1,897 results on '"DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM"'
Search Results
2. A novel ‘pressure index’ for predicting number of pipe bursts in water distribution system
- Author
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Monzur Alam Imteaz and Savalan Pour Akbarkhiavi
- Subjects
Pipeline transport ,Distribution system ,Petroleum engineering ,business.industry ,Pressure index ,Environmental science ,Water supply ,business ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
This paper presents the application of hydraulic modelling for the prediction of pipe bursts in a water distribution system (WDS). As a case study, more than 1430 km of pipelines within 29 water pressure zones (PZs) in Bendigo and Castlemaine WDSs, located in Victoria, Australia, were modelled and calibrated using an InfoWorks WS hydraulic model. A pressure index (PI) was defined to quantify the intensity of high pressures in the WDS pipes. The PIs for all the PZs were calculated using hydraulic model simulations. Ten years of actual pipe burst data (2007–2017) in the studied WDSs were used in the research. A burst index (BI) was used to measure the burst rate for the length of pipe network within the study area. A mathematical relationship between PI and BI was proposed based on the first eight years (2007–2015) of burst data and the results of the hydraulic modelling in the same period. The number of pipe bursts for the last two years (2016–2017) in each PZ was then predicted according to the proposed mathematical relationship. The predicted number of bursts fitted well with the actual recorded pipe burst data, with a coefficient of determination of 0.98.
- Published
- 2021
3. Prediction model for the leakage rate in a water distribution system
- Author
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Burak Kizilöz
- Subjects
TC401-506 ,pressure management ,water losses ,Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,Leakage rate ,0207 environmental engineering ,Soil science ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Distribution system ,River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) ,leakage rate prediction ,Environmental science ,020701 environmental engineering ,water distribution system ,TD201-500 ,artificial neural network ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Leakages cause real losses in water distribution systems (WDSs) from transmission lines, storage tanks, networks, and service connections. In particular, the amount of leakage increases in aging networks due to pressure effects, resulting in severe water losses. In this study, various artificial neural network (ANN) models are considered for determining monthly leakage rates and the variables that affect leakage. The monthly data, which are standardized by Z-score for the years 2016–2019, are used in these models by selecting four independent variables that affect the leakage rate regarding district metered areas and pressure metered areas in WDSs. The pressure effects are taken into consideration directly as input. The model accuracy is determined by comparing the predicted and measured data. Furthermore, the leakage rates are estimated by directly modelling the actual data with ANNs. Consequently, it is found that the model results after data standardization are somewhat better than the original nonstandardized data model results when 30 neurons are used in a single hidden layer. The reason for the higher accuracy in the standardized case compared with previous modelling studies is that the pressure effect is taken into consideration. The suggested models improve the model accuracy, and hence, the methodology of this paper supports an improved pressure management system and leakage reduction. HIGHLIGHTS The data standardized by Z-score.; Pressure effect has been directly taken into consideration for the first time.; The model accuracy has been developed by augmenting neurons numbers in a single hidden layer.; The highest accuracy has been achieved with the least input in models.; Pressure and age effect use directly in modelling.
- Published
- 2021
4. Impact of COVID’19 Pandemic on Indian Electrical Distribution System
- Author
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V. V. S. N. Murty and Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- Subjects
Human-Computer Interaction ,Distribution system ,Voltage stability ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Networks and Communications ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Pandemic ,Environmental science ,Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design ,Reactive power management ,Information Systems ,Reliability engineering - Published
- 2021
5. Optimization of Ecologically Safe Water Management in Reclamation Systems Under Water Resources Shortage
- Author
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Yu.E. Domashenko and M.A. Lyashkov
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Water resources ,Irrigation ,Ecology ,Environmental engineering ,Environmental science ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Crop rotation ,Pollution ,Irrigation water - Abstract
The optimized designed irrigation scheme and water distribution system to reduce the anthropogenic impact and remove the pollutants by 20–25 % have been presented. The optimal launch sequencing of the irrigation equipment has been introduced by using the study irrigation area under conditions of water resources scarcity to determine the launch sequences regardless the crop rotation used. The presented model allows to bring down the irrigation water consumption by 30 % while decreasing the working cycle of the irrigation material, specifically by reducing the number of land irrigations without any impact on the yield.
- Published
- 2021
6. Water quality trend analysis in a citywide water distribution system
- Author
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Aysha Akter and Keya Chowdhury
- Subjects
Biochemical oxygen demand ,Environmental Engineering ,Iron ,Water supply ,analytical hierarchical process (ahp) ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,pipe physical properties ,Distribution system ,Water Supply ,Water Quality ,Cities ,Turbidity ,TD1-1066 ,Water Science and Technology ,business.industry ,Environmental engineering ,water quality index (wqi) ,Pipeline transport ,Fecal coliform ,Trend analysis ,water distribution network ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Chlorine ,Water Microbiology ,business - Abstract
Rapid urbanization poses challenges to meet the increased water supply demands. Apart from the quantity, the distributed water quality often fails to meet the permissible level. This study aimed to conduct a citywide spatio-temporal variation of water quality parameters. Water sampling points were selected by applying the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) technique using ArcGIS considering pipe leakage, source water quality, pipe age, and pipe materials. The Chattogram city comprises 397 km of pipes; pipe material distribution shows 71.28% PVC, 20.94% asbestos, 5.16% mild steel, 2.17% ductile, and 0.45% cast iron. The citywide pipe network was established in 1963; 20.87% of pipes aged over 30 years, 15.07% 20–30 years, 26.38% 10–20 years, and 37.68% pipelines are relatively new, i.e., within 0–10 years. Eight water quality parameters, i.e., pH, temperature, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand after five days (BOD5), total coliform, fecal coliform, chloride, and residual chlorine, were collected from the secondary source cross-checked by field survey. Computation of the Water Quality Index (WQI) was interpolated using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method to generate a WQI map. Thus, this study could be a basis to improve the treatment system and proper distribution network maintenance. HIGHLIGHTS Spatio-temporal variation of water quality parameters in the citywide distribution system.; Water sampling locations were identified using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP).; Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method to generate a Water Quality Index (WQI) map.
- Published
- 2021
7. Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations in a Electrical Distribution System with Distributed Generation for Electrical Safety Audit
- Author
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Berkay Gündüz, Burak Dindar, and Omer Gul
- Subjects
Distribution system ,business.industry ,Distributed generation ,Arc flash ,Environmental science ,Audit ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,business ,General Environmental Science ,Reliability engineering - Published
- 2021
8. Assessment the Quality of Bottled Drinking Water Through Mamdani Fuzzy Water Quality Index
- Author
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Mohammad Khazaei, Ensieh Komijani, Ghorban Asgari, and Abdolmotaleb Seidmohammadi
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Index (economics) ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Environmental engineering ,Bottled water ,Fuzzy logic ,Defuzzification ,Distribution system ,Agriculture ,Environmental science ,Quality (business) ,Water quality ,business ,media_common ,Water Science and Technology ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
In this investigation, an innovative index was developed based on the fuzzy inference system for assessing the quality of bottled drinking waters. A method was developed to aggregate the values obtained from the defuzzification step. A total number of 24 quality parameters revealing the characteristics of bottled were in terms of physiochemical, dietary, toxic, and pathogenic aspects were selected as the input parameters. 30 samples were taken from the independent brands found in the Hamadan province retail market to evaluate the bottled water quality index (BWQI). Results show that the values obtained from measuring the parameters are in the range of the standard levels set by national regulations. The BWQI scores obtained from samples were in the range of 61.2-73.8 attributing to the marginal and fair descriptive classes. The drinking bottled water samples had better scores because of low contents of NO3, NO2, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn that are subjugated public distribution systems having the severe standards on urban water treatment plants for in case safe water. The mineral bottled water samples examination indicated that they are generally affected by the mineral contents of sedimentary rocks and NO3 leaks from fertilizers used in the agricultural doings and also they do not elaborate the rigorous scrutiny system alike those donned in the public water distribution systems. Sensitivity analysis using the Monte Carlo algorithm reveals that the parameters NO3, Na, hardness, and NO2 have the most impact on the BWQI scores.
