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This study explores the impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial orientation and intention among Indonesian students, while considering the influence of patriarchal culture. A quantitative research design using online surveys was employed, with 248 respondents who completed the entrepreneurship course in the even semester of 2022 at the Faculty of Economics, Universitas Negeri Medan. The surveys were administered online by the researchers. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was utilized for analyzing the variables, and Mann–Whitney tests assessed gender and educational background differences. Results reveal a positive and significant effect of entrepreneurship education on both entrepreneurial orientation and intention. Entrepreneurial orientation significantly influences entrepreneurial intention. Surprisingly, patriarchal culture does not negatively impact entrepreneurial orientation or intention; its effect differs from expectations. No significant differences were found between genders or educational backgrounds regarding the impact of entrepreneurship education, orientation and intention. Specifically, no significant differences were found in the impact of entrepreneurship education, orientation and intention between genders or educational backgrounds. Also, entrepreneurial orientation partially mediates the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention.

ÖZ: Araştırmada meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin kişilik tipleri ile bireysel girişimcilik yönelimi ilişkisi üzerinde girişimcilik eğitiminin etkisi saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın özgünlüğü, analizlerin girişimcilik eğitim öncesi ve sonrası şeklinde gerçekleştirilmiş ve meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerine uygulanmış olmasıdır. Bu araştırma sayesinde girişimcilik eğitiminin etkisi hakkında bilginin elde edilmesi ile alana katkı sağlanacağı düşünülmektedir. Araştırmada girişimcilik dersi alan 194 öğrenciden hem yarıyıl başında hem de yarıyıl sonunda olmak üzere “tek grup ilk test ve son test tekniği” ile veri toplanmıştır. Kişilik tiplerini ölçmek için Rammstedt ve John (2007) tarafından geliştirilen beş faktör kişilik tipleri ölçeği ve bireysel girişimcilik yönelimini ölçmek için ise Bolton ve Lane (2012) tarafından geliştirilen ölçek kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada frekans, korelasyon ve regresyon analiz yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda beş faktör kişilik tipleri ile bireysel girişimcilik yönelimi arasında -bazı alt boyutlar hariç olmak üzere- anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Ek olarak ön test ve son test sonuçları karşılaştırıldığında girişimcilik eğitiminin kişilik tipleri ile bireysel girişimcilik yönelimi ilişkisini -bazı alt boyutlar hariç olmak üzere- etkilemediği görülmüştür. Araştırma sonucunda meslek yüksekokullarında okutulan girişimcilik ders içeriklerinin, öğrencilerin girişimcilik yeteneklerini geliştirmeye ve yönelimlerini arttırmaya yönelik hazırlanmasına ve uygulamalı metotlara daha fazla ağırlık verilmesine gereklilik olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. ABSTRACT: In the research, it was tried to determine the effect of entrepreneurship education on the relationship between personality types and individual entrepreneurial orientation of vocational school students. The originality of the research is that the analyzes were carried out before and after entrepreneurship education and applied to vocational school students. It is thought that this research will contribute to the field by obtaining information about the effect of entrepreneurship education. In the research, data were collected from 194 students who took entrepreneurship courses, both at the beginning of the semester and at the end of the semester, using the “single group pre-test and post-test technique”. The five-factor personality types scale developed by Rammstedt and John (2007) was used to measure personality types, and the scale developed by Bolton and Lane (2012) was used to measure individual entrepreneurial orientation. Frequency, correlation and regression analysis methods were used in the research. As a result of the analyses, it was seen that there was a significant relationship between five factor personality types and individual entrepreneurial orientation, except for some sub-dimensions. In addition, when the pre-test and post-test results were compared, it was seen that entrepreneurship training did not affect the relationship between personality types and individual entrepreneurial orientation, except for some sub-dimensions. As a result of the research, it was concluded that entrepreneurship course contents should be prepared to develop students’ entrepreneurial skills and increase their orientation, and that more emphasis should be given to applied methods.

