1981, this paper analyzed the distribution and changing of PHC content in surface and bottom waters. Results showed that pollution levels of PHC ranged from Grade II, Grade III, Grade IV and worse than Grade IV during year. PHC content was relatively high in near shore waters especially in river mouth waters, while was relatively low in bay mouth, bay center and outer bay. It could be concluded that, in addition to marine exploitation activities, rivers were important pollution sources of PHC.

Based on the investigation data of Cadmium (Cd) in Jiaozhou Bay waters in1981, this paper analyzed the content, distribution and sources of Ca in Jiaozhou Bay. Results showed that the contents of Cd were lower than 1.00μg.L-1 in the full year, as reached Grade I in according to National Standard of China for Seawater Quality (GB3097-1997). There were two major sources for Cd. One was atmosphere precipitation; another was land pollution from the major rivers, played the major role in spring and summer, respectively. While in autumn, both atmosphere precipitation and land pollution decreased, and there was little Cd pollution in the Bay.

Based on the investigation data of mercury (Hg) in both surface and bottom waters in Jiaozhou bay in 1979 to 1981, this paper tried to analysis the vertical variations of Hg contents, and to reveal the transfer processes of Hg in the bay. Results showed that, Hg pollution in the bay is mainly discharged from the major rivers, the seasonal variations of Hg content in surface waters showed a similar trend in different years, with an order of spring (or summer) > autumn. The Hg contents in bottom waters were mainly determined by the sedimentation of Hg from surface waters. There were major three transfer processes of Hg as, 1) Hg from various pollution sources was transported to streams by rainfall, 2) Hg in streamflows was discharged to surface waters of the bay, and 3) Hg in surface waters was sedimented to the bottom of the bay.

Based on the investigation data of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay waters in April, July and October 1986, this paper tried to analysis the horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay, and to reveal the pollution sources and transfer processes of Hg. Results showed that Jiaozhou Bay had been heavily polluted by Hg, whatever in different seasons. Hg in Jiaozhou Bay was mainly from point sources such as industrial waste and sewage runoff. The horizonal and vertical distributions of Hg content showed the transfer processes as, from estuaries to their outside and the bay mouth, and form surface waters to bottom waters, respectively. The water environmental capacity of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay had been unable to carry the emission load of Hg, and therefore the reduction of emission as well as the improvement of cyclic utilization ratio were the primary processes for Hg pollution prevention and reduction.

Based on investigation data in Jiaozhou bay waters from 1979 to 1985(absent of 1984), this paper tried to anylysis the horizontal distributions and pollution sources and characteristics of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay. The results showed that, the horizonal distributions of Hg in surface water of Jiaozhou Bay showed decreasing trends from river flow direct, and the major pollution source of Hg was point source, whose pollutants were transferred by stream discharge. Under the influences of point source pollution, the Hg concentrations in surface waters could range from 0.46-13.04 μg.L-1; while under the influences of ocean current itself, the concentration of Hg in bay mouth area could range from 0.46-13.04 μg.L-1. The pollution sources of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay could be catagoried as two levels as high-pollution sources and non-pollution sources, due to Hg in this bay was mainly impacted by point source. It is necessary to enhance the recovery ratio of Hg, and to reduce the discharge of Hg.

Based on the investigation data of mercury (Hg) in waters in Jiaozhou bay during time peroids of 1979 to 1985 (absent of 1984), this paper tried to analysis the content, pollution level and theis temporal variations of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay, to reveal the changing trend of Hg, and to provide basis for pollution control of Hg in the bay. Results showed that, during 1979-1985, water in Jiaozhou Bay had been polluted by Hg in certain levels. For seasonal variation, there was a dicreasing trend form summer to winter in 1979, 1981 and 1985, and an increasing trend form summer to winter in 1980 and 1983. For annual variation, there was an obvious decreasing trend of Hg pollution from 1979-1982, while from 1982-1985 an increasing trend occurred. The temporal variation of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay reflects the conflict between economic growth and environmental protection. Having in mind that the environmental carrying capacity of Jiaozhou Bay is not unlimited, and the environmental disruption might finally cause economic loss and disasters to the human, we believe that the dischargd load of Hg should be limited in a suitable amount.

