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A cradle-to-wheel life cycle analysis evaluated the greenhouse gas (GHG) contribution and fossil energy consumption (FEC) of bio-ethanol (EtOH) from dedicated crops on marginal lands in Campania Region (Southern Italy). The analysis processed experimental agronomic data of giant reed cultivated on hilly areas at high erosion risk and industrial data of feedstock conversion to EtOH, through second generation innovative technologies. Two ethanol–gasoline mixes (E10 and E85) were considered and compared with gasoline vehicle (GV). The E10 GHG and FEC profiles were driven by the gasoline input in the blend and the linked CO 2 tailpipe emissions. The EtOH supply chain, especially the crop phase, was the major contributor to E85 impacts. The higher amount of biogenic C in E85 determined a marked reduction over GV of both GHG emissions (−60%) and FEC (−65%). The soil carbon storage would save 25 g CO 2 eq per MJ; however, the issue is controversial due to the spatial and temporal variability of the process. Based on land availability, E85 contribution to renewables in the regional transport sector would amount to 4% and the blend wall would be far from saturation. A possible mismatch between future flexi-fuel vehicles density and E85 availability should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of bioethanol (EtOH) from perennial Arundo donax L. feedstock. A “cradle-to-wheel” approach was applied considering primary data for the cultivation of dedicated crops on hilly marginal lands and innovative “second generation technologies” for feedstock conversion into EtOH. The goals of the study were to: (i) quantify impacts of lignocellulosic EtOH production/use chain, (ii) identify hotspots and (iii) compare the environmental performance of different bioethanol-gasoline vehicles, E10 (10% EtOH and 90% gasoline) and E85 (85% EtOH and 15% gasoline), with a conventional gasoline passenger car. Results for E85 underlined that the feedstock production and the use phase were the prevailing contributors, whilst for E10 the gasoline production phase shared the largest part of impacts. The comparison showed that vehicles using lignocellulosic bioethanol have potentially significant benefits on global warming, ozone depletion, photochemical oxidant formation and fossil depletion in respect to conventional passenger car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years, heliciculture has rapidly developed in Italy both in terms of number of companies (about 8000) and average extension of snail farms (5000–10,000 m 2 ). Studies aimed to evaluate the whole environmental performance of heliciculture are still not available in literature. This paper presents a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) performed for Helix aspersa maxima snail production in the South of Italy. The system boundary ( cradle to farm gate ) of the production chain considered the following stages: indoor breeding, outdoor fattening, cleaning out and packaging. The outdoor fattening displayed the largest part of total burdens (about 90%) for all impact categories due to the relevant contribution of its processes (enclosures set-up, fodder cultivation, supplementary feeding and irrigation). The process that highly affected all impact categories was the supplementary feeding used in fattening pens which reached the highest value for Terrestrial acidification (84%) and the lowest one for Ozone depletion (41%). Nevertheless, the impact of enclosures set-up and fodder cultivation appeared marked in particular for Ozone depletion (46%) and Marine Eutrophication (30%), respectively. Results showed the key factors (supplementary feeding, HDPE mesh) to be considered and discussed to proper design a semi-intensive snail management in order to enhance benefits and constrain limitations. Moreover, the snail farming highlighted a lower environmental load, for almost all impact categories, compared to literature data on conventional meat (beef, pig and chicken). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heliciculture for food production has huge potential and new opportunities for rural development and young entrepreneurs in Italy. No studies have yet been performed on the environmental performance of snail rearing which also might be a beneficial tool for producers. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the impact of snail meat by a cradle-to-farm gate life cycle assessment centred on the carbon footprint (CF). The study considered greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions linked to cultivation stages (indoor breeding, outdoor fattening, cleaning out and packaging) of Helix aspersa maxima meat production in a semi-intensive rearing system in Southern Italy. The shell potential for CO 2 sequestration was also taken into account. Snail CF amounted to 0.7 kg CO 2 eq per kg fresh edible meat, with the highest share (about 60%) from the supplementary feeding production. Due to the combined effect of relevant amount input and restrained lifetime of HDPE mesh applied in the open field, the impact of breeding enclosures appeared considerable (about 29%). Greenhouse gas emissions linked to fodder cultivation and to the cleaning-out phase appeared restrained (nearly 4% and 5%, respectively), whilst the share of reproduction system, irrigation and packaging was negligible (< 1%). The environmental load of supplementary feeding resulted to mainly ascribable (about 74%) to maize and field bean grain cultivation (for feed mixture). It was followed by grain transport (about 17%) and processing (about 4%) to feed mill and further transport of manufactured feed components (maize–field bean–limestone) to the snail farm (about 5%). The CF score might be reduced by 18%, including potential long term CO 2 sequestration in shells. As compared to other conventional macro-livestock meat sources, snail meat showed reduced GHG emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of giant reed lignocellulosic feedstock on marginal land, appears of great interest in the Mediterranean basin, due to its high production potential under drought conditions. Starting from a three years field survey, in this paper a LCA was applied to the overall 15 years life cycle of a Mediterranean giant reed cultivation in Southern Italy, including Direct Field Emissions (DFE) and non-productive phases of cultivation. Agricultural practices performed yearly for field maintenance (FM-urea fertilization) and harvest operation (HO) shared the largest part of total burdens, nonetheless, the impact of crop establishment and final removal appeared significant. FM was strongly affected by DFE of soil biogenic N 2 O and fossil CO 2 (about 23% and 9% of total Climate change, respectively) and volatilized NH 3 (about 69%, 42% and 35% of total impact for Terrestrial acidification, Particulate matter formation and Marine eutrophication, respectively). For Marine eutrophication, also nitrate leaching in the plantation year, affected significantly the overall life cycle. Differently DFE linked to field application of K-P fertilizers for seedbed preparation (P and heavy metal emissions) and pest for final eradication (glyphosate emission), appeared more circumscribed. The study highlighted the need to carefully approach to soil carbon storage, and disclosed to be sensitive to uncertainty linked to DFE and crop yield pattern estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]