Research Summary: We integrate social learning theory with gender role congruity theory to propose that family firms gain more from female leadership than nonfamily firms due to the congruence of female communal values with those of a family business. Results of our empirical study, based on a sample of 322 Spanish small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), show that while all three dimensions of learning orientation (commitment to learning, shared vision, and open‐mindedness) are positively related to an entrepreneurial orientation, significant differences exist based on the CEO's gender and whether the SME is a family or nonfamily firm. Strongest differences were found between female‐led family and nonfamily SMEs whereby the entrepreneurial orientation of female‐led family SMEs benefited significantly more from their firm's commitment to learning and open‐mindedness. Managerial Summary: To cultivate entrepreneurship, a small‐ and medium‐sized enterprise (SME) leader must create an organization that fosters learning. Yet, surprisingly, we know little about male and female leaders' ability to translate their SME's learning into entrepreneurship. Our study reveals that in comparison to nonfamily firms, family firms offer an environment that is more conducive to supporting women leaders, which allows their female leaders to direct their SME's learning more effectively toward entrepreneurship. However, while female‐led family SMEs were as effective as male‐led family‐ and nonfamily‐led SMEs in directing learning toward entrepreneurship, female‐led nonfamily SMEs struggled. Our study therefore suggests that while women have an advantage leading family SMEs, gender biases hamper female leaders' ability to transform learning into greater entrepreneurial orientation in nonfamily SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the research, it was tried to determine the effect of entrepreneurship education on the relationship between personality types and individual entrepreneurial orientation of vocational school students. The originality of the research is that the analyzes were carried out before and after entrepreneurship education and applied to vocational school students. It is thought that this research will contribute to the field by obtaining information about the effect of entrepreneurship education. In the research, data were collected from 194 students who took entrepreneurship courses, both at the beginning of the semester and at the end of the semester, using the "single group pre-test and post-test technique". The five-factor personality types scale developed by Rammstedt and John (2007) was used to measure personality types, and the scale developed by Bolton and Lane (2012) was used to measure individual entrepreneurial orientation. Frequency, correlation and regression analysis methods were used in the research. As a result of the analyses, it was seen that there was a significant relationship between five factor personality types and individual entrepreneurial orientation, except for some sub-dimensions. In addition, when the pre-test and post-test results were compared, it was seen that entrepreneurship training did not affect the relationship between personality types and individual entrepreneurial orientation, except for some sub-dimensions. As a result of the research, it was concluded that entrepreneurship course contents should be prepared to develop students' entrepreneurial skills and increase their orientation, and that more emphasis should be given to applied methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explain the effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial orientation, attitude towards entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial intention. The population of this research is active students at universities in Bali. The sample size used was 200 people with the purposive sampling method. The analytical technique used is Path Analysis using SEM-PLS. The results show that entrepreneurship education positively and significantly affected entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship education also has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial attitude. Likewise, the entrepreneurial orientation and attitude of students have a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial intentions; entrepreneurial orientation and attitude can partially mediate the effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite progress in recognising the popularity of explaining a university's entrepreneurial orientation (EO), the literature still lacks clear and systematic means of evaluating and measuring university EO. This study seeks to assess the different ways of measuring university EO and develop recommendations for future research to address this gap. Based on a systematic EO review of empirical research were identified three thematic groups: (i) EO and academic entrepreneurship, (ii) EO and entrepreneurial universities, and (iii) EO and academic spinoffs. These results allow for a greater understanding of the research topics and develop an integrated framework, thus helping to measure and refine operationalisations of EO that can help formulate future quantitative studies and increase the empirical accuracy of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) represents one of the most robust scientific constructs explored by academics in management and entrepreneurship literature, where research mostly focuses on exploring EO as a firm-level or as an individual-level construct. Even though numerous studies found gender differences in EO, there is still a need to further explore differences in gender, experience and education on each of the EO dimensions separately. Therefore, the aim of this study is to further test these effects in a small open economy context such as Croatia. More specifically, by using the linear regression analysis this study will explore direct and moderating effects gender, experience and education have on EO and EO’s dimensions within the context of Croatian SMEs. Results