Since China's move towards reform and opening up, the problem of environmental pollution has becomes more and more serious. This paper tried to reveal the pollution level, distribution characteristics, migration patterns, and sources of the pollutants in Jiaozhou Bay in 1979. Results showed that, in 1979, waters in Jiaozhou Bay had little been contaminated by Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg; while bad been contaminated by HCH and PHC in a certain level. The major pollution sources of Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, HCH, and PHC could be considered as point source, dry and wet deposition, wastewater and sewage, rock weathering, and agricultural non-point source, respectively. The temporal, horizonal and vertical distributions of pollutants in Jiaozhou Bay in 1979 had showed the influences of human activities on environmental quality, even if in the beginning of the reform and opening-up in China. The development of social and economic development should be on the base of protecting environment and concordant to the capacity of nature.

Silicon is the essential element to phytoplankton, determining the growth of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is the basis of the marine food chain, as well as phytoplankton has tremendous capacity to absorb carbon. Phytoplankton and human determine the change of atmospheric carbon collectively, so the earth system is able to maintain the dynamic balance of the emission of anthropic carbon and the absorption of carbon by phytoplankton. This paper analyzed the effects of Silicon to the growth of phytoplankton, the absorption of CO2 by phytoplankton, the biogeochemical process of silicon, and revealed the effects of silicon to the change of phytoplankton growth and atmospheric carbon.

Based on investigation dada on Cr in 1982 in Jiaozhou Bay, this paper analyzed the seasonal and spatial distribution of Cr, and revealed the transfer process of Cr. Results showed that horizontal diffusion and vertical sedimentation were major transfer processes of Cr, which were mainly determined by water exchange and gravity settling. These findings were essential to pollution control and environmental remediation in Jiaozhou Bay. From the point of view of pollution control, reducing the discharge of Cr from the sources was the major countermeasure.

Based on investigation dada on Pb in April, June, July and October 1982, this paper analyzed the transportation of Pb in Jiaozhou Bay. Results showed that atmosphere deposition, ocean current from the offshore, and the transportation of the head of the islands were the major sources of Pb. These different sources determined different transportation processes of Pb, displayed seasonal variations of Pb content and distribution.

Jiaozhou Bay is located in the south of Shandong province, and is around by economic developed cities such as Qingdao, Jiaozhou and Jiaonan etc. Previous studies showed that this bay had been polluted by mercury ( Hg) in certain level. This paper is a summary of previous studies, in order to reveal the transfer process of Hg, including 1) the variation of Hg content, 2) the pollution sources of Hg, 3) land transfer process of Hg, 4) aquatic transfer process of Hg, and 5) settling process of Hg. The results of this paper were meaningful to the control of Hg pollution.

Sources of heavy metals in marine environment could be cagetoried as natrual source and artificial source. The portion from natrual source forms the environmental background value of heavy metal. This paper proposed the theory of the structure of environmental background value for heavy metal. Finally, this paper applied this theory in the analysis of the environmental background value of Cadmiun (Cd) in Jiaozhou Bay waters. This theory provides basis for pollution control and remediation of marine environment.

Being a close bay, vertical settling was the dominant transfer process of Hg Jiaozhou Bay. Based on the investigation data of mercury (Hg) in bottom waters in Jiaozhou bay in 1979 to 1985 (in absence of 1984), this paper tried to analysis both of the settling processes and settling mechanisms of Hg. Results showed that that Hg in Jiaozhou Bay was settling continually over year, therefore a continued accumulation of Hg contents in bottom waters appeared, especially in spring and summer. Sediments in sea bottom could be both of source and sink of pollutants, especially for persistence pollutants such as Hg. Based on the both of the settling processes and settling mechanisms, the improve of recycle rate and the emission reduction of Hg should be the major pollution control strategies in Jiaozhou Bay.