- Published
- 2021
9. Water quality deterioration of reclaimed water produced by reverse osmosis process in large pilot-scale distribution systems of different pipe materials
- Author
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Yong Cui, Caifeng Li, Kanghua Yu, Hongyu Zhang, Xiyan Xu, and Zhangqing Wang
- Subjects
pipe material ,Pilot scale ,Environmental engineering ,Filtration and Separation ,water quality ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,ro-reclaimed water ,Reclaimed water ,Distribution system ,Scientific method ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,circulation pipe system ,Reverse osmosis ,TD1-1066 ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
This work reports the effects of five pipe materials on reverse osmosis (RO)-reclaimed water quality in a large pilot-scale distribution system. These materials includes cast iron (CI), cast iron with cement-mortar lining (CML), stainless steel (SS), PVC, and PE. Long-term running tests for 96 hours are conducted with water quality parameters monitored online and analyzed offline. The results showed that red water appeared in CI pipe due to iron corrosion. The pH and TDS increased during the long-term test. Alkali–silica reaction in CML pipe led to a high increase of pH from 6.3 to 11.4, and TDS from 51 to 230 mg/L. Water quality deterioration was not observed in SS, PVC, and PE pipes. Residual chlorine decay occurred in all the five material pipes with the decay rate order of CI ≫ CML > SS ≈ PVC ≈ PE. Ion concentration variation was also followed during the tests. Fe and Mn ions were detected in CI pipe and Ca, Si, Al, and S were detected in CML pipe. No detectable ion release was found in SS, PVC, and PE pipes. A kinetic model was postulated for the detected ion release with the mechanisms discussed in-depth. HIGHLIGHTS Reclaimed water quality deterioration is checked in five pipe materials.; The tests are conducted in large scale reclaimed water pipe distribution systems.; The results are obtained from 96 hours long-term running.; A solid–liquid interface-based kinetic model is raised to describe the ion leaching.
- Published
- 2021
10. Evaluation of Hydraulic Performance of Water Distribution System for Sustainable Management
- Author
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Tarekegn Kuma and Brook Abate Getahun
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Distribution system ,Hydrogeology ,Petroleum engineering ,Sustainable management ,business.industry ,Range (statistics) ,Water supply ,Environmental science ,Ranging ,Integrated approach ,business ,Water Science and Technology ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Understanding hydraulic performance of water distribution system is crucial for sustainable management of a water supply system. In this paper, a case study of hydraulic performance was evaluated using WaterGEMS hydraulic model integrated with GIS at Tulu Bolo town. The WaterGEMS hydraulic model was calibrated (R2=0.93) using measured data at 10 randomly selected nodes. Results of the analysis show that 92.6% of nodes reached optimized pressure ranging between 15m to 70m and about 1.27% are under permissible pressure while the remaining nodes have above the permissible pressure. The velocity of water in the pipes of the distribution system were found to be within the standard range from 0.2 to 2m/s which covers 82.7% (162 out of 196 pipes). Hence, the implementation of the WaterGEMs hydraulic model integrated approach with GIS enabled to estimate the pressure and velocity of the system with better accuracy and this will be helpful for sustainable management of the water distribution system.
- Published
- 2021
11. Influence of drinking water quality on the formation of corrosion scales in lead-bearing drinking water distribution systems
- Author
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Daoping Guo and Jose E. Herrera
- Subjects
Canada ,Environmental Engineering ,Iron ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Corrosion ,law.invention ,Distribution system ,Lead (geology) ,Water Supply ,law ,Water Quality ,Phase (matter) ,Statistical analysis ,Profile analysis ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Bearing (mechanical) ,Drinking Water ,Environmental engineering ,General Medicine ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,6. Clean water ,Lead ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,0210 nano-technology ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Lead in drinking water occurs in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) where lead pipes are used as service lines. Using data gathered from 4 different Canadian cities, we link drinking water quality to composition of corrosion scales obtained on exhumed lead pipes servicing those municipalities. The data presented encompasses a 10-year span and a detailed layer profile analysis of the solids present in lead bearing service lines; where different layers within the corrosion scale formed inside lead pipes are identified and thoroughly characterized. The results obtained clearly show that the corrosion layers in direct contact with drinking water are rich in lead oxides phases and aluminosilicates. In contrast, lead carbonates are the main phases present on corrosion scales in direct contact with the metallic lead pipe. This heterogeneity on phase distribution is correlated to the radial distance from the corrosion scales to the water/solid interphase and water quality servicing those municipalities. Statistical analysis suggests that dissolved Al, Mn, Cu, Ni, and As accumulate on the corrosion scales with preferential accumulation of specific elements heavily dependent on distinct municipality water quality.
- Published
- 2021
12. Microplastics in drinking water? Present state of knowledge and open questions
- Author
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Barbara E Oßmann
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Microplastics ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Waste management ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040401 food science ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Distribution system ,03 medical and health sciences ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Tap water ,Research studies ,Over treatment ,Environmental science ,Raw water ,Food Science - Abstract
Research studies published so far on microplastics in drinking water prove that both, bottled and tap water, may contain microscopic plastic pieces. Their possible origin ranges from raw water over treatment processes to packaging material and distribution systems. Various analytical techniques were used, which provide more or less reliable results. Consequently, reported amounts of microplastics in drinking water are difficult to compare, if not incomparable, with each other and with studies on microplastics in other food. Projections on the total intake of microplastics by humans via foodstuff should be made with care. Conclusions on the major intake pathways are not justified, yet. Instead, harmonized, valid methods and more research are needed to reliably determine microplastics in drinking water and more complex foodstuff.
- Published
- 2021
13. Ensuring the Required Potable Water Temperature in Water Pipeline Inside Buildings
- Author
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Jana Peráčková and Dominika Macková
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Potable water ,Piping ,Mechanical Engineering ,Environmental engineering ,Water cooling ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Flushing ,Water exchange ,medicine.symptom ,Pipeline (software) ,Water stagnation - Abstract
The paper deals with the requirements of the potable water cold temperature and water exchange in water piping system inside buildings. The contribution describes the main factors influencing the hygiene of potable water in terms of its temperature and a exchange in the pipeline. In buildings, the resulting water hygienic risks can be reduced using the right technical solution. The technical measures described in the paper are usage of the automatic water flushing system, design of the potable water cold circulation and cooling system and optimization of the water pipeline distribution system inside buildings.