of this study have confirmed that male entrepreneurs are more entrepreneurially oriented and are more proactive than their female counterparts. On the other hand, results indicated no significant gender differences in the level of innovation and risk taking. Furthermore, results demonstrated that gender has a significant and direct effect on EO, and on risk taking as a dimension of EO, however, there are no significant effects of gender on innovativeness and proactiveness. Results also confirmed moderation effects gender has on the relationships between the level of education and EO, innovativeness and proactiveness, where these relationships are moderated as such that the relationships are stronger for women than for men. These findings are very interesting since they place significance on the importance education has on the success of female entrepreneurs. Therefore, findings of this study provide more evidence on how important tailor-made educational programs are for the development of successful female entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While application of entrepreneurship concept is gaining traction in engineering and the entrepreneurship courses embedded in engineering programs increase swiftly, there is a lack of study focusing on how engineering programs enable entrepreneurial experiences in their programmes. The influence of entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurship education on achievement entrepreneurial goals of engineers in Sri Lanka remains understudied and uncertain in many circumstances. This necessitates a thorough examination of the mechanisms by which entrepreneurial orientation and education influences entrepreneurial intention. Further, as per international entrepreneurship theory, entrepreneurial intent leads to internationalization intent when facilitated by conducive environment factors. The objective of research is to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention and internationalization intent of engineer entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka. Three hypotheses related to above links were tested using a validated questionnaire through a survey of 92 engineer-entrepreneurs. The results show that there is a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention and internationalization intent of engineer entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka. The variable entrepreneurial intention explained 40% variance of internationalization intention. This research gives valuable inputs and suggestions with respect to entrepreneurship education and promotion of entrepreneurship orientation of engineers in Sri Lanka for policy makers. Keywords: Entrepreneurial orientation, Entrepreneurship education, Entrepreneurial intention, Engineer-entrepreneurs

The aim of this research was to examine predictive factors of entrepreneurial orientation of students in transitional, social, and economic contexts. Attitudes towards work, value orientations, gender, and the entrepreneurial experience of the father and the mother of the respondents were examined as predictor variables. The sample comprised 220 students from both genders with an average age of 21.57 years. The results indicate that, in all three measured components, young men have a more pronounced entrepreneurial orientation compared to young women. Attitudes towards work and organizational values were shown to correlate significantly with entrepreneurial orientation. Experiencing work as an opportunity for personal fulfilment (β = 0.420, sig <0.001), autocratic value orientations (β = 0.269, sig <0.05), and the entrepreneurship of the father were distinguished as significant predictors of entrepreneurial orientation on the total sample (β = 0.211, sig <0.001), as well as on the subsample of young women (β = 0.283, sig <0.05). The results of this research indicate the complexity of relationships between the examined factors and entrepreneurial orientation, the conversance of which provides the basis for conceptualizing the entrepreneurial socialization of young people in a particular social and economic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) bear the promise of multiple benefits, including individual and entrepreneurial empowerment. The prospect of harnessing ICT as a means of creating growth and development opportunities is particularly appealing in developing countries. Still, several factors, including digital illiteracy and gender inequality, hamper the possibility of effective and universal utilization of these opportunities, in extreme cases leading to digital divide, gender-based exclusion, poverty, and precarity. Using this observation as a springboard, the objective of this paper is to conceptualize and quantify the digital divide-gender-entrepreneurial orientation nexus as it emerges in the perception of Pakistan higher education students. Using a quantitative approach, this study identifies the impact of digital skills (and thus the knowledge inequalities that can determine the potential digital gap) on entrepreneurship-related technology adoption (as measured through Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, UTAUT), whereby gender is treated as a moderator. The empirical findings, based on Structure Equation Modelling (SEM) and Multiple Group Analysis (MGA), show that digital skills and perceptions of technology capabilities have a substantial impact on the desire to use ICT in entrepreneurial activities. The influence of technology adoption intent on the development of entrepreneurial orientation is also confirmed. This paper adds to the broader debate on gender, digital divide and entrepreneurship. Importantly, by identifying some of the drivers behind students' technology adoption in a developing nation such as Pakistan, filled with technological and economic unbalances, the conclusions of this study will have conceptual, managerial, and policymaking applications, notably in terms of technological access, digital literary, and gender-based exclusion. • This paper examines the digital divide-entrepreneurial orientation-gender