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Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a single-strand RNA virus that causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and young children, leading to neurological complications with significant morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of EV71 infection is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the IL-17F rs1889570 and rs4715290 gene polymorphisms in a Chinese Han population. Severe cases and cases with EV71 encephalitis had a significantly higher frequency of the rs1889570 T/T genotype and T allele. The serum IL-17F levels in rs1889570 T/T and C/T genotypes were also significantly elevated when compared to C/C genotypes. However, there was no significant difference observed in rs4715290 genotype distribution and allele frequency. These findings suggest that IL-17F rs1889570 gene polymorphisms are significantly associated with the susceptibility to severe EV71 infection in Chinese Han children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In China, there were few studies about the pathogens of acute viral encephalitis and meningitis in children in recent years. The aims of this study were to characterize the etiology and prognosis of acute viral encephalitis and meningitis in Chinese children.Methods: This was a multicentre prospective study. Two hundred and sixty one viral encephalitis patients and 285 viral meningitis patients were enrolled. The mean age of viral encephalitis and meningitis were 5.88 ± 3.60 years and 6.39 ± 3.57 years, respectively. Real-time reverse transcription PCR and multiplex PCR were used to detect human enteroviruses and herpes viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with encephalitis or meningitis. The enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detecting IgM antibody against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in CSF and against mumps virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), dengue virus and rubella virus in acute serum. The clinical and outcome data were collected during patients' hospitalization.Results: The etiology of viral encephalitis was confirmed in 52.5% patients. The primary pathogen was human enteroviruses (27.7%) in viral encephalitis. The incidence of sequelae and the fatality rate of viral encephalitis with confirmed etiology were 7.5% and 0.8%, respectively. The etiology of viral meningitis was identified in 42.8% cases. The leading pathogen was also human enteroviruses (37.7%) in viral meningitis. The prognosis of viral meningitis was favorable with only 0.7% patients had neurological sequelae.Conclusions: Human enteroviruses were the leading cause both in acute viral encephalitis and viral meningitis in children. The incidence of sequelae and fatality rate of viral encephalitis with confirmed etiology were 7.5% and 0.8%, respectively. The prognosis of viral meningitis was favorable compared to viral encephalitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was performed in 36 Chinese patients with Enterovirus 71 (EV71) encephalitis and 141 patients with EV71-related hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) without encephalitis. Genotyping was determined by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism. Patients with EV71 encephalitis had a significantly higher frequency of interleukin-8 (IL-8)-251TT genotype than patients with EV71-related HFMD without encephalitis (55.6% vs 31.2%, p =0.023). The frequency of IL-8-251T alleles was significantly higher among patients with EV71 encephalitis than in patients with EV71- related HFMD without encephalitis (72.2% vs 58.9%, odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.0 - 3.2, p =0.038). There were significant differences in gender, age, fever days, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein and blood glucose concentration and IL-8 levels among genotypes of IL-8-251A/T in EV71-infected patients, but no significant differences in alanine or aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase - myocardial isozyme and cerebrospinal fl uid in patients with EV71 encephalitis. These fi ndings suggest that the IL-8-251T allele is associated with susceptibility to EV71 encephalitis in Chinese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), as one of pro-inflammatory cytokines, plays a key role in Enterovirus 71 (EV71) encephalitis. We investigated the association of IL-6-572C/G polymorphism and serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-6 level with EV71 encephalitis in patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). This study was carried out in 59 Chinese Han patients with EV71 encephalitis, 128 EV71-related HFMD without complications, and 232 controls. The IL-6-572C/G polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism gene analysis. Serum or CSF IL-6 levels were determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The patients with EV71 encephalitis had a higher frequency of IL-6-572GG/GC genotype compared to the patients with EV71-related HFMD without encephalitis complications (40.7 vs. 15.6 %, odds ratio (OR) = 3.70, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.83-7.50, p = 0.001). Similarly, the frequency of IL-6-572 G allele among the patients with EV71 encephalitis was also higher than that of patients with EV71-related HFMD without encephalitis complications (23.7 vs. 8.6 %, OR = 3.31, 95 % CI = 1.80-6.08, p < 0.001). Serum IL-6 levels in G carries (CG + GG) (195.1 ± 11.8 pg/ml) elevated significantly compared to CC homozygotes (167.7 ± 6.7 pg/ml) in EV71-infected patients ( p < 0.001), but no significant differences were observed in CSF IL-6 levels among different genotypes in patients with EV71 encephalitis. Furthermore, G carriers (GG + GC) (10.6 ± 1.29 mg/l) had significantly higher blood CRP levels compared to CC homozygotes (9.31 ± 1.93 mg/l) in patients with EV71 encephalitis ( p = 0.005). These findings suggested that IL-6-572 G allele was significantly associated with the susceptibility to EV71 encephalitis in Chinese Han patients, and IL-6-572 G allele might elevate the risk to EV71 encephalitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the common pathogenic agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and is associated with severe complications including encephalitis. Interleukin (IL)-17F plays an important role in tissue inflammation by inducing release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. We investigated the association between EV71 encephalitis and of IL-17F 7488T/C (rs763780) gene polymorphism, which is known to cause a His-to-Arg substitution at amino acid 161. The study was performed in 58 Chinese patients with EV71 encephalitis and 127 Chinese patients with EV71-related HFMD without complications. Genotyping was determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. The patients with EV71 encephalitis had a significantly lower frequency of the IL-17F 7488TC+CC genotypes (10.3 %) as compared to the patients with EV71-related HFMD without complications (27.6 %, p = 0.008). The frequency of IL-17F 7488C alleles was also significantly lower among the patients with EV71 encephalitis (5.2 %) as compared to that of the patients with EV71-related HFMD without complications (15 %, OR = 0.310, 95 % CI = 0.127-0.756, p = 0.006). Furthermore, homozygotes with the T allele had significantly higher levels of C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and neutrophil count as compared to the patients with CC+CT genotypes ( p = 0.004, 0.001, and 0.000, respectively). These findings suggested that the IL-17F 7488C allele could be significantly associated with protection against encephalitis in Chinese patients with EV71-related HFMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]