- Published
- 2021
14. Design of an FBG Based Water Leakage Monitoring System, Case of Study: An FBG Pressure Sensor
- Author
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Vincenzo Marletta
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Optical fiber ,Petroleum engineering ,law ,Vibration measurement ,Environmental science ,Monitoring system ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Water leakage ,European region ,Instrumentation ,Pressure sensor ,law.invention - Abstract
Water leakages in water distribution systems due aging of pipes is a problem affecting most countries around the world. Official reports from government-commissioned surveys indicate that water losses are estimated to amount to an average of around 30% in most countries, with peaks up to 60% [1]–[3]. Such amounts increase in urban areas, reaching 70 to 80% in some cities. From an economic point of view, these losses have a cost that has been estimated for the European region to an overall of 8 billion a year [1].
- Published
- 2021
15. Analisis Sistem Distribusi Air Bersih di Perumahan Ciomas Permai Kabupaten Bogor Jawa Barat
- Author
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Titiek Ujianti Karunia, Nora Pandjaitan, and Kiki Rizky Fauziah
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Clean water ,Environmental engineering ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Customer requirements - Abstract
Water distribution systems are often problematic in terms of quantity, pressure, continuity and quality. The research aimed to analyze water distribution system of PDAM Tirta Kahuripan Kabupaten Bogor in Ciomas Permai Residence. The research was conducted by collecting primary and secondary data. Analysis of clean water distribution system was carried out using the EPANET 2.0. Ciomas Permai Residence was located in zone 6 of PDAM Tirta Kahuripan servive areas. The result showed that the quality of the distributed water was in accordance with the applicable standard and continuous for 24 hours even though there were significant discharge differences during peak hours. Based on the measurement on Sunday and Monday, the minimum discharge were 14.4 l/sec and 13.8 l/sec respectively, higher than customer requirements of 7.34 l/sec, The water distribution pressure ranged from 0.7 - 1.35 bar. The result of clean water distribution simulation using EPANET 2.0 showed that the velocity of water and headloss were not accordance with the applicable standards.
- Published
- 2021
16. Widespread nickel contamination in drinking water supplies of elementary schools in Taichung, Taiwan
- Author
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Saroj Adhikari, Emsal Yanuar, and Ding-Quan Ng
- Subjects
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Taiwan ,chemistry.chemical_element ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Distribution system ,Toxicology ,Nickel ,Water Supply ,medicine ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Ecotoxicology ,Potential source ,Sequential sampling ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Student population ,Schools ,Drinking Water ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Contamination ,Seasonality ,medicine.disease ,Pollution ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Owing to the limited information regarding potential sources of nickel (Ni) in drinking water, incidences of Ni contamination have not been well elucidated in the literature. However, in recent decades, Ni-containing plumbing materials such as stainless steel pipes, brass fittings, and chrome faucets have gained popularity in drinking water distribution systems. As a result of increased use of such materials, Ni levels in drinking water are expected to rise over time, posing long-term exposure risks to consumers. For the first time, this study employed an intensive sequential sampling, from October 2019 to July 2020, to assess Ni levels in drinking water samples collected from dispensers of elementary schools in Taichung, Taiwan. Of the total 580 sequential samples collected from 58 elementary schools, 45 samples from 17 schools exceeded the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) standard value of 20 μg/L for Ni. Total Ni concentration in 1 L sample, an average of the total Ni concentrations in 10 sequential samples, exceeded in 4 schools. This finding suggests minor Ni contamination in drinking water supplies across the city. The highest Ni concentration was measured in the 1st sequential sample reaching 154 μg/L. Weekend and summer samples exhibited a higher tendency to exceed the standard. Older schools with age above 50 years and schools with a higher student population (≥ 500) were more likely to have Ni contamination. This study showed that drinking water is a potential source of Ni. However, the identification of Ni source, whether within the dispenser or in the distribution system, warrants further research.
- Published
- 2021
17. Beware of Legionella in Water Distribution Systems
- Author
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Dan Malz
- Subjects
Distribution system ,biology ,Legionella ,Environmental engineering ,Environmental science ,General Chemistry ,Water quality ,biology.organism_classification ,Water Science and Technology - Published
- 2021
18. Power Quality Enhancement of Solar PV Interfaced Distribution System by Delta-Bar-Delta Neural Network
- Author
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Kannan Kaliappan
- Subjects
Delta ,Distribution system ,Artificial neural network ,Bar (music) ,business.industry ,Photovoltaic system ,Electrical engineering ,Power quality ,Environmental science ,business - Abstract
This project presents incremental conductance method for maximum power point tracker (MPPT). Main reason to develop solar photovoltaic energy source is to reduce deterioration in power. Power quality cannot be increases by the week distribution of grid. To increases the power of the grid solar energy conversion system paramount by implementation of a robust control technique. In this project we are we have control algorithm such as delta bar delta but neural network which is in control technique by this active power will be fed to the loads and remaining power to the grid as a function of distribution static compensator it has the capability of mitigating harmonics and balancing of loss and improving power factor. The delta bar delta neural network control algorithm has a capability to adjust weight adaptively in an independent manner and it offers alleviation in the model complexity predominant during an abnormal great conditions along with a reduction in complexion time. This model is efficient utilization accomplished with incremental conductance based on maximum power point tracking techniques for validating the behaviour of proposed system and we can expect this results in the simulation via MATLAB. The realization of MPPT controller can be based on different methods and algorithms. The results and technique include incremental conductance techniques due to the reduced oscillations while determining the Maximum PowerPoint is preferred here and it is also suitable for commercial purpose.
- Published
- 2021
19. Reduction in Non-Revenue Water in Water Distribution System
- Author
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Gaurav Joshi
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Reduction (complexity) ,Environmental engineering ,Environmental science ,Non-revenue water - Abstract
Water is the world’s most critical natural resource. Rapid population growth and economic development have led to higher demand for water worldwide whereas on the supply side, natural sources of water have become less reliable. This demand-supply imbalance in the water sector calls for more innovative water management practices and suitable technologies. Utilities cannot afford the water loss because of poor operation and maintenance of water distribution infrastructure facilities. The terms theft, smuggling and leakages are most common sources of generation of Non- revenue water (NRW). Newspaper articles around the world, particularly in countries experiencing intense drought and water shortages, are highlighting water theft as a growing problem. Analysis of various city development plans in India shows that water leakages, theft and unauthorized water connections gives rise to a high level of unaccounted water. A recent study on Water Governance (2013) reveals that unaccounted water in Delhi amounts to around 50% of the total water pumped into the system, whereas it is 35-40% in Hyderabad and Bengaluru. The World Bank in its report, ‘The Challenge of Reducing Non-Revenue Water in Developing Countries’, reveals that 48 million cubic meters of drinkable water escape daily from official supply networks, which is enough to provide water for 200 million people. The same report on India had clearly highlighted that 40-60% of water in Mumbai is lost through illegal diversion. In This paper we have made an attempt to analyze the current methods, their drawbacks and we have provided solution in the form of software-based approach (using Bentley Watergems) which is more relevant as compared to the current field method.