nexus among Pakistani higher education students. • Digital skills and perceptions of technology capabilities significatly impact the desire to use ICT for entrepreneurship. • The influence of technology adoption intent on the development of entrepreneurial orientation is also confirmed. • Results have managerial and policymaking applications about technological access, digital literary and gender exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- This research examines the interrelationships between market orientation (MO) and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in the small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector. Due to the conflicting results associated with each orientation's influence on firm performance, some researchers advanced that scholars should resort to concurrent observation of the constructs. To the researchers, concurrent deployment of the constructs by businesses is likely to result in an enhanced performance. However, what is lacking in their proposition is how the deployment of these resources should be, thereby leading to a knowledge gap in the literature. The aforementioned gap is what this paper seeks to address. Design/methodology/approach -- The study employed deductive research approach, and data were collected from 366 SMEs' owners or owner-managers of SMEs in two metropoles in Ghana. For this study, the hand delivery and collection of questionnaire technique was deployed. The reason is that most respondents may be reluctant to respond to the questionnaires through the post or Internet. Partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed for the data analysis due to its importance in allowing the testing of relationships among constructs. Furthermore, seven-point Likert scale was used to generate responses from the respondents. Findings -- The result indicates that MO and EO have a positive and significant influence on each other. However, the influence of EO on MO is greater. Therefore, when owners of SMEs are embracing the two constructs in their businesses, EO should precede MO. The finding is a novelty of this study. Through this result, the owners of SMEs would have knowledge of embracing EO before MO during the employment of the two constructs in their firms. The study further revealed that not all the components of MO have positive and significant influence on EO, and the reverse is true. Without this study, the owners of SMEs would have placed equal attention on each construct and their components. The study also indicates that deployment of MO in its composite form rather than components is the best way for improving EO. Practical implications -- The more SMEs engage in MO activities, the likelihood of an increase in their entrepreneurial spirit and the opposite is true. However, engaging in more EO activities would result in higher MO than the reverse. Originality/value -- The findings add to the empirical literature by revealing the interrelationships between MO and EO, which serve as a guide to owners of SMEs and practitioners in their concurrent deployment of the two constructs. The findings would also open replication doors for future researchers in different settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future of the field of entrepreneurship is bright primarily because of the many research opportunities to make a difference. However, as scholars how can we find these opportunities and choose the ones most likely to contribute to the literature? This essay introduces me-search and a special issue of research-agenda papers from leading scholars as tools for blazing new trails in entrepreneurship research. Me-search and the agenda papers point to the importance of solving a practical problem; problematizing, contextualizing, and abstracting entrepreneurship research; and using empirical theorizing to explore entrepreneurial phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper investigates if and how entrepreneurs' social capital influences their individual entrepreneurial orientation attributes (innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking). Design/methodology/approach: The research method adopted is an exploratory multiple case study. The case chosen is that of an emerging and under-examined entrepreneur, the religious entrepreneur. The study investigates 20 pastors responsible for small enterprise-churches in Brazil. Findings: Social capital influences individual entrepreneurial orientation, being characterized by a relative paradox. The networks must be dense enough to stimulate entrepreneurs' individual entrepreneurial orientation but not be so dense as to harm innovativeness, proactivity and risk-taking. Further, data show that individual entrepreneurial orientation influences social capital. Research limitations/implications: One limitation relates to the semi-structured interviews' restricted use. A second limitation is associated with the recognition of churches only as productive enterprises. Practical implications: This article suggests the significance of incorporating both themes in entrepreneurial education and training programs. It also stresses the appropriateness of religious entrepreneurship as an empirical research field for business scholars. Originality/value: The contributions are fivefold. First, the authors build exploratory theoretical propositions on the influence of social capital on individual entrepreneurial orientation. Second, they highlight the significance of dense networks for individual entrepreneurial orientation, expanding the literature that supports the relevance of cohesive networks solely to the construct's organizational dimension. Third, the authors suggest that a relative paradox may characterize individual entrepreneurial orientation. Fourth, the authors suggest the existence of recursion between both constructs. Finally, this study is one of the first to examine social capital and individual entrepreneurial orientation, considering innovativeness, proactivity, and risk-taking, which represents a neglected field in benchmarking studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify potential explanatory variables of the entrepreneurial orientation and innovation capacity (EO-IC) of family enterprises (FEs) through a comparative study of family businesses in Spain and Latin America. The innovation literature reports a paradigm shift whereby the dynamic boost provided by corporate governance and productivity is playing an increasing role as a driver of EO-IC and sustainable competitive advantage. This issue acquires particular relevance in the case of family firms, where entrepreneurial and innovation capacities are characteristically hampered by socio-emotional and risk-aversion factors. We construct a panel of data on 182 large family enterprises (1,820 observations) domiciled in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Spain, drawing on the Thomson Onebanker and ORBIS databases for the period 2008-2018. The results reveal the emergence of new explanatory variables for the structure of the family-firm EO-IC framework, some related to productivity; others more basically to corporate governance. They also show that, in Latin America, the use of business efficiency (productivity) factors in the planning and potentiation of EO-IC by family firms is hampered by the institutional (legal, regulatory, labour and educational) environment, where traditional factors such as firm size and ownership concentration are more relevant. In the Spanish case, however, the evidence points to a transition from traditional inputs towards business efficiency and productivity- related factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the study was to measure and understand the relationship between Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) and Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) among students from Poland and Bulgaria within the country context. Design/methodology/approach: The respondents were 1,199 students, including 681 students from Bulgaria and 518 students from Poland. The respondents were selected randomly. The research was conducted online using a CAWI method. The existing tools for measuring constructs, i.e. IEO and EI, in the subject-matter literature were used. The questionnaire developed by Bolton and Lane (2012) relying on Covin and Slevin’s (1986) conceptualisation was used to diagnose the level of students’ IEO. EI was measured using a single-item measure developed by Liñán and Chen (2009). Findings: The empirical results show relationships and a positive impact of individual entrepreneurial orientation dimensions upon entrepreneurial intentions. In both countries, there is a statistically significant relationship between entrepreneurial intention and risk-taking, innovativeness, and proactivity. Countries determine the strength of such a correlation, but these relationships, although statistically significant, have been defined as weak. Research limitations/implications: The results cannot be generalised to the entire population, but they are a good contribution to further research on the antecedence of IEO and EI and the differences based on such variables as gender, age, level of education, or field of study. Practical Implications: The results can be used for further research on the factors influencing entrepreneurial attitudes and motivations. They can also be used for entrepreneurial education at universities by supporting the evaluation of the strength of orientation and intentions of students towards entrepreneurship and transferring good practice among countries. Originality/value: This study focuses on young adult respondents from two countries who are able to provide new references to factors which may encourage or hamper their interest in becoming entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities are a relevant and little-explored context to the study of strategic action, considering their need to adapt to environmental dynamics and establish a closer relationship with society. This study contributes to shedding light on how the changing process from a traditional university model to a more entrepreneurial model takes place. Thus, this study aims to analyze the role played by the universities' strategic management to the establishment of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in the academic environment. For this sake, we did a multiple case study focusing on managers' decisions at the strategic level. The selected cases are three universities, two in Brazil and one in Sweden, recognized for their academic entrepreneurship approach in their environments. Based on these cases, the study reveals the influence of top-management decisions for the establishment of EO and how traditional institutions can pursue an entrepreneurial university model. The results emphasize the key role played by the universities' strategic management in establishing EO, through different levels of participation, but with recurrent behaviors in the implementation of the third academic mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Policy makers have called for more entrepreneurship throughout societies as a response to the digital transformation. This paper argues that the rapidly changing conditions of the digital age indeed mark a change in the bases of entrepreneurship. Specifically, as adaptivity becomes key, a learning capacity and general ability to adapt becomes a critical factor in entrepreneurial activity. The paper identifies self-directed learning (SDL) as a fundamental competence in this regard and examines its role for entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial competence. Design/methodology/approach: The paper develops a theoretical framework for the role of SDL in entrepreneurship through a process of systematic review of previous studies that have linked SDL to entrepreneurship. Findings: The formulated theoretical framework shows how SDL competence combines with experiential learning in supporting the kind of adaptivity needed for entrepreneurial competence, especially under more rapidly changing conditions. SDL competence also gains wider importance through