- Published
- 2021
20. Disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution system of Bucharest City
- Author
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Florinela Pirvu, Florentina Laura Chiriac, Iuliana Paun, Marcela Niculescu, Nicoleta Vasilache, and Vasile Iancu
- Subjects
Distribution system ,polycyclic compounds ,General Engineering ,Environmental engineering ,Environmental science ,Ocean Engineering - Abstract
Chlorine is widely used in Romania and all over the world as a disinfectant of drinking water. During the chlorination process, the natural organic matter and inorganic ions react with chlorine forming disinfection by-products (DBPs). The predominant organic disinfection by-products are trihalomethanes (THMs) while the main inorganic disinfection by-products are chlorate and chlorite ions. THMs were detected in all investigated drinking water samples from Bucharest distribution system with values from 27.8 µg/L up to 75.1 µg/L, which are below the maximum concentration value admitted by Romanian drinking water legislation of 100 µg/L. Chloroform constitutes the major component in total THMs concentration found in all tested drinking water. Chlorate and chlorite anions were not detected in any of the investigated drinking water samples. THMs concentration was correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), residual chlorine and chloride.
- Published
- 2021
21. THE ANALYSIS OF WATER SPEED INFLUENCE IN HOT-WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ON THE AMOUNT OF HEAT LOSS
- Author
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Gas Supply, Khrystyna Kozak, Ventilation, Peter Kapalo, and Khrystyna Myroniuk
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Distribution system ,020401 chemical engineering ,020209 energy ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Environmental science ,Heat losses ,02 engineering and technology ,Mechanics ,0204 chemical engineering - Abstract
One of the main tasks around the world is to reduce energy consumption with constant consumer comfort. The hot water supply system uses a significant part of thermal energy and requires no less attention than the heating or ventilation system. The amount of heat loss from hot water distribution systems is of great importance for the energy consumption of buildings. In winter, part of this heat is used for space heating, in summer they are unused and is considered as lost heat. For this reason, this paper considers the influence of water velocity in the pipe, pipe size, and water temperature on the total heat losses in the insulated hot-water distribution system. The data are presented in tabular and graphical form. A graph of the dependence of the amount of heat loss on the temperature and velocity of hot water is obtained.
- Published
- 2021
22. Heavy-duty truck electrification and the impacts of depot charging on electricity distribution systems
- Author
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Matteo Muratori, Hal Gresham, Charlie McQueen, David Woody, Brennan Borlaug, Madeline Gilleran, Thomas Canada, Andrew Ingram, and William Muston
- Subjects
Truck ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Depot ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Automotive engineering ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Distribution system ,Fuel Technology ,Electrification ,Heavy duty ,Electricity distribution systems ,Environmental science ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Major technological advancements and recent policy support are improving the outlook for heavy-duty truck electrification in the United States. In particular, short-haul operations (≤200 miles (≤322 km)) are prevalent and early candidates for plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) given their short, predictable routes and return-to-base applications, which allows vehicles to recharge when off shift at their depots. Although previous studies investigated the impacts of added electrical loads on distribution systems, which included light-duty EVs, the implications for heavy-duty EV charging are underexplored. Here we summarize the causes, costs and lead times of distribution system upgrades anticipated for depot charging. We also developed synthetic depot charging load profiles for heavy-duty trucks from real-world operating schedules, and found that charging requirements are met at common light-duty EV charging rates (≤100 kW per vehicle). Finally, we applied depot charging load profiles to 36 distribution real-world substations, which showed that most can accommodate high levels of heavy-duty EV charging without upgrades. Increasing attention is being paid to the electrification of trucks, in particular for short-haul operations. Borlaug et al. simulate depot charging load profiles based on real-world operating schedules to explore future charging requirements and assess the likely distribution substation upgrades needed to support them.
- Published
- 2021
23. A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
- Author
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Kenji Sugimori, Yuichiro Watanabe, Katsumi Shozugawa, and Mayumi Hori
- Subjects
Hydrology ,Multidisciplinary ,Science ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Environmental monitoring ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Purified water ,Article ,020801 environmental engineering ,Environmental sciences ,Distribution system ,Tap water ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Water pipe ,Medicine ,Soft water ,Raw water ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive overall tap water hardness assessment for Japan. Tap water was collected from 665 points throughout Japan, and its standing position was quantitatively clarified by prefecture. The mean and median hardness of tap water in Japan was 48.9 ± 25.8 (1σ SD) and 46.0 mg/L, respectively. Compared with 27 other countries, Japan exhibited soft water with low-mineral content. Water hardness tended to be high in the Kanto region and low in the Hokkaido and Tohoku regions. The impact of the distribution system’s water pipes on tap water hardness is discussed using a unified index to evaluate variations in hardness from raw to tap water. A comparison of the variations in hardness showed that hardness variations from raw to purified water and from purified to tap water exhibited a 20% variation range. Furthermore, tap water hardness and its fluctuations in any region of Japan were found to be caused by raw water hardness. It was demonstrated that the distribution pipe system had no large impacts on water hardness.
- Published
- 2021
24. Parameter determination and performance evaluation of time-series-based leakage detection method
- Author
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Tuqiao Zhang, Shipeng Chu, Yu Shao, and Xin Li
- Subjects
Series (mathematics) ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Geography, Planning and Development ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,020801 environmental engineering ,Distribution system ,Monitoring data ,Electronic engineering ,Environmental science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Leakage (electronics) - Abstract
The spatiotemporal correlations typically exist between the monitoring data provided by the devices distributed at the water distribution system (WDS). The leakage detection method featured by the ...
- Published
- 2021
25. Аналіз надійності трубопроводів водорозподільчої мережі м.Кропивницький
- Subjects
business.industry ,Flow (psychology) ,Water supply ,engineering.material ,Corrosion ,Pipeline transport ,Distribution system ,engineering ,Environmental science ,Water pipe ,Water supply network ,Geotechnical engineering ,Cast iron ,business - Abstract
The reliability of the existing water distribution network systems can be assessed on the basis of the analysis of statistical data on pipeline damages that led to breakages. One of the main indicators of water pipe reliability of Kropyvnytskyi was the average value of the pipeline failure flow parameter ωо, which is defined as the ratio of the number of failures of the water supply network to the observation period and the length of water supply sections of the corresponding diameter. To analyze the damages to the pipes of the distribution network of the water supply system of Kropyvnytskyi, the main part of which consists of steel and cast iron water pipes with a diameter of 25 to 1100 mm, statistics of the operational organization on the causes of damages during 2016-2020 were collected and processed. It has been established that the main types of damage to steel pipes are through fistulas – 73.6% and corrosion – 19%; and cast iron pipes have damages to the notched pipe joints – 48.1%, breakages – 20.4%, and corrosion – 20.2%. Calculations ωo of the water distribution system of Kropyvnytskyi by years showed that ωo decreases with increasing pipe diameter, and the largest values of ωo, 1/year·km: 2,33 –2016, 2,24 – 2020 belong to the pipes of the water supply network with a diameter of ˂ 100 mm. The results of the analysis of damage statistics and parameters of failures of distribution networks provide an opportunity to more reasonably plan repairs and replacements of pipes in order to prevent breakages. Pre-prepared repair resources, taking into account the average values of the failure flow parameter for certain diameters of pipelines, will allow the operating organization to respond in a timely manner to emergencies and reduce the time to eliminate their consequences.
- Published
- 2021
26. A Method for Determining the <scp>Power‐Flow</scp> Restriction Between the Distribution and <scp>Sub‐Transmission</scp> Systems that Reduces the Capacity of a Battery Energy Storage System
- Author
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Jumpei Nose, Daisuke Iioka, and Dai Orihara
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Power flow ,Distribution (number theory) ,Photovoltaics ,business.industry ,Environmental science ,Microgrid ,Transmission system ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Battery energy storage system ,Automotive engineering - Published
- 2021
27. Real-time neuro-fuzzy controller for pressure adjustment in water distribution systems
- Author
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Saulo de Tarso Marques Bezerra, Heber Pimentel Gomes, Hugo Augusto Marinho Moreira, and Juan Moises Mauricio Villanueva
- Subjects
TC401-506 ,Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,Neuro fuzzy controller ,water supply ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,artificial intelligence ,01 natural sciences ,020801 environmental engineering ,Distribution system ,River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) ,Control theory ,Environmental science ,fuzzy logic ,artificial neural networks ,TD201-500 ,energy efficiency ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,automation - Abstract
This work applied a neuro-fuzzy technique for real-time pressure control in water distribution systems with variable demand. The technique acted to control the rotation speed of the pumping system, aiming mainly at increasing energy efficiency. Fuzzy, neural and neuro-fuzzy controllers were tested in an experimental setup to compare their performances in a transient regime, a permanent regime, and with respect to disturbances applied to the system. To evaluate the efficiency of the system, a demand variation curve was emulated for different operating conditions. The results demonstrate that the neuro-fuzzy controller (NFC) presented a significant increase in pumping system efficiency and a reduction in specific energy consumption of up to 79.7% when compared to the other controllers. Target pressures were kept close to the set-point values with low hydraulic transients and maintained satisfactory stability (error
- Published
- 2021
28. Environmental and economic performance of a water distribution system through a lens of life cycle thinking: A case study of the City of Kelowna
- Author
-
Haroon R. Mian, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq, and Shah N. Khan
- Subjects
Hydraulics ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Lens (geology) ,Building and Construction ,Environmental economics ,law.invention ,Distribution system ,Life-cycle cost analysis ,Life cycle thinking ,law ,Sustainability ,Environmental science ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Water distribution systems (WDSs) are designed to supply water to consumers. Previously, the performance of WDSs was assessed based on the hydraulics, i.e., delivering water with sufficent quantity...
- Published
- 2021
29. Electric Power Integration Schemes of the Hybrid Fuel Cells and Batteries-Fed Marine Vessels - An Overview
- Author
-
Ahmed Abdelhakim, Arber Haxhiu, Sami Kanerva, Jostein Bogen, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, ABB Corporate Research Center - Sweden, ABB Group, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
distribution system ,hydrogen-fed vessel ,Hybrid fuel ,decarbonization ,energy storage ,low voltage (LV) ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Transportation ,integration ,Ammonia-fed vessel ,converter ,gen-set ,renewable energy ,Automotive engineering ,diesel ,fuel cell ,medium voltage (MV) ,electrification ,Automotive Engineering ,battery ,Environmental science ,Electric power ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,energy efficiency - Abstract
Publisher Copyright: © 2015 IEEE. Transportation electrification is undergoing a significant transition toward the utilization of efficient and reliable energy sources and smart integration schemes, where this transitioning is continuously facing ever-tightening challenges in order to comply with the increased environmental regulations. Among the different means of transportation, global maritime transport is responsible for 2%-3% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and it is predicted to increase to 17% by 2050 if no changes are adapted. Hence, the international maritime organization (IMO) has targeted to reach a 50% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050 compared to 2008. Hence, alternative energy sources shall be utilized in order to meet these strict GHG emissions reduction targets, where battery- and hydrogen-fed fuel cells can play a vital role in such aspects. Since the output of these two energy sources is unregulated dc voltage, their connection to the whole ship power system can be accomplished in several ways, where each way has its features, in addition to utilizing different power conditioning stages (PCSs), and these features are not well clarified and compared in the literature. Hence, this article presents an overview of the possible integration schemes that can be utilized in fuel cell- and battery-fed vessels, which is supported with a comparative assessment. This is also presented along with highlighting the state-of-the-art PCSs that are available in the market and can be utilized in these integration schemes within marine vessels. Such overview and comparative assessment are seen to be of significant importance and added value for researchers and developers in both the academic and industrial sides in order to accelerate the adoption of fuel cells in marine systems for zero-emission shipping.
- Published
- 2022
30. Hierarchical Volt/Var Control Applied to Distribution Systems with High Penetration of PV Generation
- Author
-
Fernanda C. L. Trindade, Tiago R. Ricciardi, Mariana G. M. Lopes, and Brunalice de Matos Mercer
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Pv generation ,Mechanical Engineering ,Reactive power control ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Environmental science ,Volt ,Penetration (firestop) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Automotive engineering ,Voltage - Abstract
The operation of distribution systems benefits from an efficient voltage and reactive power control, which nowadays is generally achieved by local and independent actions performed by voltage regul...
- Published
- 2021
31. Calibration of the continuous water model based on the NRW patterns
- Author
-
Hassan Ahmadi, Babak Aminnejad, and Nader Torkaman
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Urban planning ,Calibration (statistics) ,business.industry ,Sustainability ,Water model ,Environmental science ,Water supply ,business ,Civil engineering ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Along with the urban development, water distribution systems have become increasingly important. Due to their complexity, integrated decision making has become more important. A major difference be...
- Published
- 2021
32. Relevance Of Sensor And Chemical Technology In Water Quality Monitoring
- Author
-
Richa Khare et.al
- Subjects
Chemical technology ,General Mathematics ,Environmental engineering ,Contamination ,Conductivity ,Education ,Distribution system ,Computational Mathematics ,Computational Theory and Mathematics ,Environmental science ,Relevance (information retrieval) ,Water quality ,Turbidity ,Value (mathematics) - Abstract
This paper is related to the monitoring of water quality and others problem related to water distribution systems for common people. Our target is to develop such sensors and other chemical methods to calculate the exact value of different parameters related to water at A very low cost. In this paper, we present our studies about pH value, conductivity, temperature, turbidity, BOD and DO. The results of our experiments show that the minimum value system is efficient of monitoring these high impact contaminants at fairly low concentrations.