enabling individuals to meet the demands of organizational changes in our highly volatile world. Practical implications: SDL competence prepares individuals for entrepreneurship and resilience in face of rapid changes as well as for being more entrepreneurial in the conduct of their lives more generally. Fostering SDL competence can thus be regarded as an important objective of entrepreneurship education. Originality/value: The described self-directed experiential learning cycle offers a novel perspective that clarifies how both self-directed and experiential learning competences are integral for understanding the basis of adaptiveness in entrepreneurial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As there is a common opinion in literature that entrepreneurship can be taught, the role of education system in providing the knowledge and skills necessary for future entrepreneurs is undeniable. The growing need for entrepreneurial knowledge, skills and actions in both professional and private life becomes more imperative, and education plays an important role in creating an entrepreneurial society and business culture. The number of educational programs in entrepreneurship at all levels of education systematically grow worldwide. Entrepreneurship education should develop entrepreneurial individuals and aspiration by equipping people with the appropriate knowledge and skills to initiate and sustain enterprises. Entrepreneurship education has a positive impact on the development of the entrepreneurial spirit of youth, its intentions towards starting own business, higher employability and finally more significant role in society. Entrepreneurial intention initiates entrepreneurial actions. Entrepreneurial intention shows the objective of an individual to choose entrepreneurship as a professional career. Within organization, entrepreneurial intention are the basis for entrepreneurial orientation of the whole company. Entrepreneurial orientation can be described as a individual's natural inclination or attitude towards entrepreneurship. From this point of view, it can be developed and strengthen during the upbringing, especially within the educational system. It is analyzed within strategic management of enterprise. Creating entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviors brings benefits not only to individuals, but also translates into the economic results of enterprises, and in a broader perspective, contributes to the economic development of a given country. As the entrepreneurial orientation is a multi-dimensional construct of a complex nature, actions and attitudes should be studied and compared in relation to each dimension of the construct. Construct could be described as multidimensional when we are dealing with several separate but related dimensions, treated as one coherent theoretical concept. The dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation most often mentioned in the literature include: proactivity, organizational autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, internal innovation and risk taking. This paper is a research article in character. The main aim of the article is to investigate the correlation between entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial intentions of students, understood as a declaration of willingness to start their own business. The article presents the results of a survey among 250 students in Poland, conducted in the first quarter of 2021. Entrepreneurial attitudes of students were examined as elements of entrepreneurial orientation, and were assessed in 5-point Likert scale. To data analysis, the descriptive statistics were used, and Gamma correlation coefficient to analyze the correlation between non-parametric variables. The study confirmed a positive relationship between the potential for entrepreneurial orientation and the intentions to start a business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Korean economy is demanding to change from an industrial society to an entrepreneurial society. It is asking for a generational change from the preexisting paradigms of such as labor consciousness, the concept of work and company management. Entrepreneurship is one of the key elements that will lead to a successful business performance under highly uncertain business conditions. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance. Also, the authors look for the role of entrepreneurship education in the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on financial and nonfinancial business performance. Design/methodology/approach - To accomplish the purpose of this study, the authors carried out a survey targeting nascent entrepreneurs and total early-stage entrepreneurs with less than seven years of experience. Based on the Miller’s (1983) definition, a group of questions for entrepreneurial orientation, similar to Covin and Slevin (1989), were developed. Findings - First, among the subfactors of entrepreneurial orientation, it was clear that innovative progressiveness affected nonfinancial business performance. Second, risk-taking propensity did not influence both financial business performance and nonfinancial business performance. Third, entrepreneurship education had no connection with entrepreneurial orientation or business performance. Practical implications - Nonfinancial business performances are related with long-term goals and growth potential. Innovative proactiveness affects nonfinancial business performance. Thus, entrepreneurs should look for ways to promote their innovative proactiveness. Entrepreneurship education for experienced entrepreneurs is not as effective as that for students. Originality/value - In the authors’ study, survey questionnaires were sent to 200 nascent and total early-stage entrepreneurs searching for business angel investments or entrepreneurship consultants in Korea. A total of 180 entrepreneurs answered the survey questions online. There are not so many valid studies examining the effect of entrepreneurship education for nascent and total early-stage entrepreneurs in Korea.