- Published
- 2021
33. Assessment of water quality at the source and water distribution system during dry season in Kannad city of Maharashtra
- Author
-
Koustubh Karande, Shalini Tandon, Ojaswikrishna Dube, Ritesh Vijay, and Swapnil Dudhwadkar
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Hydrology ,Dry season ,Environmental science ,General Medicine ,Water quality ,General Environmental Science - Published
- 2021
34. Evaluación del sistema de generación y distribución de vapor de una empresa cárnica
- Author
-
Yasneli Reyes Betancourt, Norlem Liaño Abascal, Amaury Pérez Sánchez, Raúl González de la Cruz, and Yilena Bárbara Rodríguez Guerra
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Environmental science ,Heat losses ,General Medicine ,Humanities ,Steam generation ,Total investment - Abstract
espanolEste trabajo se realizo en el Combinado Carnico “Cesar Escalante Dellunde”, de la provincia de Camaguey, Cuba con el objetivode evaluar su sistema de generacion y distribucion de vapor. Se obtuvo una eficiencia energetica de la caldera pirotubular de 87,41 %, las perdidas de calor al ambiente de las tuberias no aisladas ascendieron a 85 764,31 W, mientras que la dureza total del agua de alimentacion a la caldera se encuentra 10,26 veces por encima de lo establecido por norma. Se propusieron dos alternativas de mejoras, consistentes en: 1) aislamiento de las tuberias por donde circula vapor de agua con el aislante Lana Mineral, y2) precalentamiento del agua de alimentacion a la caldera hasta 70 oC. La aplicacion de ambas propuestas de mejoras traera consigo un ahorro de combustible de 23,56 kg/h, lo cual permite que se dejen de emitir 576 m3/h de gases de combustion al ambiente, ademas de un posibilitar un incremento de la eficiencia energetica de la caldera en un 0,10 %. El costo total de inversion necesario para implementar las dos alternativas de mejoras propuestasalcanzo un valor de $ 8 117,35pesos cubanos (PC), el cual se recupera en 2,36 meses considerando los ahorros economicos por ano que seobtienen, los cuales ascienden a PC $ 41 193,33 a causa de combustible que no se consume en la caldera. EnglishThis work was carried out in the “Cesar Escalante Dellunde” Meat Company, in the province of Camaguey, Cuba, with the objective of evaluating its steam generation and distribution system. An energy efficiency of the fire-tube boiler of 87.41% was obtained, the heat losses to the environment of the non-insulated pipes amounted to 85,764.31 W, while the total hardness of the feed water to the boiler is 10.26 times above the standard value. Two alternatives for improvements were proposed, consisting of: 1) insulation of the pipes through which water vapor circulates with Mineral Wool, and 2) preheating the boiler feed water up to 70 °C. The application of both proposals of improvements will result in fuel savings of 23.56 kg/h, which allows stop releasing about 576 m3/h of combustion gases to the environment, along with an increase of the energy efficiency of the boiler of 0.10 %. The total investment cost necessary to implement the two proposed improvement alternativesreached a value of $ 8 117,35 Cuban pesos (CUP), which is recovered in 2.36 months considering the economic savings per year obtained, which amount to CUP $ 41 193.33 due to fuel not consumed in the boiler.
- Published
- 2021
35. Analysis of the effect of pressure control on leakages in distribution systems by FAVAD equation and field applications
- Author
-
Salih Yilmaz, Özgür Özdemir, Mahmut Firat, and Mustafa Usluer
- Subjects
minimum night flow (mnf) ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Field (physics) ,Pressure control ,leakage ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Mechanics ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,01 natural sciences ,020801 environmental engineering ,Distribution system ,pressure control ,Environmental science ,water distribution system ,TD1-1066 ,favad equation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Pressure has an important effect on the occurrence of failures/leaks in water distribution systems (WDSs) or the change of leakage in existing leakages. For this reason, monitoring the pressure is important especially for analyzing the changes in the day and night, determining the fluctuations and applying pressure management (PM) to ensure normal operating conditions. In this study, the effect of pressure on water losses and minimum night flow (MNF) was carried out according to the Fixed and Varied Area Discharge (FAVAD) approach, which allows the amount of leakage to be calculated based on the change in pressure and field tests. The minimum flow rate and potential leakage were determined under the network operating conditions before the pressure control in a region. Then, considering the features of the region, pressure was reduced with the pressure control system and MNFs and leaks were monitored. By reducing the pressure from 9.10 bar to 3.2 bar in the region, the MNF rate was reduced from 6.95 l/s to 3.29 l/s. The daily water savings in the system inlet volume is 78.44 m3/day and the annual saving is 28,624 m3/year. The results obtained are very important for practitioners in terms of implementing PM in the field. Highlights The effect of pressure on water losses and minimum night flow rate was analyzed.; The pressure was reduced with the help of the pressure control system.; The minimum night flows were monitored after pressure management.; The theoretical leakage level was analyzed according to the FAVAD equation.; The results of field data and FAVAD equation were compared.
- Published
- 2021
36. CFD simulation of purging process for dead-ends in water intermittent distribution systems
- Author
-
Mohamed Elgamal and Mohamed Farouk
- Subjects
020209 energy ,Intermittent ,Mixing (process engineering) ,02 engineering and technology ,Computational fluid dynamics ,Purge ,symbols.namesake ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Time scale ,business.industry ,Turbulence ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,General Engineering ,Reynolds number ,Eulerian path ,Mechanics ,Total dissolved solid ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,Pulse (physics) ,Eddy ,Distribution system ,symbols ,Environmental science ,Dead-ends ,TA1-2040 ,business ,Purging - Abstract
In this research, the computational fluid dynamics is used to study the purging process of the inaccessible dead-end pipe subjected to saline water. A 3D multiphase Eulerian transient turbulent flow model was developed, and 48 numerical runs were conducted to examine the effect of the dead-end length, Reynolds numbers, and Total Dissolved Solids on the purging efficiency. Design charts were deduced to determine the required removal time to purge a dead-end pipe. The results revealed that the normalized removal time ranges from 35 to 460 for the studied range of variables. The removal time exponentially increases as the length of the dead-leg increases, and the removal time slightly decreases as the Reynolds numbers increases. The CFD simulation also revealed the formation of a finger-like pulse of a wave that is responsible for the mixing process (in relatively long dead-legs) and the formation of other cascades of eddies located underneath it.
- Published
- 2021
37. Consider How Social Distancing Policies Can Affect Drinking Water Infrastructure Performance
- Author
-
Kasey M. Faust, Lynn E. Katz, Jessica Kaminsky, Caroline G. Russell, Kerry A. Kinney, Mary Jo Kirisits, Marina Kopytkovskiy, and Lina Sela
- Subjects
Infrastructure ,2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Distribution Systems ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Social distance ,Testing ,General Chemistry ,Affect (psychology) ,Water infrastructure ,Distribution system ,Columns ,Water Quality ,Environmental science ,Public Health ,Water quality ,Environmental planning ,Water Science and Technology - Published
- 2021
38. Studi Efisiensi Hasil Perubahan Sistem Jaringan Irigasi Berbasis SIG (Sistem Informasi Geografis) pada Daerah Irigasi Kajar 2D, Kajar 2E, Kajar 2F, dan Kajar 2G Kecamatan Lowokwaru, Kota Malang
- Author
-
Tri Budi Prayogo and Hanif Rafif
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Irrigation ,Land use ,Clean water ,Environmental engineering ,Paddy field ,Environmental science ,Network conditions - Abstract
Referring to the conditions in Lowokwaru sub-district, there was a reduction in the area of rice fields due to an increase in the conversion of paddy fields to residential areas. This study aims to determine changes in the irrigation network system that affect the water distribution system in the irrigation area. This study was conducted using data from 2012 and 2017 which includes a comparative analysis of rice fields using the arc GIS application. analysis of existing irrigation network conditions for comparison of clean water needs of paddy fields. and analysis of the difference in the efficiency of the use of water needs to show whether or not it is still feasible to irrigate the reduced fields due to land use changes in each of the irrigation areas. The results of the study include a comparative analysis of rice fields_Area is losing 9%, losing 7%, losing 18% and losing 6%. Analysis_of_the difference in efficiency_in the use of_water needs_in each Irrigation Area is an increase_ of 10.5%, an increase of 24.33%, an increase of 40.55% and decrease of 34.8%.
- Published
- 2021
39. Harvesting Distribution Service Lines and Premise Plumbing for Corrosion Control Studies
- Author
-
Nora Sadik
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Service (business) ,business.industry ,Control (management) ,Premise ,Environmental science ,Distribution (economics) ,business ,Civil engineering ,Corrosion - Published
- 2021
40. Perspective of Clean Mobility in Road Freight Transport
- Author
-
Helena Bínová, Oldřich Hykš, Jindřich Sadil, Kristýna Neubergová, Magdalena Hykšová, and František Kekula
- Subjects
Pollutant ,050210 logistics & transportation ,business.product_category ,05 social sciences ,Dust particles ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Air pollution ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Transport engineering ,Distribution system ,Greenhouse gas ,021105 building & construction ,0502 economics and business ,Electric vehicle ,medicine ,Environmental science ,business ,Life-cycle assessment - Abstract
The paper deals with electric charging concept for road freight transport and discusses various kinds of charging stations and their categorization with respect to the connection to a vehicle and type of voltage, fundamental aspects of the design of the electric vehicle charging infrastructure and connection options to the distribution system. The issue of noise, landscape fragmentation and the barrier effect of roads and highways, and emphasizes the influence of freight transport on air pollution, in particular its significant contribution to the production of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, dust particles and other pollutants are mentioned in the paper. A special attention is paid to emissions of carbon dioxide, a significant greenhouse gas, again in the context of freight transport. The methodologies of Well to Wheels (WTW) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are also presented in the paper.
- Published
- 2021
41. THE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF PNEUMATIC GRAIN DRILLS WITH CENTRAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
- Author
-
T.O. Kutkovetska
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Mining engineering ,Environmental science ,General Medicine - Published
- 2021
42. Impact of service line replacement on lead, cadmium, and other drinking water quality parameters in Flint, Michigan
- Author
-
Sarah-Jane Haig, Terese M. Olson, Krista R. Wigginton, Nicole Rockey, Yun Shen, Madeleine Wax, Lutgarde Raskin, and James Yonts
- Subjects
Cadmium ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Water source ,chemistry.chemical_element ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,River water ,Toxicology ,Distribution system ,chemistry ,Maximum Contaminant Level ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Lead (electronics) ,Service line ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
In April 2014, Flint, MI switched its drinking water source from water treated in Detroit to Flint River water without applying corrosion control. This caused lead and other metals to leach into drinking water. To mitigate lead exposure, Flint began to replace lead service lines and galvanized iron service lines in March 2016. In this study, the short- and long-term impact of service line replacement on Flint drinking water quality was investigated. In particular, lead and other metal concentrations, chlorine residual, and levels of select microbial populations were examined before and two and five weeks after SL replacement in water collected from 17 Flint homes. Overall, lead levels in premise plumbing water did not change significantly within five weeks of replacement, however, significant reductions were observed two weeks after service line replacement in flushed samples representative of distribution system water (pre-replacement median = 0.98 μg L−1; two-week post-replacement median = 0.11 μg L−1). Multiple sequential samplings from one Flint residence before and 11 months after service line replacement revealed large reductions in lead levels in all samples, indicating long-term benefits of service line replacement. Cadmium was also detected at levels at or above the federal maximum contaminant level. Microbial analyses established that 100%, 21%, and 52% of samples had quantifiable concentrations of total bacteria, Legionella spp., and Mycobacterium spp. as measured by quantitative PCR, while Legionella pneumophila was not detected in any samples. Our results provide evidence that both lead service line and galvanized service line replacement benefit consumers in the long term by reducing drinking water lead concentrations, while short-term advantages of service line replacement in sites with prior lead seeding of in-home plumbing are less apparent.
- Published
- 2021
43. A New Framework for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charging Models Supported by Solar Photovoltaic Energy Resources Un nouveau cadre pour les modèles de recharge du véhicule électrique rechargeable supporté par des ressources d’énergie solaire photovoltaïque
- Author
-
Ahmed Gaouda, Ramadan El-Shatshat, and Yasser O. Assolami
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Household travel survey ,Trip chain ,Pv generation ,Energy resources ,Load modeling ,Photovoltaic system ,Environmental science ,Water resource management - Abstract
This article proposes a new framework for modeling plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging demand supported by solar photovoltaic (PV) energy resources in a distribution system. The proposed work focuses on modeling the stochastic nature of both PEV loads and PV generation while considering the effect of the temporal–spatial characteristics of the driver’s behavior, as well as solar irradiation and temperature. A trip chain, based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo process, is developed to properly model PEV daily driving activities and the PV uncertainty. Charging facilities are assumed available at home, work, and fast-charging stations, having charging levels of 3.7, 6.6, and 50 kW, respectively. The proposed framework is examined, considering the National Household Travel Survey global data, as well as the city of Buffalo and New York state. The impact of varying the penetration levels of PEV and PV resources is also investigated. This work strengthens the proposed models in the literature by integrating the temporal–spatial characteristics of PEV charging demand into PV stochastic models. Resume —Cet article propose un nouveau cadre de modelisation de la demande de recharge de vehicules electriques rechargeables (PEV) soutenue par des ressources energetiques solaires photovoltaiques (PV) dans un systeme de distribution. Le travail propose se concentre sur la modelisation de la nature stochastique des charges PEV et de la production par PV tout en considerant l’effet des caracteristiques spatio-temporelles du comportement du conducteur, ainsi que l’irradiation solaire et la temperature. Une chaine de trajets, basee sur le processus de Monte-Carlo par Markov, est developpee pour modeliser correctement les activites quotidiennes concernant la conduite du PEV et l’incertitude des PV. Les installations de recharge sont supposees etre disponibles a la maison, au travail et aux bornes de recharge rapide, avec des niveaux de recharge de 3, 7; 6, 6 et 50 kW, respectivement. Le cadre propose est examine en tenant compte des donnees mondiales de l’enquete nationale sur les voyages des menages, ainsi que de la ville de Buffalo et de l’Etat de New York. L’impact de la variation des niveaux de penetration du PEV et des ressources PV est egalement etudie. Ce travail renforce les modeles proposes dans la litterature en integrant les caracteristiques temporelles-spatiales de la demande de charge PEV dans les modeles stochastiques PV.
- Published
- 2021
44. Behavior of disinfection by-products in a drinking water distribution system
- Author
-
Mu-nan Zhao, Xu Jiang, Qianshuo Wang, and Chongwei Cui
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Environmental engineering ,Environmental science - Published
- 2021
45. Designing of water distribution system
- Author
-
Akkad Mohammad Zaher, Bányai Tamás, and Mohammed Amin Osama Khasraw
- Subjects
Distribution system ,Working hours ,Potable water ,Storage tank ,Volume (computing) ,Environmental science ,Firefighting ,Water supply network ,Civil engineering ,Nonlinear programming - Abstract
Water distribution system (WDS) aims to distribute water from reservoirs or aqueducts to the end-users. This system is part of the water supply network that carries potable water from a central treatment plant or wells to water consumers in order to deliver water sufficiently to meet residential, commercial, industrial, and firefighting requirements. Modern systems aim to solve water distribution systems management problems, such as the lowest cost, and most efficient design by using linear/nonlinear optimization schemes, which are limited by the system size, the number of constraints, and the number of loading conditions. After a literature review for the articles that dealt with this topic, designing two parts of the water distribution system is discussed as a case study in Erbil. Pumps and storage tanks, while optimizing the water distribution system by minimizing the project cost through minimizing the volume of the elevated tank according to the pump working hours.