This study assesses the impact of inclusion of entrepreneurial contents in curricula in developing entrepreneurial- like thinking in non-business major students in Institut d’Enseignement Supérieur de Ruhengeri in Rwanda. A comparison of findings before and after the training indicate that systematic learning of entrepreneurship can effectively contribute to the focused development of meta-level skills and leave important input for the policymakers and education strategists who look forward to reforming the supplyside of the labor market as a catalyst of growth. JEL: L26, J23 null The creation of the English-language version of these publications is fi nanced in the framework of contract No. 607/P-DUN/2018 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education committed to activities aimed at the promotion of education.

The establishment of university spin-offs differs across schools as a result of the interactions among different intuitional settings. This study examines the role of institutional factors in the context of state-controlled universities, which are the majority in East Asia, but have not been the focus of the existing literature. The University of Tokyo experienced a significant shift from an anti-industry university collaboration culture to a leading entrepreneurial university in the mid-2000s. This study proposes a chronological investigation of the policies and culture of this state-owned top research university and addresses its significant efforts to create an entrepreneurial environment. First, despite the regulatory constraints, the university has established an incubator and early-stage investment resource, benefiting from prior experimental experiences in an independent research centre. Second, it opened a special non-degree entrepreneurship education programme for students and postdoctoral researchers. These facts show the importance of an organisational initiative even in a state-controlled context. Regarding the reasons why such changes did not cause internal cultural conflict, our case studies suggest that the academic and commercial bicultural system introduced by the University of Tokyo balanced the fulfilment of traditional academic roles with the drive for innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language ability and entrepreneurial education are seen as essential resources for start-ups operating in intensified landscapes of internationalisation and globalisation. Deemed as the necessary skills for corporate effectiveness vis-à-vis rivals, this paper responds to calls for increased understandings of cultural components as vital to entrepreneurship and the product of institutional forces. Thus, it explores (a) the impact language ability has on start-up expansion; (b) the perceptions of international relations as based on language ability as a tool for cross-cultural communication; and (c) the role of educational context from the entrepreneurs’ perspective. Based on interviews from European online start-ups across three discrete contexts—Finland, Portugal and Sweden—it concludes that contextual trends regarding language and education are founded upon the cultural-cognitive and normative pillars of institutionalisation. Further, by combining actor-context perspectives, it poses that language ability and education are resources borne from the domestic environment which positively moderate the start-up’s international success. Nevertheless, the notion of learnt entrepreneurship remains contested. Taken together, this study contributes by offering deeper insight into the role of context on entrepreneurial tendencies by combining resource and institutional perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the initial results of a project to investigate the organizational antecedents of entrepreneurship at public research and technology institutions (RTIs) in Iran. In line with the policies of the government to increase the role of publicly funded R&D in solving the problems of domestic industry, the research centers within public RTIs are encouraged to direct their research efforts towards practical applications, thus creating value from their R&D efforts. We chose to utilize a widely-used construct from corporate entrepreneurship literature (Entrepreneurial Orientation, EO) to explain undeniable differences among these research centers in their success in academic entrepreneurship. Noting that EO is a context-sensitive construct, the items to measure EO in research centers were generated by in-depth interviews; and the relationship between the contextualized EO and financial performances of research centers was investigated. The results confirmed a notable association between the EO level of research centers and their financial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The objective of this study is to confirm the dimensionality of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) based on an exploration of its factors among Indonesian business students. It also aimed to examine the relationship between EO and student inclination toward entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach - A cross-sectional survey was conducted targeting students at Indonesian universities. Using a pilot sample of 65 students, the authors developed their hypotheses. Thereafter, based on a sample of 381 students, the hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. Findings - The findings revealed that EO in the Indonesian context was a three- factor instrument consisting of the three dimensions: risk-taking, innovativeness and proactiveness. Moreover, the findings showed there is a positive relationship between EO and Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) among business students at Indonesian universities. Practical implications - Given the imperative need for universities to monitor and improve the entrepreneurial spirit among business students, this study can help business students to understand better regarding the business attitude they need to maintain, which can help them to improve proactive personality and formulate effective business strategies in the future. Originality/value - This paper came to be one of the first studies that attempted to assess the EO among business student in Indonesia using AMOS-SEM. Additionally, this study pioneered through drawing a factorial picture for EO in the Indonesian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]