- Published
- 2021
46. Análise de dados de telemedição de consumos domésticos para apoio na avaliação de perdas aparentes e reais em sistemas de distribuição de água
- Author
-
Silva, Conceição Amado, Francisco J. Arregui, and Dália Loureiro
- Subjects
Water distribution systems ,lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,Smart meter ,water consumption pattern ,Perfil de consumo ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,lcsh:Ocean engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Water consumption ,Distribution system ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,Minimum night flow ,lcsh:TC1501-1800 ,Water consumption profile ,Global error ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,smart metering ,Consumption (economics) ,water consumption profile ,Consumos domésticos mínimos ,Environmental engineering ,Padrão de consumo ,Sistemas de distribuição de água ,Domestic consumption ,Water consumption pattern ,020801 environmental engineering ,minimum night flow ,Telemedição domiciliária ,Smart metering ,Environmental science ,water distribution systems ,Water utility - Abstract
[EN] The availability of instantaneous data on water consumption in water utilities of water distribution systems has been increasing due to the increase in the number of customers with smart meters. The analysis of these data allows to improve the billing systems and the customers’ management and to improve the water losses estimate in each water utility. Aiming to evaluate the apparent losses, through the analysis of the water consumption profiles, and real losses, through the study of the minimum night flow, 275 domestic customers of 10 water utilities were measured using a smart meter. The water consumption profiles useful for the global error measurement of the flowmeters park identified the predominant flow between 240 L/h and 1000 L/h, with an insignificant measured volume below 120 L/h (e.g., due to customer leakages). The estimate of the mean water consumption in the minimum consumption period (between 2 h and 5 h a.m.) was 1.2 L/(customer·h) for DN15 flowmeters and 2.0 L/(customer·h) for DN20 flowmeters. Using clustering, four water consumption patterns were also identified, with differences in the consumption scales, trends and peaks during the day. This work demonstrated the potential of smart metering campaigns to collect consumption data. Moreover, it also proposes a methodology and an initial set of statistics about the domestic consumption in each water utility and in the set of water utilities, which is crucial for the technical management of water distribution systems. [PT] O aumento da cobertura de clientes domésticos com telemedição tem levado a uma maior disponibilidade de dados de consumo instantâneo nas Entidades Gestoras (EG) de sistemas de distribuição de água. A análise destes dados, para além de melhorar a gestão dos sistemas de faturação e de gestão de clientes, permite também melhorar a estimativa das perdas de água em cada EG. Com o objetivo de avaliar as perdas aparentes, através da análise de perfis do consumo total, e as perdas reais, por via do estudo do consumo doméstico mínimo, foram realizadas campanhas de telemedição em 275 clientes domésticos referentes a 10 EG. Os perfis de consumo, relevantes para aferição do erro global do parque de contadores, revelaram que os consumos predominantes variam entre 240 e 1000 L/h, sendo o volume medido abaixo de 120 L/h (e.g., devido a fugas domiciliárias) praticamente insignificante. A estimativa do consumo médio de água no período de consumo mínimo (entre as 2 e as 5 h da manhã) foi 1.2 L/(utilizador·h) para contadores DN15 e 2.0 L/(utilizador·h) para contadores DN20. Utilizando análise de clusters, identificaram-se ainda quatro padrões de consumo distintos, diferenciados pelas escalas de consumo, tendências e picos ao longo do dia. Este trabalho demonstrou o potencial das campanhas de telemedição para recolha de dados de consumo. Além disso, forneceu uma metodologia e conjunto inicial de estatísticas sobre o consumo doméstico em cada EG e no conjunto das EG determinante para a gestão técnica dos sistemas de distribuição de água. Os autores agradecem a colaboração das entidades gestoras participantes no projeto Inicativa Nacional para gestão eficiente de perdas (iPerdas 2016). O primeiro autor agradece à Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, pela Bolsa de Doutoramento SFRH/BD/131382/2017. Agradece-se ainda o financiamento da FCT, através do projeto UID/Multi/04621/2019 do CEMAT/IST-ID, Centro de Matemática Computacional e Estocástica, Instituto Superior Técnico, ULisboa.
- Published
- 2021
47. Analysis and assessment of water losses reduction effectiveness using examples of selected water distribution systems
- Author
-
Ewa Ociepa
- Subjects
Reduction (complexity) ,Distribution system ,Environmental engineering ,Environmental science - Published
- 2021
48. Probabilistic Assessment of DSTATCOM Operation in Distribution Systems Using Data Clustering Method
- Author
-
Sadjad Galvani, Saeed Rezaeian-Marjani, D. Habibinia, and Vahid Talavat
- Subjects
Mathematical optimization ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Probabilistic logic ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,Renewable energy ,Distribution system ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Environmental science ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Cluster analysis - Abstract
The importance of probabilistic assessment in distribution systems is very high due to the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) with their fluctuating behavior. Also, there are...
- Published
- 2020
49. Quantification of the Indirect Lightning Using FIT Analysis Under Soil Nonuniformity
- Author
-
Mohammad Sadegh Golshani-Rad and Ali Asghar Razi-Kazemi
- Subjects
Fit/gap analysis ,Computation ,Finite difference method ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,Soil science ,02 engineering and technology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Finite element method ,Distribution system ,Overvoltage ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Environmental science ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Finite integration - Abstract
One of the phenomena affecting the insulation coordination of power distribution systems is indirect lightning. This article aims to investigate the impacts of stratification of the soil along with the characteristics of the lightning current, i.e., peak, current time-derivative, striking distance to overhead lines on quantification of the lightning indirect overvoltage (LIOV). Accordingly, comprehensive analyses have been established based on the finite integration technique. The flexibility of the method and the simulation results have been compared with the other finite element method and well-known formula, i.e., Rusck and Darveniza. It is also demonstrated that the Darveniza's formula cannot be relied upon as a precise approach in nonuniform grounds. It is revealed that more resistivity of the lower layer results in the increase of LIOV peak in a two-layer soil. It is comprehended that the increase in the number of layers could highly affect LIOVs. Furthermore, the results indicate that the nonuniformity of the ground increases the sensitivity of LIOV to the characteristics of lightning strokes. Finally, an intelligent package is introduced to assess the characteristics of the indirect lightning-induced overvoltage in the complex situation within acceptable accuracy and computation time based on an equivalent resistivity of the soil.
- Published
- 2020
50. Ventilation of engine rooms in diesel engines ships
- Author
-
Adrian Presura, Victor Mihai, and Liliana Rusu
- Subjects
Pressure drop ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,lcsh:Ocean engineering ,lcsh:Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering ,Combustion ,Inlet ,engine room ventilation, combustion air, cooling air, pressure drop, air cooling efficiency ,Automotive engineering ,law.invention ,Distribution system ,Diesel fuel ,Fresh air ,lcsh:VM1-989 ,law ,Ventilation (architecture) ,Materials Chemistry ,lcsh:TC1501-1800 ,Environmental science - Abstract
"Engines room are equipped with a ventilation system which should provide fresh air for combustion and for removing the heat radiated by main engines, auxiliary engines, boilers, generators and other hot equipment installed in compartment. The paper presents the main requirements, recommendations and challenges regarding designing and construction of the ventilation system. The principal design aspects highlighted in this material are related to reducing the pressure drop across the distribution system to reduce the energy used by the fan to blow the air inside the room and to identify the best arrangement of air distribution inlet/outlet in order to get high efficiency of the cooling air."
- Published
- 2020
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